eg-†Rv RvwZi BwZe„Ë
(Dbwesk kZK †_‡K)

n¨vÝ-RyM© ¯úxjg¨vb& eg-†Rv t cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi GKwU Pxb (Chin) RvwZi DckvLv (c~e© cvwK¯Ívb)
‡nB‡WjevM© 1968
(Gj. wR. †jvcvi KZ©„K g~j Rvg©vb fvlv †_‡K Bs‡iRx‡Z Abyevw`Z)

Bs‡iRx †_‡K evsjvq fvlvšÍi t my`Ë wcÖq PvKgv

Abyev`‡Ki K_v

n¨vÝ-RyM© ¯úxjg¨vb& eg-†Rv t cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi GKwU Pxb (Chin) RvwZi DckvLv (c~e© cvwK¯Ívb)
‡nB‡WjevM© 1968
(Gj. wR. †jvcvi KZ©„K g~j Rvg©vb fvlv †_‡K Bs‡iRx‡Z Abyevw`Z)

2. Dbwesk kZK †_‡K eg-†Rv RvwZi BwZe„Ë

[c„t39] 2.1. eg-†Rv t Pxb RvwZi DckvLv

Dbwesk kZ‡Ki c~e©cÖ`Ë Ges wesk kZ‡K cÖ`Ë cÖwZ‡e`b mg~‡n “eb‡hvMx” (Bonjogi) RvwZmZ¡v‡K Pxb (Chin) RvwZi DckvLv wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q| dv‡qi, evwe©, †jDBb, MÖx‡qimb/†Kv‡bv, nvwPbmb, wgj&m I Ab¨vb¨ †jLKMb[1] Abyiƒc gZ †cvlb K‡ib| eg-†Rv‡`i (Bawm-Zo) kãvejx I ˆewPΨZv hvÕ Pxb RvwZi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~b© e‡j g‡b nq Ggb we‡klZ¡ QvovI Zuviv eg-†Rv RvwZi ¯^Kxq †kªYx‡f` Dc¯’vcbc~e©K Zuv‡`i g‡Zi ¯^c‡ÿ hyw³ †`wL‡q‡Qb|

c~‡e©Kvi cÖwZ‡e`b¸‡jvq “eg-†Rv”‡`i‡K “ebRyMx,”(Banjoogees)[2] “eybR~m,”(Bunzoos)[3] “‡eŠsRym,” (Boung-jus[4]) ev “‡evsRy¨m,” (Boung-jews)[5] e‡j D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| †jDBb, g¨‡KÄx, D‡q, ix‡eK, nvwPbmb, wgjm, †jfx ÷ªDm, †emvB‡bU, evb©U[6] mn fviZ I cvwK¯Ív‡bi[7] wewfbœ Av`gïgvix Ges Ab¨vb¨ †jLKMb huviv bZ’b Z_¨ cÖ`v‡bi ¯’‡j g~jZt †jD‡bi iPbvejx web¨¯Í K‡i‡Qb Ges Zuviv GB MÖæc‡K “eb‡hvMxm,”(Banjogis) “eyb‡hvMxm,”(Bunjogis) ev Z¾vZxq bv‡g Rv‡bb| evwe©[8] “eg” bv‡g w`Kwb‡`©kbv w`‡q‡Qb wVK †h bv‡g †evg m¤cÖ`vq wb‡R‡`i cwiPq w`‡q _v‡K| †jv‡iBb[9] GwU “eg” ev “eg-†Rv” (Bâwm or Bâwm-Zo) bv‡g †iKW© K‡i‡Qb| evb©U GwU “eg-jvB‡Rv” ev “eg” (Bom-Laejo or Bom[10]) e‡j‡Qb; †jvdvi e‡j‡Qb “eg-†Rv” (Bawm-Zo[11]) Ges †mvdvi GwU “eb‡hvMx” (Bonzogi and Bom[12]) Ges “eg” e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|

Pxb fvlvi gvdKvwVi wePv‡i †hme †jLK “eg-†Rv” m¤cÖ`vq‡K “KzKx” (Kuki) ev “Pxb” (Chin) e‡j †Rvi `vex K‡i‡Qb Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ †jDBb, ix‡eK, MÖx‡qimb, nvwPbmb, D‡îb‡Wb, k¨vdvi cÖg~L Ab¨Zg|

[c„t 40] W¨vgv›U Zv‡`i‡K cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi †k›`y (Shendu) ev †cvqB (Pawi), Lygx (Khumi) ev eyb‡hvMx (Bunjogi) DcRvwZ ‡kªYxfz³ K‡i‡Qb, hw` bv Zviv cÖK…Zc‡ÿ GKB DcRvwZ n‡q _v‡K (1880:240) ..... Zviv Gme DcRvwZ‡`i AwZ KvQvKvwQ (†jL‡Ki g‡Zt †k›`yR) | ix‡eK whwb egÕ‡`i MÖvg cwi`k©b K‡i‡Qb, wek¦vm K‡ib †h, eg-†RvÕ‡`i fvlv cÖvqB “W&‡Rv” (DZo) fvlvi KvQvKvwQ A_©vr “‡Rv” kãwU n‡”Q “jymvB”‡`i evMixwZwm× kã (188:II, 3)| wMÖ‡qimb/†Kv‡bv fvlvMZ Zzjbvi wfwˇZ eb‡hvMx‡`imn jvB, jv‡Li, jymvB Ges cv‡•Lv‡`i‡K †K›`ªxq Pxb[13] †`i mv‡_ GKB †kªYxfz³ K‡i‡Qb| nvwPbmb e‡jbt “GB DcRvwZmg~n (cv‡•Lv Ges †evg-†Rv - †jLK) wbm‡›`‡n ‘jvB’ †`i eskai hviv Dˇi Zv‡kvb ivR¨ I `wÿ‡b R-D †`‡ki ga¨w¯’Z Pxbwnjm `Lj K‡iwQj (1909:39)| ” D‡î‡Û›U wMÖ‡qimb‡K Abymib K‡ib Ges R-nI, jvB, jymvB, jv‡Li Ges cv‡•Lv[14] mn Zv‡`i‡K †K›`ªxq Pxb‡`i †kªbxfz³ K‡i‡Qb| †kdvi Zv‡`i‡K jy‡mB, R-nI, n&gvi, cv•Ly‡`i eg©x wefvMxq[15] †K›`ªxq KzKx kvLvi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e †kªYxfz³ K‡i‡Qb| ‡evg‡`i‡K jy‡mB kvLvi Ges nvKv, †mvb&‡m, Uvs_y mn eb‡qvMx‡`i‡K nvKv kvLvfz³ K‡i‡Qb| AZGe, wZwb †evg‡`i‡K eb‡hvMx‡`i[16] †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i‡Qb| G‡ÿ‡Î, †kdvi‡K Abymib Kiv civgk©‡hvM¨ bq e‡j g‡b nq Kvib, G‡Z my¯úó †Kvb hyw³ †bB| evb©U Abymi‡b †evg-†RvÕiv wb‡Riv wb‡R‡`i‡K †evg[17] e‡j _v‡K|

Zv‡`i c~bvsM bvg hvÕ Zviv wb‡R‡`i e‡j _v‡K ZvÕ n‡jv eg-†Rv| Z_¨`vZv‡`i g‡Z, Gi A_© n‡jvt “GK‡Î emevmKvix”[18] Kvib, eg fvlvq “GK‡Î emevm Kiv” ev “wgwk‡q †djv/†gkv‡bv” e‡j Abyev` Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Pxb kãfvÊv‡i †miKg Ggb †Kvb †bvU cvIqv hvqbv †hUv †mfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| ZvB †jv‡ib Ges †mwfR GB jymvB fvlvi k‡ã we‡kl¨c‡` eg gv‡b ev·, wcÄiv ev Szwo ..... A_ev wµqvc‡` wN‡i †djv ev `yÕw`‡K wN‡i †djv[19] e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡`i wbR¯^ e¨vL¨vq †evg-†Rviv e‡j †h, Zviv n‡jvt wewfbœ MÖæc †_‡K wgwkªZ GK “wcÊ” we‡kl| GB e¨vL¨v GZB ev¯Íem¤§Z †h, †h-†KD GUv GKUv Av`k© e‡j †g‡b wb‡Z AvcwË Ki‡ebv| wKš‘, GUv GKUv mv¤cÖwZK kã bq hvÕ g¨‡µ Ges d¨vqv‡i[20] KZ…©K wb‡`©wkZ| ev‡e©I ZvB e‡jb, Zvui fvl¨ g‡Z, “eybRyiv” wb‡R‡`i‡K “eg”[21] e‡j _v‡K| GB eB‡q eg-†Rv - Gi e¨envi, Ab¨vb¨ hyw³ ev‡`I, †Kbbv, GB kã Zviv wb‡Riv wb‡R‡`i[22] R‡b¨ e¨envi K‡i _v‡K|

