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L-Carnitine Research Paper

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in red meat, fish and sea-products and especially L-carnitine is found in many life-style and sports nutrition Choline, betaine , L-carnitine and its acetylated derivative O-acetyl-L-carnitine are used for a wide range of biological activities, including maintaining the structural integrity of cell membranes, energy metabolism, and donating methyl groups in a number of biosynthetic reactions [1-3]. Although choline and its oxidation product betaine are synthesized endogenously, to fulfil the necessary requirements the main part of both is derived by dietary intake [2, 4]. The non-proteinogenic amino acid L-carnitine is synthesized endogenously from lysine and methionine but also supplied by dietary intake. Choline, betaine and L-carnitine are …show more content…
Many in vitro and animal studies have shown the protective effect of L-carnitine as a free radical scavenger to prevent oxidative damage to antioxidant enzymes [10]. Additionally, some clinical trials found a protective effect on cardiac metabolism and performance at higher doses of L-carnitine [11]. Also choline and betaine are highly discussed in the scientific community because of beneficial health effects found in some studies [3, 4, 12]. However, not all studies were able to reproduce these findings [13-15]. Recent studies described the intestinal breakdown of choline, betaine and L-carnitine to trimethylamine (TMA) by gut flora microorganism [16-18]. Trimethylamine is well absorbed and following transformed in the liver to trimethylamine-N-oxid (TMAO) by flavin monooxygenases 1 and 3 (FMO1 and FMO3) [19]. Briefly, the metabolic pathway for dietary phosphatidylcholine (PC) is as follows: dietary PC/choline/betaine/L-carnitine  gut flora-produced TMA  hepatic FMO-formed TMAO. Several research groups highlighted the importance of plasma concentrations of TMAO, choline, betaine, and L-carnitine in predicting cardiovascular events, long term mortality for chronic kidney disease (CKD)-patients and the influence in diabetes mellitus type 2 [13, …show more content…
Particularly a combined method for the highly polar analytes like TMAO and congeners are scarce in literature. Due to their high polarity and therefore low volatility, analysis of quaternary ammonia containing compounds is mainly done by LC-MS/MS techniques. Chromatographic separation is often performed by HILIC- [1, 23, 24], C4-[18], Phenyl- [17] or Silica columns [25]. To the best of our knowledge no methods for simultaneous detection and quantification in blood plasma, serum and urine of the five metabolites mentioned above are currently available. Because there is an increase in urinary concentration after oral intake of L-carnitine, betaine, choline and TMAO, it is also interesting to extend the method to urine

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