...1) bash- is a Unix shell written by Brian Fox for the GNU Project as a free software replacement for the Bourne shell. Released in 1989, it has been distributed widely as the shell for the GNU operating system and as the default shell on Linux, Mac OS X and Darwin. 2) bsh- (Bourne shell) was the default Unix shell of Unix Version 7. Developed by Stephen Bourne at AT&T Bell Laboratories, it was a replacement for the Thompson shell. It was released in 1977 in the Version 7 Unix release distributed to colleges and universities. 3) tcsh- is a Unix shell based on and compatible with the C shell (csh). It is essentially the C shell with programmable command line completion, command-line editing, and a few other features. 4) csh- is a Unix shell that was created by Bill Joy while a graduate student at University of California, Berkeley in the 1970s. Other early contributors to the ideas or the code were Michael Ubell, Eric Allman, Mike O'Brien and Jim Kulp. The C shell is a command processor typically run in a text window, allowing the user to type commands. The C shell can also read commands from a file, called a script. 5) ksh- is a Unix shell which was developed by David Korn at Bell Labs in the early. Other early contributors were Bell Labs developers Mike Veach and Pat Sullivan, who wrote the Emacs- and vi-style line editing modes′ code, respectively. KornShell is backward-compatible with the Bourne shell and includes many features of the C shell, inspired...
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...Linux Linux What is an ‘Operating System’? Mac OS Mac OS An operating system is the program that acts like the brain of the computer. It is used to control everything. The operating system controls programs and the functions of the computer along with the hardware, software' and file organisation. Computers need an operating system so that they can complete tasks. All programs, software’s and hardware’s need something to tell them how to perform their task, and this is what the operating system is used for. Without one, your computer would be useless. Operating systems are designed to make the computer more convenient for the user; it displays all of the information for the user in a clearer layout. Some popular operating systems are Windows 8.1, Mac OS and Linux. There are 2 variants of operating systems; A Command Line Interface (CLI) and a Graphical User Interface (GUI). Windows 8.1 Windows 8.1 Command Program Command Program Command Line Interface: A ‘Command Line Interface’ is a variant of operating system that allows the user to directly interact with the computer by typing in commands. The computer displays a command program or command box that allows the user to give the computer instructions by entering the command and pressing the enter key. CLI is used by mostly professional programmers who have experience in computer languages. Using CLI doesn’t restrict you as GUI does. It allows you to look into program files and rewrite how the program works. Although...
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...Command Line Interface for Linux CLI PN 900-0024-00, Revision E April 23, 2003 User Guide Copyright ©2003 3ware, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the proper written consent of 3ware, Inc., 455 West Maude Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94085. Trademarks 3ware, the 3ware logo, Escalade, StorSwitch, TwinStor, R5 Fusion and 3DM are all registered trademarks of 3ware, Inc. All other trademarks herein are property of their respective owners. Disclaimer 3ware, Inc. assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions in this document, nor does 3ware, Inc. make any commitment to update the information contained herein. Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Command Line Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Ways to Run the CLI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1) Interactive with command interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2) Single command with output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3) Multiple commands through an input file . . . . . . ...
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...Lecture 1 – Linux introduction and basics Module 1. Linux introduction ♦ Linux distributions ♦ Linux kernel What is a Linux distribution? ♦ it is a collection of applications, packages, management, and features ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ that run on top of the Linux kernel. The kernel is what all distributions have in common (it is sometimes customized by the distribution maintainers) If they are all “Linux”, why are there so many different names, and which do I choose?” You may have heard names like Red Hat, Fedora, Debian, Ubuntu Distributions differ in several ways, and three of the most important are: ► ► ► Purpose Configuration and packaging Support model What’s a kernel? ♦ As you already know from the Operating Systems course ► the kernel is the core of all computer operating systems ► is usually the layer that allows the operating system to interact with the hardware in your computer ♦ The kernel contains software that allows you to make uniform use of ► hard disk drives, ► network cards, ► RAM, ► and other hardware components. ♦ In the Linux world, the kernel is based on code originally developed by Linux’s founder, Finnish developer Linus Torvalds. Back to distributions – Purpose, Configuration, Support ♦ Purpose ► Different distributions are often designed for different purposes and provide different user experiences. ► Some distributions are designed as servers, others as desktops, and some are designed to perform particular functions, for example, as embedded...