GLv‡b cieZx©‡Z †Kej †evg-†Rv wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi cvs‡Lv Ges fvi‡Z emevmiZ †cvB Ges ZøvsjDÕ‡`i g‡Zv †Kvb MÖæc wn‡m‡e bq| cv‡•Lviv hv‡`i RbmsL¨v cÖvq 1100 Rb, cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g[23] mvBPvj GjvKvq AvswkKfv‡e eg‡`i mv‡_ GKB MÖv‡g ¯’vqxfv‡e evm K‡i| G Ae¯’v`„‡ó †jwf-÷ªDm ej‡Z cÖe„Ë n‡q‡Qb †h, eg Ges cv‡•Lviv n‡jv `yÕwfbœ m¤cÖ`vq hviv ˆeevwnK m~‡Î AvavAvwa wgwkªZ †Kvb Rb‡Mvwô bq †h R‡b¨ ¯^vfvweKfv‡e cv‡•Lviv MÖv‡g[24] †nWg¨vb cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| GB ˆeevwnK m~‡Î Rb‡Mvwô M‡o IVvi AvbygvwbK avibv cÖZ¨vLvb Kiv hvq| †jwf-÷ªDm m¤¢eZt GKwU gvÎ MÖvg †`‡L‡Qb †hLv‡b eg-†RvÕiv msL¨vjNy wQj (c„t42) Ges hvi d‡j wZwb cv‡•Lv‡`i‡K DËg Ask e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb|

Abyiƒcfv‡e, †jDBb Ges Zvui DËivwaKvix†`i eg-cv‡•Lv åvZ…gZev` Aek¨B m‡›`n †_‡K gy³ bq| wgj Zuvi Wv‡qix‡Z wj‡L‡Qbt “eg-†Rv Ges cv‡•Lv‡`i g‡a¨ G‡K Ac‡ii †_‡K mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ Ges fvlv wfbœ, hvÕ‡nvK, Zviv GK Ac‡ii[25] g‡a¨ weevn Ki‡Z cv‡i|” ‡jvdv‡ii Z_¨`vZv g‡b K‡ib †h, “cv•Lyqviv (cv‡•Lv) Zv‡`i mv‡_ m¤úK©hhy³ bq (1959:252)|” 1964/65 mv‡j eg-†Rv‡`i e¨cv‡i DÌvwcZ cÖ‡kœ Ggb †Kvb ‡cŠivwbK MÖš’ †bB †h, hvÕ ‡evg I cv‡•Lv‡`i[26] g‡a¨ msKxb© m¤úK© †`Lv‡Z cv‡i| wnj&mI cv•Lyqv iƒcK‡í wek¦vm K‡ib, ZvÕ n‡jvt “‡jDB‡bi eb‡hvMx I cv•Ly‡`i DrcwË m¤ú‡K© cv‡•Lv `vex ei GKUv mZ¨ NUbv..... fvlvMZ mvÿ¨cÖgvbvw` GB cÖgvb evr‡j †`q †h, cv‡•Lviv ey¨rcwËMZfv‡e †Kvjv`vb b`xi Dcivsk †_‡K G‡m‡Qb (1962:145c„t)|” Zviv n‡jv jymvB KZ…©K cÖejfv‡e cÖfvweZ cÖvPxb KzKx‡`i GKwU kvLv| cÿvšÍ‡i, eg-†Rv Ges cv•Lyqviv mvs¯‹…wZKMZfv‡e ˆemv`„k¨gq[27]| †jL‡Ki wbR¯^ `wjjvw` wnj&m-Gi mZ¨vbygvb‡K mg_©b K‡i|

“‡cvB” n‡jv Pxb MÖæ‡ci GKwU mvgwóK bvg| G m¤cÖ`v‡qi cyiæliv Zv‡`i Pz‡ji wMuU gv_vi mvg‡bi w`‡K iv‡L| Giv nj `w¶b wg‡Rviv‡gi cve©Z¨Â‡j eg-†Rv cwiwPwZ wb‡q emevm K‡i| Giv wKš‘ jymvB‡`i[28] †MvÎfz³ bq| cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g emevmiZ eg-†RvÕ‡`i mv‡_ Zv‡`i AvswkKfv‡e mvavib (common) c~e©cyiæl m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| eg-†Rv HwZn¨vbyhvqx eg-†Rv‡`i GB AskwU wg‡Rviv‡g †_‡K hvq Ges AvRI Zviv AwfRvZ ÁvwZi[29] m`m¨iƒ‡c evm Ki‡Q| Z‡e, gv‡S gv‡S eg-†Rv I †cvBÕ‡`i g‡a¨ G‡K Ac‡i weevn e܇b Ave× n‡Z †`Lv hvq (c„:43)| mvavib e܇bi (common bonds) Dci ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| hvÕ‡nvK, GB weeibx‡Z “†cvB” bvgwU fvi‡Z emevmiZ eg-†RvÕ‡`i mv‡_ mvgvb¨fv‡e m¤úwK©Z e‡j e¨envi Kiv n‡e, Z‡e, ZøvsjD[30] AvL¨vq (designated as Tlanglau)|

†cvB‡`i RbmsL¨v m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ wKQz Rvbv hvqbv| Z‡e, eg-†Rv m~‡Îi Z_¨vbyhvqx Zv‡`i RbmsL¨v 3500 †_‡K 4000 n‡Z cv‡i| eg-†RvÕiv wb‡Riv cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi GK ¶z`ª Rb‡Mvwô hv‡`i RbmsL¨v 4500 Gi g‡Zv, †Rjvi †gvU RbmsL¨vi wePv‡i 28% ev 30% kZfvM PvKgv I gvigv‡`i Zzjbvq eg-†Rv‡`i 1.25% kZfvM Rbkw³ wbZvšÍB bMb¨| Dbwesk I wesk kZ‡K GB Rb‡Mvwôi RbmsL¨v m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ m‡›`n D‡`ªKKvix g~j¨vqb ev Av`gïgvix Z_¨ i‡q‡Q| dv‡q‡i-Gi Z_¨`vZvi g‡Z 1838 mv‡j Giv wQj 300 cwievi; †jDBb eg-†Rv Ges cvOLyqv wg‡j 700 cwievi ev 3000 Rb; g¨v‡KwÄ I †jDB‡bi b¨vq eg-†Rv Ges cv•Lyqv‡`i GK‡Î cÖvq 3000 Rb[31] e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| 1901 mv‡j fvi‡Zi Av`gïgvix‡Z Av‡iv A‡bK Kg msL¨v cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB Av`gïgvix g‡Z eg-†RvÕiv gvÎ 347 Rb cyiæl Ges 349 Rb gwnjv A_©vr 696 Rb eg-‡Rv MYbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| 1931 mv‡ji fvi‡Zi Av`gïgvix g‡Z Zv‡`i RbmsL¨v `vuovq cyiæl 435 Avi gwnjv 385[32], me©‡gvU 821 Rb| cÖ`Ë GB msL¨v¸‡jv wbm‡›`‡n fzj †hgbUv cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi Dci `vßwiKfv‡e cÖ`Ë c~‡e©Kvi mg¯Í we¯ÍvwiZ Av`gïgvix Z_¨vejx wbf©i‡hvM¨ bq e‡j g‡b nq(c„:44)| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ, kZvãx cwieZ©‡bi w`‡K m¤¢eZt eg‡`i 500 evox MYbv Kiv n‡q‡Q hvÕ †gvU cÖvq 2400 RbmsL¨vi mv‡_ †hvMm~Îc~b© n‡Zv| eg-†Rv‡`i GB RbmsL¨v, Zv‡`i HwZn¨MZ evm¯’j m¤úwK©Z we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨vejxi mv‡_ msMwZc~b© †nZz Lye †ekx e‡j g‡b nqbv| GB ¸‡jvi g‡a¨Kvi Mowgj n‡jv †h, †jDBb Ges miKvixfv‡e cÖvß Av`gïgvix Z_¨vejxB AvZ¥we‡kølbagx© †h, †jDBb wb‡RI “†cvB” Rb‡Mvwô‡K AšÍf©y³ K‡i‡Qb Avevi Iw`‡K eW©vi jvBb †U‡b cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg I wg‡Rviv‡gi Av`gïgvix Z_¨vejx wQj AZ¨šÍ fvmv fvmv| ‡h‡nZz, cvwK¯Ív‡bi bZzb Av`gïgvix Rb‡MvwôwfwËK †Kvb Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡ibv, †m‡nZz, eva¨ n‡q weMZ eQi¸‡jvi AbygvbwfwËK g~j¨vqb ¸‡jvi Dci wbf©i Kiv Qvov †Kvb MwZ _v‡Kbv| evb©U[33] Abygvb K‡ib †h, 1960 mv‡j eg‡cv Ges cv‡•Lv wg‡j 4000 Gi †ekx n‡Z cv‡ibv| wKš‘, AvR‡Ki w`‡b (1966 mv‡j) 1100 GiI AwaK cv‡•Lv Ges 4,900 Gi AwaK eg-†Rv cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g emevm K‡i|

[c„:45] 2.2 eg-†RvÕ‡`i AvMgb (Migrations of the Bawm-Zo)
GB mgv‡ek eg-†Rv‡`i MV‡bi c‡ÿ ¸iæZ¡c~b© Ges Aóv`k kZ‡Ki wØZxqv‡a© Ges Dbwesk kZ‡Ki cÖ_gv‡a© Pxb (Chin) n‡Z cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi w`‡K Zv‡`i P‡j Avmvi welqUv myb_&jv, RnD, jvB, jymvB, jv‡Li Ges dvbvB‡`i mn‡hv‡M D`vnib Zz‡j aiv †h‡Z cv‡i, Kvib kvmK‡kªYx eg-†RvÕiv wQj RnD, myb_&jv Ges nvKv †MvÎ †_‡K| Iw`‡K Dbwesk kZ‡K jymvBÕiv Zv‡`i Awfhv‡bi mgq eg-†Rv‡`i Dci Pvc m„wó K‡i Ges Dbwesk kZvãxi †kl fv‡M Zv‡`i ag© eg-†Rv‡`i g‡a¨ m¤cÖmvi K‡i| jv‡Li Ges dvbvB BwZnvm eg-†RvÕ‡`i weKvk m¤ú‡K© we¯Í„Z eb©bv Zz‡j ai‡Z mnvqK nq| Kvib, jv‡Li I eg-†RvÕiv cÖvq GKB mg‡q Pxb †_‡K egÕ‡`i g‡Zv cwðg w`‡K m‡i G‡mwQj †hLv‡b eZ©gv‡b Zviv wg‡Rvwn‡j eg-†RvÕ‡`i c~e©w`‡Ki cÖwZ‡ekx wn‡m‡e emwZ ¯’vcb K‡i|

Aóv`k I Dbwesk kZ‡Ki w`‡K Pxb AÂj †_‡K Avmv †Kvb Rb‡Mvwô Ab¨vb¨ ¯’vbxq Rb‡Mvwôw‡`i civwRZKi‡Z cv‡iwb| Kvib, GB mgq myb&_&jv, nvKv (jvB) Ges jymvBÕiv we‡klZt hy‡× kw³kvjx nIqvB AvwacZ¨Kvix MÖæc wn‡m‡e cwiMwbZ wQj| eZ©gvb kZvãxi ïiæi w`‡K wjwLZ fv‡l¨ cvIqv hvq †h, myb&_&jvÕ‡`i‡K “Zv‡kvb”[34] ejv n‡Zv, †h‡nZz, Ab¨vb¨ Rb‡Mvwô‡`i wbKU myb_&jvÕiv AwaKZi `wÿ‡bi Awaevmx wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ wQj Ges †h‡nZz Zv‡`i †K›`ª dvjvg-G wQj ZvB, AwaKZi Dˇi emevmKvixiv Zv‡`i‡K “cvjvg‡Z” e‡j Wv‡K| egx© Ges Bs‡iRiv Zv‡`i‡K “Zv‡kvb”[35] e‡j hvÕ K¬vïb (Klashun) k‡ãiB weK…Z D”Pvib| K¬vïb n‡jv dvjvg-Gi wbUeZx© GKwU MÖvg| Zviv Pxb ev ¯^vfvweKfv‡e mvavib e¨w³wfwËK esk D™f’Z †Kvb Rb‡Mvwôx bq| “Zviv n‡jv wewfbœ ewnivMZ Rb‡Mvôxi mswgkªY hv‡`i‡K GK cwiev‡ii Aax‡b Rq K‡i R‡ov Kiv n‡q‡Q wKsev Av‡iv my¯úófv‡e ej‡Z nq ib‡KŠkjMZfv‡e ” (Cary-Tuck, 18961 1,142)| cÖK…Z myb_&jviv QvovI, Bq‡nvD (= Zahau), UDq¨b (Tawyan = Torr), wKD‡qwkb Ges †nv‡q‡bv‡`i‡K K¨vix Ges UvK Zv‡`i‡K myb_&jv wefv‡M †kªYxf’³ K‡i‡Qb| myb_&jviv msL¨v¸iæi Dci kvmb K‡i, hv‡`i‡K[36] Zviv Qvwo‡q hvq - GwU Zv‡`i cÖkvmwbK `ÿZv I †KŠkj w`K wb‡`©k K‡i| Zv‡`i‡K Bs‡iR‡`i GZB kw³kvjx g‡b n‡qwQj GgbwK, fzjµ‡g wek¦vm K‡iwQj †h, “mvqxb Ges †mvK‡ZÕ‡`i Dci Zv‡kvb‡`i Amxg wbqš¿b wQj” (loc. cit. 1,38)| †m Avi hvÕB †nvK, Dbwesk kZ‡Ki MwZavivq myb_&jvÕiv GKUv kw³kvjx Ae¯’vb Rq K‡iwQj| “gwbcyix †_‡K nvKv Ges egx© †_‡K jymvB mKj DcRvZxq Rb‡Mvwô Zv‡`i cÖwZ bvggvÎ AvbyM‡Z¨ evwaZ wQj|” (loc. cit. 1,40) Z‡e, hw`I Zviv Rvb‡Zv †h, e„wUk‡`i Kv‡Q bwZ ¯^xKvi Ki‡j Zv‡`i fveg~wZ© bó n‡q hv‡e, 1860 mv‡j Zviv webv hy‡× e„wUk‡`i Kv‡Q bwZ ¯^xKvi K‡iwQj| K¨vix Ges UvK Gi g‡Z G‡Z K‡i Zv‡`i `~i`„wó Ges †KŠkj `ÿZv cÖKvk †c‡qwQj|

Zv‡`i DÌv‡bi A‡bK c~‡e© myb&_&jviv Aóv`k kZ‡Ki †kl w`‡K K¬vïg Ges mvB‡qv-†Z Zv‡`i emwZ cËb K‡i| “Zviv ¯^”Q›`fv‡e emwZ ¯’vcb Ki‡Z bv Ki‡ZB nvKv cÖavb wj‡qb bb© ... Avµgb Pvwj‡q Dfq MÖvg aŸsm K‡i Ges MÖvgevmx‡`i QÎf½ K‡i| Zviv eQi a‡i emwZmg~‡n cjvZK Rxeb hvcb K‡iwQj| hvÕ‡nvK ï¼jvÕiv GK mgq nvKv‡`i mv‡_ kvwšÍ ¯’vcb K‡i Ges GK bZzb MÖv‡gi mÜv‡b wd‡i Av‡m hviÕ eZ©gvb cwiwPwZ n‡jv dvjvg” (loc. cit. 1,142)| Zvici Zviv eg©x‡`i mv‡_ evi¤^vi `ÿZvmnKv‡i mn‡hvMxZv Kivi ga¨ w`‡q Zviv Zv‡`i cÖwZ‡ekx‡`i wbqš¿‡b wb‡q †d‡j|

[c„:47] w÷‡fbm‡bi g‡Z, Aóv`k I Dbwesk kZ‡K dvjvg GjvKvq wekvjvKv‡i †jv‡Ki AvMgb N‡U| wZwb Gme Rb‡Mvwô‡K RnD, jvB‡Rv, Lyqvswj, Ges ïsKjv e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| GB ïsKjviv eskMZ DrcwËi wePv‡i Gw`KKvi ïsKjv‡`iB[37] eskai e‡j `vex K‡i| “wkgn«xb” kãwU RnDÕ‡`i DÌvb m¤ú‡K© Giƒc eb©bv cÖ`vb K‡i †h, cÖvß Z_¨vw` g‡Z, mß`k kZ‡Ki cÖ_gv‡a© AvR‡Ki RnD[38]Õiv †mLv‡b evm Ki‡Zv | GB bi‡Rvwôi c~e©cyiæl n‡jv R-nD | Aóv`k kZ‡Ki wØZxqv‡a© `jcwZ L-D wKg _vs-Gi Aax‡b G†`i DÌvb ïiæ nq| L-D wKg _vs-Gi `vm (slave) ‡iv-†in&-†jv, Aóv`k kZ‡K jymvB‡`i cÖ`Ë GK¯’v‡b emwZ cËb K‡i GB k‡Z© †h, †m nvKvÕ‡`i[39] Avµgb †_‡K Zv‡`i‡K iÿv Ki‡e| ‡iv-†in&-†jv wQj dvbvB Rb‡Mvôxi †jvK hvÕi m¤ú‡K© †k·cxqvi e‡jbt dvbvB‡`i cÖavbM‡bi eskcÄx w`K wb‡`k© K‡i †h, dvbvB bvgK GK e¨w³ n‡jv Zv‡`i Avw`cyiæl| †m Z¨vI A‡ji c~e©w`‡K R-nD‡`i g‡a¨ evm Ki‡Zv| Zvi gnvb bvwZ †iv‡iBjyIfv GKRb `vm wQj, wKsev wb‡`b c‡ÿ R-nD cÖav‡bi wbf©ikxj wQj| Zv‡K 70 cwievi cÖ`vbc~e©K jymvB GjvKvi PgdvB-Gi wbKUeZ©x e-Aj&‡Z bvgK ¯’v‡b MÖvg cËb Ki‡Z cvVv‡bv nq wbtm‡›`‡n RnDÕ‡`i mxgvbv m¤cÖmvib Kivi AwfcÖv‡q (1912:136)|” †iv‡iBjyIfv (= †iv-†i-†jv), Avi hvÕB †nvK, jymvB‡`i mv‡_ kvwšÍc~b© m¤úK© iPbv Ki‡Z mg_© nq| ‡m AwaKZi kw³ai cÖwZ‡ekx‡`i[40] g‡a¨ ga¨¯’ZvKvixiƒ‡c f’wgKv cvjb Ki‡Zv| Zvi cieZx© eskaiiv Z¨vI Ges Kvjv`vb b`xi cwðg cv‡o m¨vOMD Ges weqv‡Z GjvKvq emwZ ¯’vcb K‡i| GLb Zviv jymvB fvlv MÖnY K‡i‡Q Ges Zv‡`i AbyKi‡b †cvlvK cwiavb K‡i| Z‡e, jymvB‡`i g‡Zv bq, Zviv Kcv‡ji w`‡K Pz‡ji SzwU evu‡a|