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...Unit 10 Final Project IT 320 Justin Burse An operating system is the main management system which is loaded after the boot loader has finished. Its responsible has many core responsibilities which allows all the programs to work together as one system. In the layer structure on the right you can see it is the link between the core hardware and the applications that use these pieces of hardware. How input and output devices link to the applications is controlled by this core program. Device Manager When a new device is made it has a program to control it, known as a “driver”. This driver is built to become a plug-in to the operating system, allowing the link to be built between the applications and that hardware device. If a device has not got a driver it cannot be used by the applications. Classes of devices however may use the same driver. An example of this is USB mass storage devices. All USB mass storage devices work using a Mass Storage Device Class which is transmitted as a signal when the device is connected. All these devices use the same protocol (A SCSI command set) and therefore can share a general driver. Although this is not a problem with this device, other devices which may have specialist functions or extra commands within their command set may not be able to use them, because the operating system has chosen a general driver Memory Management An example of a job fulfilled by an operating system...
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...Lesson 2 Lab Worksheet Lab Exercises Lab 1 How TCP/IP Protocols Work through the TCP/IP Model The purpose of this lab is to familiarize the students with the TCP/IP Model and some of the protocols that are used in it. This lab is important to the student because it takes the student through a thought experiment about how data would pass thorough the TCP/IP Model down from the computer and up through the destination computer. By doing this thought experiment the student will come to better understand how different protocols work together to accomplish a specific task. Materials • Word processing document • Textbook Do the Lab Follow Protocols through the Layers of the TCP/IP Model 1. Read though the section of this lesson titled “How the Layers Work Together.” 2. Carefully study Figure 2-11. [pic] 3. In a word processing document, list the layers of the TCP/IP Model and then the protocols that the discussion you read says are used on each layer to move the data from one location on the network to another. The following is what your answer should look like: • Application layer: HTTP • Transport layer: TCP • Internet layer: IP • Network Interface layer: Ethernet 4. List the protocols as they correspond to the TCP/IP Model...
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...Introduction to Operating Systems and Client/Server Environments IT140-1601A-01 Unit 1 – Discussion Board 2 January 6, 2016 Operating Systems Operating Systems (OS) are the key to managing your computer’s software, hardware, processes and memory (GCF Global, 1998-2016). Without it your computer wouldn’t be able to run various programs that need access to volatile information. As technology advances, we need various OSs that can handle the newer computers. Microsoft Windows, Apple Mac OS X and Linux are OSs used on personal computers today and now use a GUI (graphical user interface) where everything can be managed using a click of the mouse (GCF Global, 1998-2016). Back in the old days computers used a CLI (command-line interface) where the user had to physically type in commands using the keyboard in order to pull up information. Icons and Images weren’t developed for use until later on so all you would see on the screen is text with CLI OSs. There are multiple versions of OS because every information systems and processor architecture requires various specifications (Byron, 2009). Most people are familiar with Windows which was created in the mid-1980s by Microsoft (MS). We have all had different versions including (but not limited to) Windows 98, 2000, XP, 7, 8 and Vista. There are also three editions you can choose from; Home Premium, Professional and Ultimate though you are going to pay more for certain packages (GCF Global, 1998-2016)...
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...| IT250 Linux Operating System | Jerry Black | Spring 2012 | | | | Course Description: Installation, configuration and management of a Linux operating system will be explored. Focus will be on functions that resemble the UNIX environment. Directory and file management, user account management and certain device management (such as drives, printers, interface cards, etc.) will be discussed. Prerequisite(s) and/or Corequisite(s): Prerequisite: IT103 Operating Systems Credit hours: 4 Contact hours: 50 (30 Theory Hours, 20 Lab Hours) Syllabus: Linux Operating System Instructor | Jerry Black | Office Hours | Thursday, 4PM-6PM | Class Hours | Monday, 6:00PM – 10:20PM | Contact | Ms. Travis, 937-264-7707 | | jblack@itt-tech.edu | Major Instructional Areas 1. Introduction to Linux 2. Linux installation 3. Graphical user interface (GUI) desktops 4. Command-line interface (CLI) essentials 5. Hardware configuration: display, network, and printer 6. Networking: Resource sharing and remote access 7. Backup and restore utilities 8. Installing software in Linux 9. Scripting: Bourne Again Shell (bash) and Perl 10. Apache Web Server installation and configuration Course Objectives 1. Discuss the history and unique characteristics of the Linux operating system. 2. Perform an installation of Linux. 3. Use the components and features of the GNOME desktop environment. 4. Perform basic tasks by...