AvR‡K †hgbUv Zv‡`i cÖwZ‡ekx jv‡LiÕiv (hviv wb‡R‡`i ‘gviv’ e‡j _v‡K) emwZ K‡i Av‡Q, ZvivI 1800 msL¨K nvKv GjvKvi Pvicvk †_‡K m‡i Av‡m| Zviv hLb cwð‡g eøy gvD‡›UBb-Gi †fZ‡i †cuŠQq, Zviv wb‡R‡`i Ae¯’vb `ye©j e‡j g‡b K‡i Ges “Zviv Zv‡`i Aewkó †Mvwô †jvKRb‡`i †W‡K cvVvq... K‡qK eQi ci, †mLv‡b wPb&Rv Rb‡Mvwôiv †cuŠQ‡j Zv‡`i‡K MÖv‡g eib K‡i †bqv nq|” (Shakespeare, 1912:213) jv‡LiÕ‡`i ¸iæZ¡, †jDBb hv‡`i‡K eg-†Rv Gi cwie‡Z© †m›`y[41] e‡j‡Qb, c‡i Zz‡j aiv n‡e|

jv‡Li Rb‡Rvwôi AvMgb m¤¢e n‡qwQj nvKv-†`i[42] jvB Rb‡Mvwôi Qwo‡q covi Kvi‡b| ‡hgbUv D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, nvKvÕiv Dbwesk kZ‡Ki w`‡K myb&&_&jv‡`i mv‡_ weev‡` Rwo‡q c‡o, Zv‡`i‡K civwRZ K‡i Ges Zv‡`i mv‡_ kvwšÍ ¯’vcb K‡i| AZci Zviv jymvB Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZ‡ekx‡`i we‡ivaxZv K‡i Ges Zv‡`i‡K egx©‡`i mn‡hvMxZvq cwð‡g Z¨vI Gi w`‡K avweZ K‡i| Gmgq, Zv‡`i wbqwš¿Z G‡`‡ki weivU Ask emwZnxb wQj| GgZve¯’vq, “`jcwZ‡`i AbyR kvLv cwievimg~‡ni g‡a¨ GUv GKUv ixwZ n‡q I‡V †h, g~j MÖvg †Q‡o GB be¨-`LjK…Z GjvKvq MÖvg M‡o †Zvjv|” (Carey-Tuck,1896:1,154). “G‡Z K‡i †`‡ki wekvj AÂj Ry‡o nvKvÕ‡`i cwð‡g Dcwb‡ek Kivi w`MšÍ Ly‡j hvq| nvKvÕ‡`i weZvwoZ Awfevmxiv (immigrants) Av‡iv Mfx‡i Xz‡K c‡o, hviv ZøvbU&jvs Ges jv‡Li bv‡g cwiwPZ| Gme hy‡×i cÖfve Ges `‡j `‡j cwðg g~‡Lv Awfevmb hvÕ Aóv`k kZ‡Ki †klv`‡K n‡qwQj, ‡Kvb †Kvb ¯’‡j Abyf’Z nj †h, AvivKvb Gi g‡Zv PÆMvg Ges KvQvi A‡bK †ekx `~‡i †Kbbv, wnsmª †m›`yRÕiv AvivKvb I PÆMÖv‡g SwUKv Avµgb ïiæ K‡iwQj|” (Hills, 1962:129)

j~mvBiv, hviv 1780 mv‡ji w`‡K ZLbI P‡j hvevi Ae¯’vq wQj, Zv‡`i m¤§~LeZx© AvswkK `ye©jZi Rb‡Mvwô‡`i weZvob ev Zv‡`i mv‡_ m¤ú„³ K‡iwQj| Dbwesk kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K mvB‡jv Rb‡Mvwôiv, hviv cÖ_‡g wb‡R‡`i kvmK‡Rvwô‡Z cÖwZwôZ K‡i Ges kw³ mymsnZ Kivi ci cÖwZ‡ekx Rb‡Mvwô‡`i Zv‡`i Aax‡b wb‡q Av‡m| Gfv‡e Zviv cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg A‡jI, †hLv‡b eg-†Rviv wb‡R‡`i[43] emwZ K‡iwQj, Zviv nvbv †`q| jymvB‡`i m¤cÖmvib GKgvÎ e„wUk‡`i Pxb-jymvB AwfhvbB[44] axiMwZ K‡i w`‡qwQj| Zvi Av‡M Zviv Pxb MÖæc‡`i ekxf’Z K‡iwQj, hv‡`i‡K GKmgq wb‡R‡`i fvlv Ges Ab¨vb¨ ˆewkó¨mg~n jymvB‡`i mv‡_ Lvc LvB‡q wb‡Z n‡qwQj| eg-†RvÕiv GB `~f©vM¨ †_‡K †eu‡P wM‡qwQj †Kbbv, Zviv Av‡MB e„wUk ev †ev-gvs‡`i[45] cÖfvevax‡b G‡mwQj| wesk kZvãxi ïiæ ch©šÍ, Gfv‡e Zv‡`i mv‡_ jymvB‡`i ms‡hvM ÿxb n‡q c‡o|

GLv‡b R-nD, myb&_&jv, jvB, jvB‡Li, dvbvB Ges jymvB†`i Dci cÖwZ‡e`b DׄZ Kiv n‡q‡Q G Kvi‡b †h, eg-†Rv‡`i Awfevmb‡K †hb e„nËi MbmgvM‡gi †cÖÿvc‡U ‡`Lv nq| †Kbbv, Dbwesk kZ‡K Pxb MÖæc‡`i †ÿ‡Î `yÕ‡Uv †evaMg¨ welq‡K ˆewkó¨c~b© g‡b nq| Zv n‡jvt e„nËi Rb‡Mvwô `jKZ…©K `ye©jZi Rb‡Mvwô `j¸‡jvi civwRZ nIqv wKsev wewRZ`‡j AšÍf©zw³Kib n‡q hvIqv|| mxgvšÍ GjvKvmg~‡n emevmKvix ¶z`ª`j¸‡jv hvÕ‡`i‡K e„nËi Rb‡Mvwôiv AvDU‡cvó ev Øvi-cÖnixiƒ‡c e¨envi Ki‡Zv †KejgvÎ ZvivB e„wUk‡`i cÖfveKvix wbqš¿‡bi Kvi‡b †mB m¤¢ve¨ `kv †_‡K †invB cvq|

GBme Awfevmb mgvMg cÖwµqvq eg-†Rv‡`i wKiƒc f’wgKv wQj? G cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g Zv‡`i wbR¯^ HwZnvwmK HwZn¨ Av‡jvwPZ n‡e| G wel‡q 8 Rb eq¯‹ Z_¨`vZvi mvÿvrKvi †iKW© Kiv n‡hwQj| GLv‡b †jLK‡K †`Iqv eg-†Rv Abyev`Kvixi g‡bvbxZ kãvejx Pq‡b mwVK welqvejx †iKW© Kiv n‡q‡Q|

“eg-†`i Avw`cyiæliv Pxbwnj&m& G emevm Ki‡Zv| GLv‡b dvjvg-G evm Ki‡Zb R-nD evDB[46]| jbwPD bv‡g Zuvi GK †Q‡j wQj| wcZvi g„Zz¨ n‡j †Q‡j jbwPD wcZvi Avm‡b ¯’jvwfwl³ nb| wZwb dvjvg †_‡K m¨vsMD P‡j hvb Ges †mLv‡b wZwb Zuvi †Q‡j mwUbLimn `xN©Kvj evm K‡ib| Zuvi evevi g„Zz¨ n‡j mwUbLi wcZvi ¯’jvwfwl³ nb| fvb&byqvBw_&ji bv‡g Zuvi GK †Q‡ji Rb¥ nq| wcZvi g„Zz¨i ci fvb&byqvw_&ji wcZvi ¯’jvwfwl³ nb| Zvui mgq eg‡RvÕiv AvivKvb P‡j hvq Z‡e, Zviv †mLv‡b gvÎ ¯^íKvj Ae¯’vb K‡iwQj| Zviv †mLv‡b ¯’vqxfv‡e evm K‡iwb eis cybivq m¨vsMD-†Z wd‡i hvq| fvb&byqvw_&ji-Gi cuvP †Q‡j n‡jv, UªvqvjKi, †bBDs, wjqvbKzs, ‡ivLi Ges Uj&Lg| wjqvbKzs Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ wKQz †jvK cÖ_‡g AvivKv‡b P‡j hvq Ges c‡i cwðg †`‡k[47] P‡j hvq| †R¨ô¨cyÎ UªvqvjKi Zvui fvB‡`i mv‡_ AvivKvb Ges cwð‡g P‡j hvb| Z‡e, c‡i wZwb `xN© `jej wb‡q Avevi wbRf’‡g wd‡i hvb Ges m¨vsMD‡Z evm K‡ib(Zvui eska‡iiv m¨vsMD‡Z Ges wg‡Rv wnjm&[48] G evm K‡i)| wjqvbKzs whwb c‡i evDB nb, Av‡iv `wÿ‡b m¨vsMD-Gi †isZøvO[49]-G m‡i hvb eZ©gv‡b †hLv‡b fvbRvsZøvs dB[50] Aew¯’Z| GLv‡b Zvuiv emevm K‡ib| Z‡e, Zvuiv Avevi Ab¨Î P‡j hvb Ges gvwiqvZøvs[51] bvgK ¯’v‡b evm K‡ib hvÕ wPgeK Zøvs[52] Gi wbKUeZx©| | (c„:51) GLvb †_‡K Zvuiv mgZj A‡jI G‡mwQ‡jb| Zvuiv †iRv dB-G emwZ ¯’vcb K‡ib †hLv‡b fBUvnv cB Aew¯’Z| GLvb †_‡K Zvuiv ev›`iev‡bi wbKU¯’ m¨v½y b`x †cwi‡q Avevi cve©Z¨ GjvKvq wd‡i hvb Ges †bvqvdZn&[53] bvgK ¯’v‡b wjqvbKzjcv fvbv bvgK GK bZzb MÖvg cÖwZôv K‡ib|

wjqvbKzs Gi mgq eg-†RvÕiv †mB cÖ_g e„wUk‡`i ms¯ú‡k© P‡j Av‡m| wjqvbKzs PÆMÖv‡g Bs‡iR Pxd Gi mv‡_ †`Lv Ki‡Z Avmvi c‡_ GK evOvjx‡K nZ¨v K‡ib| Gmgq ¯’vbxq ivRb¨eM© mevB mgvb wQ‡jb| wjqvbKzs Gi g„Zz¨i ci †evgvs Bs‡iR‡`i mn‡hvMxZvq cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi `w¶bvs‡k ivRv nb| GwU ZvB n‡qwQj Kvib, e„wUkivR KZ…©K mKj ivRv Zuv‡`i wb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ w`jøx‡Z AvûZ n‡qwQ‡jb| †h‡nZz, †evgvs-B wQ‡jb GKgvÎ e¨w³ huvi w`jøx hvIqvi Rb¨ hvZvqvZ LiP enb Kivi h‡_ó A_© wQj| Ab¨vb¨‡`i g‡a¨ eg-†Rv evDBI ivRv n‡Z cv‡ibwb Ges ZLb †_‡KB cieZ©xKv‡j Zvuiv †evgvs ivRvi cÖRv n‡q c‡ob|

Z‡e, wjqvbKzs-Gi ivR‡Z¡i mgq eg-†RvÕiv ÿgZvai wQj| PvKgv ivbx Kvjxw›`i[54] mv‡_ Zv‡`i LyeB fv‡jv m¤úK© wQj| wjqvbKzs Ges ivbx Kvjxw›` mn‡`vi-m‡nv`iv eÜz‡Z¡ Ave× nb| Zvu‡`i eÜz‡Z¡i wb`k©b ¯^iƒc Zvuiv ek©v Ges Zievix gvwU‡Z cuy‡Z kc_ †bb| Zvuiv Gfv‡e kc_ †bbt “ Avwg, wjqvbKzs, hw` PvKgv ivbxi weiæ‡× Avµgb msNUbKvjxb mvnv‡h¨i Rb¨ PvKgv ivbxi cv‡k bv `uvovB, ZvÕn‡j GB ekv© I GB Zievix Avgvi †`‡ni Dci ewl©Z †nvK!” “ Avwg, Kvjww›` ivbx, GB g‡g© wb‡R‡K kc_ve× KiwQ †h, Avgvi fvB wjqvbKzs - Gi hLb Avgvi mvnv‡h¨i cÖ‡qvRb n‡e, wjqvbKzs hZ PvB‡eb, Avwg Kzjx Ges †jvKRb w`‡q mvnvh¨ Ki‡ev! Avwg hw` Avgvi cÖwZÁv cvjb bv Kwi, ZvÕn‡j GB ek©v Ges GB Zievix Avgvi †`‡ni Dci ewl©Z †nvK! ”