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...SO fornece aos utilizadores, aplicações e outros sistemas System Calls Tipos de System Calls Apresentar as várias as várias arquitecturas de um sistema operativo Programas Sistema Design e Implementação do Sistema Operativo Explicar como os SO são os SO são instalados, configurados e gerados Arquitectura de Sistemas Operativos Máquinas Virtuais Virtuais Geração do Sistema Operativo Operating System Concepts 2.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005 Serviços Serviços do Sistema Operativo Os serviços mais evidentes do SO são as funções directamente relacionadas com utilizador relacionadas com o utilizador: Interface Utilizador – quase todos os SOs fornecem um tipo de UI Command-Line Interpreter (CLI) Graphics User Interface (GUI) Batch Execução de programas – o sistema carrega um programa em memória, de programas sistema carrega um programa em memória executa-o e termina-o, reportando eventuais erros. Operações de I/O - Um programa em execução requer operações de I/O relativamente ficheiros ou periféricos relativamente a ficheiros ou periféricos. Operações relativas ao Sistema de Ficheiros – a grande maioria de operações das aplicações têm a ver com fi ficheiros: ler, escrever, apagar, mover directórios listar, procurar, gestão de acessos Operating System Concepts 2.3 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005 Serviços Serviços do Sistema Operativo (Cont.) Comunicações – troca e/ou partilha de dados entre aplicações...
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...Unit 9: Basic Linux Administration Objectives 9: Administer and maintain a Linux system. 9.1: Create users and groups by using the CLI and GUI tools. 9.2: Back up a Linux system by using the tar utility. 9.3: Maintain effective logs by using the log rotate utility. Readings A Practical Guide to Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux Chapter 11, pp. 407-425 * Chapter 16 In-Class Assessment * Week 9 Quiz: Homework The following homework is designed to cover the course objectives for this unit. Assignment 9.1: Complete the following exercise in your textbook: * Chapter 16: Question 1-5 on page 643 Submit your written answer to your instructor at the start of Unit 10. Labs Instructor Notes: Assign students the following lab which can be printed from Appendix D. Lab 9.1: Using tar to Back Up Files What is the purpose? This lab exercise lets you perform basic file backup on your Linux system. What are the steps? Task 1: Backing up with tar Procedure 1. Open a terminal window as a regular user. 2. Create a directory named backup in your home directory. 3. Copy some files from your home directory into your new directory. 4. Create a backup of your new directory by using tar and compress the file with bzip2. Make sure that the backup file is not placed in the directory you are backing up. You will need to: a. Create permission. b. Choose verbose mode option. c. Choose the bzip2 file format. d. Specify...
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...Hardware and software COMPUTERS 1 Computers ENIAC – 1950 2 What is a computer? A data processing device designed to: } input … } data (e.g. mp3 3ile) } software (e.g., iTunes) } process data by applying software } output results } store data / program / results between uses Apple II – 1977 3 Computer hardware Storage Nonvolatile Non-portable (hard disk) Portable (e.g. CD) Battery Wall plug RAM (Random Access Memory) Volatile Power Source Mouse Keyboard Tablet Input Microphone Devices Webcam Accelerometer Central Central Processing Processing Units Units (cores) (cores) Monitor Printer Output Plotter Devices Projector Input Processing Output 4 Components of a computer } Hardware } CPU (Central Processor Unit): } I/O devices (Input / Output) } Storage } Power source } Software } Operating System } Applications Is it a computer? Universal computation } A processor with the right software can emulate any other data processing device } E.g., a smartphone can be a music player, translator, calculator, GPS navigator,...