kc_ Abyôv‡bi ci wjqvbKzs Zuvi MÖv‡g wd‡i hvb| Z‡e, wZwb MÖv‡g †cuŠQbwb, c‡_ Amy¯’ n‡q gviv hvb| AZGe, wZwb fwMœ Kvjxw›`i cÖwZ Zuvi cÖwZÁv ivL‡Z cv‡ibwb| Z‡e, Zuvi g„Zz¨i ci, Zuvi †QvUfvB fvB UBLg evDB Aek¨ fvB‡qi c†ÿ ‡m cÖwZÁv iÿv K‡iwQ‡jb| Kvib,GK mgq PvKgv‡`i g‡a¨ weivU `ywf©ÿ †`Lv w`‡qwQj| UBLg evDB, hZ PvDj cÖ‡qvRb n‡qwQj PvKgv ivbx‡K cÖ`vb K‡iwQ‡jb| Kw_Z Av‡Q †h, ivbx Kvjxw›` UBLg evDB-Gi mvnv‡h¨i ¯§i‡b GK Kjmx PvDj †i‡L w`‡qwQ‡jb| UBLg evDB Zvui fvB †hLv‡b evm K‡iwQ‡jb †mLv‡b †_‡K wZwb Avg„Zz¨ Zvui cÖRv‡`i wb‡q ivR¨ kvmb K‡iwQ‡jb| UBLg Gi ci Zvui e„× fvB ‡bBqvs Gi `yB †Q‡j kvmbfvi MÖnY K‡ib| †bBqvsI wjqvbKzs Gi mgq wjqvbKzs Gi mv‡_ evm Ki‡Zb| UBLg evDB‡qi g„Zz¨i ci Zviv myb_&jv GjvKvq[55] LvgZøvs bvgK ¯’v‡b P‡j hvq| LvgZøvs G †bBqvs Gi †R¨óZg †Q‡j, mvbœb evDB wn‡m‡e Zvui cÖRv‡`i kvmb K‡ib| Zuvi kvmbvg‡j eg-†RvÕiv gªæ evDB †is‡Kwm - Gi weiæ‡× gªæ A‡j Xz‡K c‡o| Gi KviY n‡jv, mvbœb evDB gªæ‡`i †_‡K LvRvbv †P‡qwQ‡jb| Z‡e, gªæ evDB †is‡Kwm mvbœb evDB‡K LvRbv w`‡Z ivRx nbwb| ZvB, mvbœb evDB gªæevDB †is‡Kwmi weiæ‡× hy× †Nvlbv K‡iwQ‡jb| †is‡Kwm evDB civwRZ n‡j mvbœb gªæ ivR¨ †_‡K A‡bK LvRbv msMÖn Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb Ges gªæ-iv Zuvi cÖRvq cwiYZ nq| mvbœb Gi cyÎ jvjWvs Gi g„Zz¨ n‡j Zvi mv‡_ GKRb `vm RxešÍ Kei †`Iqv nq, hv‡Z †m Ke‡i Ms ev N›Uv evRv‡Z cv‡i| LgZøvb †_‡K mvbœb mgiæK LyqvZøvs G P‡j hvb Ges †mLv‡b cv•NDB mn GK‡Î evm K‡ib| wZwb Zvui Ab¨Zg cixwÿZ †hv×v mvswPb‡K Zvui c~‡e©Kvi Avevm¯’j LgZøvs MÖvg ZZ¡veav‡bi Rb¨ wb‡qvM K‡ib| mvbœb evDB mgiæK LyqvZøvs G gvÎ 30 ermi eq‡m gviv hvb| Zvui g„Zz¨i ci, ZvuiB †QvU fvB gvOwbqvi Zvui ¯’jvwfwl³ nb| gvOwbqv‡ii kvmbvg‡j eg-†RvÕiv AviI GKevi hy‡× hvq| Z‡e, gvOwbqvi GKRb jymvB c_cÖ`k©K‡K nZ¨v Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb 3 ermi Kvj Zvuvi †jv‡K‡`i kvmb K‡iwQ‡jb Ges 16 eQi eq‡m gviv hvb| Zvuvi g„Zz¨i ci fMœx myb_&jyqvB evDB wn‡m‡e kvmbfvi MÖnY K‡ib Ges wZwb Avg„Zz¨ Zvui ivR¨ kvmb K‡ib| Zvui g„Zz¨i 3 ermi ci c~e©w`K n‡Z Avmv ZvuiB GK AvZ¥xq nvBgyO evDB mKj evDB ivRb¨wPývw` ms‡M †bqvi Rb¨ Zvui (ivbxi) Kei Lyu‡o †d‡jb GgbwK wZwb ivbxi †`nve‡klI ms‡M wb‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb| wKš‘, GB GjvKvi[56] Rbmvavi‡bi Aby‡iv‡a nvBgyOevDB ivbxi †`nve‡kl †mLv‡b †i‡L hvIqvi `vex Aby‡gv`b K‡ib| eg-†Rv‡`i cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g Awfevmb Ges Zvu‡`i evDB ivRb¨e‡M©i mymse× Kvwnbx e¨vcKfv‡e HwZnvwmK mZ¨Zvi mv‡_ †hvMm~Î Av‡Q e‡j g‡b nq, GgbwK hw`I Zuv‡`i cÖwZ‡ekx‡`i Zzjbvq eg-†RvÕ‡`i Ae¯’vb wKQzUv ewa©Âz wQj e‡j h‡_ó eySv hvq| wjqvbKzs Gi Awfevmb 1830 †_‡K 1840 mv‡ji g‡a¨B nIqv DwPZ hvÕ †`Lv‡bv n‡e| åvg¨gvb `jwU 1000 R‡bi n‡q _vK‡Z cv‡i| †h‡nZz, Lygx, gªæ Ges gvg©v‡`i gZ Ab¨vb¨ Rb‡Mvwô¸‡jv cve©Z¨Â‡ji c~e© mxgv‡šÍ Av‡M †_‡KB emwZ ¯’vcb K‡iwQj e‡jB eg-†RvÕ‡`i‡K Pvlvev` Ges cÖwZiÿvi Rb¨ GKUv myweavRbK ¯’v‡bi ‡LuvR Ki‡Z n‡qwQj| †h‡nZz, wjqvbKzsGes Zvui `jej Pxb MÖæc‡`i Aay¨wlZ cwðg mxgvšÍ Ry‡o †Nviv‡div K‡iwQj Ges Zviv Ab¨vb¨ Rb‡Mvwô‡`i‡K Kvh©Kifv‡e nwU‡q †`qvi c‡ÿ h‡_ó kw³ai wQjbv, eo‡Rvi Zviv Ime Rb‡Mvwôi Dci `ytmvnwmK AZwK©Z Avµgb Pvjv‡Z cvi‡Zv| ‡kl Aewa Zviv gªæ wnjm Gi wP¤^y‡K wd‡i Av‡m †hLv‡b Ke‡ii ¯§„wZdjK¸‡jv AvRI Zv‡`i Dcw¯’wZi mvÿ¨ enb K‡i| eg‡RvÕ‡`i GB we¯ÍvwiZ BwZnvm †jvd¬vi KZ…©K mgw_©Z nq hw`I Zuvi Z_¨ eg-†RvÕ‡`i cÖ`Ë wee„wZi Dci wbf©ikxj| Avi ZvÕn‡jvt “ cÖvq 200 ermi Av‡M (hvÕ Avgiv GLb 1830 mv‡ji w`‡K e‡j Rvwb), `wÿb-c~e© w`K n‡Z Avmv eg‡`i GK Ask A_v©r eb‡hvMxiv cve©Z¨ A‡ji me©cwðg cvnvo ev›`iev‡bi `w¶‡b m‡i hvq.... GB AbwZD”P cvnvo GjvKvi A¯^v¯’¨Ki Rjevqy be¨emwZKvix‡`i ¯^v‡¯’¨i Dci GZB Lvivc cÖfve †d‡j Zv‡Z Zviv `„p wek¦vm Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i †h †mLv‡b kqZvbx AvZ¥vi †`ŠivZ¥¨ †ekx| AZGe, Zviv kxNÖB c~e©w`‡Ki DPuy cvnvo¸‡jv‡Z m‡i Av‡m †hLv‡b AvRI Zv‡`i‡K †`Lv hvq|” Avwg wb‡RI H cvnv‡o GKUv gªæ MÖv‡g (G¤úy cvov) KzKx‡`i c~i‡bv Kei wkjvwjwc †`‡LwQ (1959:258)| AZGe Zv‡`i AMÖhvÎv wbðqB ¯^í‡gqv‡`i[57] wQj Ges Zviv ga¨ cve©Z¨Â‡j †mB †bvqcZs GjvvKvq wd‡i P‡j hvq †hLv‡b GLbI (1964) eg-jvB‡`i eskai A-L„óvb myš’jviv evm[58] Ki‡Q|

Avmyb Avgiv Avev‡iv ZvKvB eg-†Rv:mvbœb‡`i we¯—vwiZ wel‡qi w`‡K, wjqvbKzs Gi wØZxq ¯’jvwfwl³ e„× fvB‡qi †Q‡j whwb gªæ‡`i weiæ‡× hy× K‡iwQ‡jb| GB hyׇK eg-†RvÕiv mKj gªæ Gi weiæ‡× cwiPvwjZ hy× e‡j we‡ePbv K‡i, m¤¢eZ: Zviv GKwUgvÎ gªæ emwZ Avµgb K‡iwQj| Zvui mdjZv, gªæ-†`i g‡Z, gªæ-iv ZvÕ‡Z LvRbv cÖ`vb K‡iwQj| mbœb - Gi Av‡iv Av‡M eg-†RvÕiv Lygx Ges gªæ emwZ[59] Avµgb K‡iwQj| g¨v‡KÄx, †evgvs ivRvi Aaxb¯’ emwZ¸‡jvi Dci Avµgb 1830 mv‡j Ges Avevi 1834 mv‡j (c„:55) Abyiƒc AZwK©Z Avµgb m¤ú‡K© cªwZ‡e`b K‡ib Ges AvµgbKvixiv gªæ, Lygx ev eb‡hvMx wQj e‡j Zvui cÖwZ‡e`‡b Rvbv hvq (1884:333)| cieZ©x Avµgb¸‡jvi m¤ú‡K©I wZwb D‡jøL K‡ib †h, “ 1864 mv‡ji †deªæqvix gv‡m †cvqvO-†`i (= †evgvs-Gi) Dci mk¯¿ KzKx‡`i Abyiƒc Avµgb N‡UwQj| iZb †cvBqv, BwZc~‡e© KvPvjs G Aew¯’Z Avgv‡`i K¨v¤ú‡K mZK© K‡i †`q †h, eb‡hvMx KzKx‡`i GKwU `j `w¶b Awfg~‡L P‡j wM‡qwQj (GUv wK Z‡e gªæ emwZi Dci mbœ‡bi Avµgb wQj?)| g¨v‡KÄx 1865[60] mv‡j eb‡hvMx‡`i Øviv jyÚ‡bi K_vI e¨³ K‡ib| ” Zuvi c‡ÿ, GUv ey‡S †bqv mnR wQj †h, ‘†h‡nZz eb‡hvMxivI jymvB‡`i g‡Zv WvKvwZ Ges i³mœvb cQ›` Ki‡Zv' [61]| hvÕ‡nvK, GB mvavib cÖeYZv jymvB Ges eg-†RvÕ‡`i ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ Avµgb Kiv †_‡K weiZ iv‡Lwb|

eg-†Rv‡`i cÖwZ‡e`bg~‡j, mbœb-Gi ¯’jvwf‡lKKvix g¨vOwbqvi, GKRb jymvB ¯‹vDU‡K †g‡i †dj‡Z mÿg n‡qwQ‡jb| Ab¨c‡ÿ, eg-†RvÕ‡`iI jymvB‡`i‡K fq Kivi KviY wQj| 1866 mv‡j nvIjs jymvBiv wZbwU eg emwZ[62] Avµgb K‡iwQj| “ 1866 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^i gv‡m (†jLK) cÖwZ‡e`b Kiv n‡qwQj †h, †cvIqvs †`‡ki eb‡hvMxiv hviv nvIjs jymvB‡`i Øviv A‡bK `~‡fvM© †cv‡nwQj, Zv‡`i weiæ‡× Zviv 300 R‡bi GK`j ‡hv×v cvVvq hvÕ‡`i‡K jymvBiv cvëv gvi †`q Ges cÖejfv‡e wcQz Zvov K‡i| m¨v½y b`xi Dˇi emevmKvix †jvKRb f‡q wK Kibxq †f‡e emwZ †Q‡o hvw”Qj..... Z‡e, cÖK…Z c‡ÿ †Kvb Avµgb N‡Uwb Ges GUv m¤¢e †h, AvZsK cÖK…Z mZ¨‡K AwZiwÄZ K‡iwQj (g¨v‡KÄx 1884:354)| ” Avgiv hLb GBme welq eg-†RvÕ‡`i Ae¯’vi mv‡_ wgwj‡q wbB, ZvÕn‡j m‡›`nvZxZfv‡e a‡i wb‡Z nq †h, †mUv g¨vOwbqv‡ii mg‡q N‡UwQj hLb g¨vOwbqvi †Kej “GKRb †jvK‡K”[63] ‡g‡i †dj‡Z †c‡iwQj| ev‡e© Av‡MB cÖwZ‡e`b K‡iwQ‡jb: “KzKxiv Zv‡`i msL¨vwa‡K¨i †Rv‡i Zv‡`i‡K (=eg-†Rv, †jLK) Zv‡`i c`vbZ K‡i ivL‡Z †c‡iwQj|” Z‡e, cieZx© eQi¸‡jv‡Z eg-†RvÕiv jymvB‡`i (c„: 56/57 Gm. †Rwb‡jvRx c„: 58) ekxf’Z n‡q cov †_‡K †invB †c‡qwQj, KviY, Bswjkiv 1860 mvj †_‡K cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi GZ` AÂj Zv‡`i kvmbvax‡b wb‡qwQj| Zviv Rvb‡Zv, wKfv‡e iZb †cvIBqvi g‡Zv †jvK‡K cÖwZ‡ekx jymvB MÖæ‡ci †bZv‡K GKRb wgÎ evbv‡bv hvq, hv‡Z jymvB†`i Øviv cve©Z¨Â‡j †Kej wew”Qbœ AbycÖ‡ek N‡U |

Dbwesk kZ‡Ki wØZxqv‡a© eg-†RvÕiv e„wUk‡`i Avi †Kvb R¡vjvZb K‡iwb| nq‡Zv Zv‡`i msL¨v ¯^íZvi Kvi‡b n‡Z cv‡i, †m mg†q Zv‡`i RbmsL¨v 2000 R‡bi D‡a© bq, Avi ZvB AwaK c~‡e© emevmiZ Rb‡Mvwôx‡`i Zzjbvh Zviv e„wUk‡`i †h †Kvb we‡`ªvn `gbvwfhv‡bi c‡ÿ mnRjf¨ wQj| 1869 mv‡j †jDBb Gi eb©bv g‡Z eg-†RvÕiv e„wUk‡`i LvRbv`vZv cÖRv bq eis e„wUk cÖfvevaxb[64] wQj| ev‡e© 1845 mv‡j ZLbI wek¦vm Ki‡Zb †h, “KzKx Ges ebRyÕiv LvRbv gy³; Avi Zv‡`i‡K hw` LvRvbv cÖ`v‡b eva¨I Kiv n‡Zv, Zvn‡j, wen‡½i g‡Zv gy³ wePibKvix DcRvwZ wn‡m‡e Zviv ZvrÿwbK Zv‡`i emZevox †Q‡o P‡j †h‡Zv Ges my`~i ce©‡Zi Mnx‡b wd‡i †h‡Zv †hLv‡b †Kn Zv‡`i‡K Drcxob Ki‡Z cvi‡Zvbv (1845:386)|” Z‡e †jDBb wjL‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb: “Avwg mKj cv‡•Lv, †gªv Ges eb‡hvMx‡`i msev` cvVvB †h, Avwg P›`ª‡Nvbv †_‡K iv½vgvwU hvw”Q Ges Avgvi Avkv ‡h, Avwg †mLv‡b _vKvi GKUv evox n‡e (1885:372)| ” cieZx©‡Z, eg-†Rv‡`i ga¨ n‡Z †nWg¨vb I Kve©vix wb‡qvM Gi gva¨‡g cve©Z¨Â‡ji cÖkvm‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Kiv nq| Dbwesk kZ‡Ki †kl w`‡K Zv‡`i me©‡kl evBD‡qi g„Zz¨ n‡j †nWg¨vb I Kve©vix‡`i Øviv Zvi kw³ I ÿgZv MÖnY Kiv nq|

(c„:59) 1830 mvj †_‡K hw`I eg-†Rv msµvšÍ Z_¨¸‡jv †gvUvgywUfv‡e nv‡Z hvÕ Av‡Q †mme Z_¨vejxi mv‡_ †gjv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e, c~‡e©Kvi NUbvejx m¤ú‡K© Gme Z_¨vejx wKQzUv mgm¨v m„wó K‡i _v‡K| eg-†Rv evDB‡`i[65] eskcÄx hvÕ w`K-wb‡`©k K‡i ZvÕ n‡jv RnD Ges jbwPD‡`i (Zahau and Lawncheu) g‡a¨Kvi wcZv-cyÎ m¤úK© AvÿwiK A‡_© a‡i †bqv DwPZ bq| K¨vix Ges UvK Gi Z_¨ g‡Z, n¬ybwPD Ges qûiv (Hlunchew and Yahow) fvB[66] wQj| n¬ybwPD eo Ges qû †QvU fvB| eg-†RvÕ‡`i m¤ú‡K© AvRKvjKvi fveaviv g‡Z, RnDÕiv n‡”Q myš’&jv‡`i AšÍM©Z jbwPD Rb‡Mvôxfz³ bi‡Mvwôx| hvÕ‡nvK, eg-†RvÕ‡`i c~e©-cyiæl‡`i m¤ú‡K© KwíZ HwZnvwmK wbw`©óKib G Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ Lye GKUv ¸iæZ¡c~b© bq|

eg-†RvÕ‡`i g‡a¨ wjqvbKzs wbtm‡›`‡n GKRb me‡P‡q cÖfvekvjx e¨w³Z¡ wQ‡jb| GK `yj©f cwiw¯’wZ‡Z e„wUk c`¯’ Awdmvi dv‡q‡i (Phayre) wjqvbKzs Gi mv‡_ mvÿvr K‡iwQ‡jb Ges †mme †hvMm~Î wjwce× K‡iwQ‡jb| dv‡q‡i Zuvi cÖwZ‡e`‡b D‡jøL K‡ibt Kvjv`vb b`xi Dcwi As‡k hviv evm Ki‡Zv Lygxiv Zv‡`i‡K “jys-†L” bv‡g WvK‡Zv Ges GKB mg‡q esRy ev esRy‡q[67] (Boung-ju or Boung-jwe ) bv‡gI WvK‡Zv| dv‡q‡iÕi c‡ÿ GUv g‡b nIqv m¤¢e †h, jys-†L/esRy‡qÕiv DrcwËMZfv‡e wfbœ wfbœ MÖæc wQj hviv Ab¨ GK Z…Zxq MÖæc[68] Gi Kv‡Q civwRZ Ges wbh©vwZZ n‡qwQj| Gmgq Zv‡`i `jcÖavb wQ‡jb “Leng-Kung” hvÕi mv‡_ dv‡q‡iÕi †`Lv n‡qwQj jys‡LÕiv GKUv Lygx emwZ Avµgb Kivi ci| Zv‡`i‡K `gb Kivi Rb¨ GKUv `j cvVv‡bv n‡qwQj| wKš‘ ZZÿ‡b Zviv emwZ †Q‡o e›`x‡`i wb‡q cwð‡gi w`‡K cvnv‡oi Mnx‡b cvwj‡q hvq Ges PÆMÖvg †Rjvi mxgv‡šÍ emevmiZ R‰bK L¨s-Pv (= gvigv) cwiev‡ii Gi Avkªq MÖnY K‡i (dv‡q‡i, 1841:708)| GB cwievi PvK-ZsdvBD[69] bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| (c„:60) dv‡q‡i †mUv Rvb‡Z †c‡i PÆMÖv‡gi †cŠi KZ…©cÿ‡K w`‡q e›`x‡`i[70] gy³ K‡ib| †js-Kzs Ges Zvi fvB †js-ûs AvwKqv‡e G‡mwQ‡jb Zvu‡`i AcK‡g©i[71] `vq wb‡q| †js-Kzs †h †mB Avµg‡bi †nvZv wQ‡jb Zv A¯^xKvi Kivi †Kvb †Rv †bB (dv‡q‡i, 1841:708)|