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...An Operating is a collection of programs that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer program. Operating system is the most important part of system software in a computer system. Operating system manages various resources connected to a computer like processor, CPU, memory etc. It also manages the input output of the data and their location, storage and retrieval. Operating system also prepare, schedule, control and monitor jobs submitted by the users for execution to ensure efficient processing. All these functionalities are provided by the kernel of operating system. The operating system also acts as an interface between user and the computer hardware. Components of operating system enable the different part of a computer to work together. The interface provides user an environment to execute and use the computer resources in an efficient manner. The interface is also known as shell. Operating system has following components: a) Kernel b) Networking c) Security d) Shell Kernel is the core of the operating system and it acts as a bridge between application and the actual data processing done at hardware level. These facilities available to application processes through inter-process communication mechanisms and system calls. It provides the lowest-level abstraction layer for the resources that application software must control to perform its...
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...PFCH DC Unification Project UNIX and Linux Advantages UNIX has been the cornerstone for infrastructure for the past decade with popular flavors such as Solaris (Craig, 2012). UNIX is a proprietary brand typically run in large organizational infrastructure. However, many of the UNIX variants are open source that allow users to customize their distribution as they see fit and making copies to install in an unlimited number of machines. UNIX offers a highly stable operating system (OS) that is ideal for full multitasking capabilities while protecting memory to prevent interference with other users. The stability provides greater uptime for increased productivity and less downtime for crash recovery and troubleshooting (Montpelier Open Source, n.d.). UNIX has been the baseline for Internet services and growth where machines on network can operate as clients and servers. Linux is a variant of UNIX and has established itself in the desktop, workstation, and increasingly in the server environments. A key benefit for Linux is the scope of freedom of distributions (distros) that provide many applications, freeware, and add-ons (Stanford University, 2004). Linux is extremely portability to a wide range of new and old machines. The majority of Linux variants are available free or at an economical price compared to Microsoft Windows. Linux is a very secure operating system and although it still can be prone to attacks, it inherently is more secure than Windows. Another huge benefit...
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...commands. After verifying that the commands are valid, the shell sends them to another part of the command processor to be executed. The shell is a program that takes your commands from the keyboard and gives them to the operating system to perform. In the old days, it was the only user interface available on a UNIX computer. Nowadays, we have graphical user interfaces (GUIs) in addition to command line interfaces (CLIs) such as the shell. On most Linux systems a program called bash (which stands for Bourne Again Shell, an enhanced version of the original Bourne shell program, sh, written by Steve Bourne) acts as the shell program. Besides bash there are several additional shell programs available on a Linux system which includes sh, ksh, csh and tcsh. The differences between bash and the other shells is that bash has a command history features that allows you to recall, edit and rerun previous commands, and command completion when pressing the tab key. Whereas the ksh shell has a scripting features that is not included in bash shell. Before you install linux you must have a plan on how you want your disk partition. The advantages of planning are you can isolate parts of the file system, so that they can be preserved if you reinstall the operating system. Separate data that changes frequently from data that change infrequently, which can reduce disk fragmentation and prolong the life of the system. Separating data that you want backed up into a separate partition can make...
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...Linux Linux is an example of Open Source software development and Free Operating System (OS). What is it? Linux can be freely distributed, downloaded freely, distributed through magazines, Books etc. There are priced versions for Linux also, but they are normally cheaper than Everyone. From home users to developers and computer enthusiasts Linux kernel is developed by the community. Linus Torvalds oversees Linux can be installed on a wide variety of computer hardware, ranging from mobile phones, tablet computers and video game consoles, to Linux is developed by Open Source development i.e. through sharing and collaboration of code and features through forums etc and it is Linux typically provides two GUIs, KDE and Gnome. But there are millions of alternatives such as LXDE, Xfce, Unity, Ext2, Ext3, Ext4, Jfs, ReiserFS, Xfs, Btrfs, FAT, FAT32, NTFS Windows Windows is the family of operating system (OS) from Microsoft, which is the most famous OS in the world. For desktop or home use, Windows can be expensive. A single copy can cost around $50 to $ 450 depending on the version of Windows. Cost User Manufacturer Everyone. From home users to developers and computer enthusiasts alike. Microsoft created the Windows operating system, but allows other computer manufactures to distribute their own computers with Windows preOn PC's desktops, laptops, servers and some phones. Usage Windows is developed and distributed by Microsoft. Development and Distribution ...
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