†js-Kzs m¤ú‡K© dv‡q‡ii Z_¨ e‡j †h, “‡js-Kzs wb‡R‡K ej‡Zb †h wZwb eyrcwËMZfv‡e Zvui †`‡ki DËic~‡e© emevmiZ AZ¨šÍ ÿgZvai DcRvZxq‡`i GKRb eskai; Zvui †Mvwôx †h DcRvZx‡`i †_‡K D™f’Z, Zviv n¬v‡qs-wR-D, n¬v‡qs-wRD Ges †n¬s-U&PvBI (Hlaing-ji-u, Hlaing-chou, Hling-ju and Hleng-tchyo) bv‡g cwiwPZ|” K‡qK cyiæl Av‡M Zvui eska‡ii GKUv MÖæc DËi-c~e© w`K †_‡K G†m jys‡L Ges eb-Ry‡q (Lunkhes and Boung-jwes) †`i‡K civwRZ K‡iwQj| hw`I ZL‡bv ch©šÍ wZwb Zvui c~e©cyiæl-RvwZi †hvMm~Î a‡i †i‡LwQ‡jb, ZeyI, Zvui e¨eüZ K_¨fvlv m¤ú~b©iƒ‡c cwiewZ©Z n‡q hvq| wZwb †h RvwZ †_‡K D™f’Z, Zv‡`i‡K Lygxiv Z&‡mBb-`y ev wmb-`y (Tsein-du or Shin-du) ej‡Zv (Loc. cit. 707)| wjqvb-Kzs, hv‡K Avgiv dv‡q‡iÕi †js-Kzs ej‡Z cvwi, jys-†L †`i m¤ú‡K© Ab¨ †Kvb mvavib bvg Rvb‡Zb bv; Zv‡`i Rbkw³ 300 cwievi e‡j Z_¨ w`‡qwQ‡jb| “jys-†LÕiv Avgvi cÖRv.... Avgvi cwiev‡ii wbKUZg m`m¨iv Qvov Iiv mevB Avgvi `vm (loc. cit. 709)|” wjqvb-Kzs-Gi g‡Z, †mB›`y-iv n‡jv GKUv wgkª Rb‡Mvwôimgwó | †m¸‡jv nj, (1) Z&wRb-W&Rv (Tjin-dza), (2) R-Zs, (Za-Tang), (3) †Ks-jU (Keng-lot), (4) †jvn&b-wkb (Lhon-Shin), (5) wUj-†Us (Til-teng), (6) †iŠj-†js (Rwol-leng), (7) g&-n¬yj (M-lhul), (8) wUs-j&nDj (Ting-lhoul), (9) wU-Av-WvB (Ti-a-dai), (10) iæj-ey (Rul-bu), (11) †evB-†Ks (Boi-kheng), (12) Pzs-Ojv (Chung-ngla) Ges (14) n¬v‡qs-Ry (Hlaing-ju)| wjqvb-Kzs wb‡RB n¬v‡qs-RyÕ‡`i eskai Avi Zvui ¯¿x Z&wRb-W&Rv es‡kiB GK evD‡qi[72] Kb¨v (c„:61)| GB es‡ki wKQz MÖvg ZrKvjxb †cQ‡b _vKv †mBb-`y‡`i (Tsein-du) Aax‡b GLbI we`¨gvb|

cieZx© mg‡q dv‡q‡i wel cÖ‡qv‡M wjqvb-Kzs-Gi g„Zz¨ n‡q‡Q e‡j msev` cvb| Zuvi g„Zz¨ m¤¢eZt jys‡L‡`i[73] Rb¨ †kl cwibwZ †W‡K Av‡b; dv‡q‡i †f‡ewQ‡jb, “ Zvui †evKv fvB‡qi c‡ÿ †jvKRb mvgvj †`qv m¤¢e n‡ebv, Zviv m¤¢eZt Ab¨ DcRvwZ‡`i mv‡_ wg‡k hv‡e (loc. cit.:711)|”

dv‡q‡iÕi mv‡_ wjqvb-Kzs Gi hLb †`Lv nq, ZLb Zvui eqm 20 Gi w`‡K A_©vr wjqvb-Kzs Gi Rb¥ 1815 mv‡ji w`‡K; myZivs Zvui evev fvbœyqvBw_&ji ‡eu‡PwQ‡jb 1800 mv‡ji w`‡K| Zuvi AvivKvb hvÎv‡K SwUKv[74] Avµgb e‡j a‡i †bqv ‡h‡Z cv‡i A_ev bZzb emwZ ¯’vc‡bi GKUv cÖ†Póv ejv hvq| fvbœyqvw_&ji Gi †R¨ô †Q‡j, cÖ_‡g fvB‡q‡`i Abymib K‡iwQj, A‡b¨iv m`je‡j Aek¨B cwðgw`‡K m‡i †M‡jI g‡b nq ‡m Zvui Avcb MÖv‡g wd‡i wM‡qwQj| Pxb‡`i g‡a¨ GUv mvavib †h, DËivwaKvix bq Ggb Amvavib e¨w³Z¡ m¤úbœ KzjcyÎiv Awfhvb GwM‡q wb‡q hvq Ges Zviv wbR Abymvix‡`i wb‡q emwZ[75] ¯’vcb K‡i| wjqvbKzs Ges Zvui †jvKRb cÖ_‡g DBdzg[76] GjvKvq emwZ ¯’vcb K‡iwQ‡jb| Kvjv`vb b`xi Dcivs‡k cwðg cv‡o Zv‡`i Ae¯’vb m¤ú‡K© dv‡q‡i ZvB w`K wb‡`©k K‡i _vK‡Z cv‡ib|

c¨vix, dv‡q‡i cÖ`Ë Z_¨vejx e¨vL¨v K‡ib: “dv‡q‡i †m›`y‡`i m¤ú‡K© 13 wU ‡Mv‡Îi ZvwjKv w`‡q‡Qb..... hv‡`i g‡a¨ †Kvb †Kvb †MvÎ gviÕ‡`i †MvÎ e‡j wPwýZ Kiv hvq hw`I Ab¨iv †cv-B †MvÎfz³ e‡j g‡b nq| Avwg g‡b Kwi, Zrwb‡`©wkZ jys‡Liv m¤¢eZt jv‡Li‡`i GK kvLv hv‡`i †gcÖæZs cvnv‡oi cwðg †i‡Ä wjqvwRD bvgK ¯’v‡b GKUv MÖvg wQj hvÕ GLb wejxb n‡q †M‡Q (c„:72)| Zv‡`i `jcwZ †jsKzs GKRb †cv-B Ges jv‡Li‡`i Kv‡Q wZwb jvBKs bv‡g cwiwPZ wQ‡jb| GB cwiev‡ii cÖavbiv GLI jO&ZøvB, evO&Zøvs Ges m¨v½y GjvKvq KZ…©Z¡ mnKv‡i evm Ki‡Q| jvBKs MÖvgevmx‡`i GKUv eo Ask jv‡Li wQj e‡j D‡jøL Kiv nq Ges evKxiv wQj †cv-B|” GUv w`K wb‡`©k K‡i †h, wjqvb-Kzs Gi Av‡M Pxb wnj †Q‡o wM‡qwQj Ges wjqvbKzs GKvsk jv‡LiÕ‡`i wb‡q ivRZ¡ K‡iwQ‡jb| GB e³‡e¨i mg_©‡b wZwb e‡jb †h, wjqvbKzs Gi ¯¿x Z&wRb-W&Rv es‡kiB Kb¨v| Z&wRb-W&RvÕiv jv‡LiÕ‡`i[77] mv‡_ †hvM w`‡qwQ‡jb e‡j †k·cxqvi D‡jøL K‡i†Qb| GwU †evMg¨ nq †h, wjqvbKzs bevMZ wn‡m‡e jvB‡Li es‡ki D”PZi cwiev‡ii †_‡K we‡q K‡ib| c¨vixÕi Z_¨vejx eg-†RvÕ‡`i †`qv eb©bvi mv‡_ mv`„k¨gvb Ges ‡mB g‡Z, wjqvbKzs Gi †Rô¨Zg fvB †nBgyO m¨v½y †_‡K `w¶Y wg‡Rviv‡gi jsZøvB‡q P‡j wM‡qwQ‡jb| GLbI[78] Zvui eskai †mLv‡b evm Ki‡Q|

wjqvbKzs Gi cwðgvwfg~‡L m‡i hvIqvUv dv‡q‡i Bs‡iRivR KZ…©K mvRvcÖvß nIqvi fq wn‡m‡e ‡`‡L‡Qb| Z‡e, wjqvbKzs cwðg w`‡Ki †hB As‡k m‡i wM‡qwQ‡jb ZvÕI Bs‡iR cÖfvevaxb wQj e‡j dv‡q‡iÕi avibvUv Am¤¢e e‡j g‡b nq| Lygx‡`i Dci Zvui Avµgb‡K wZwb ‰ea e‡j g‡b Ki‡Zb ZvÕn‡j †Kb wZwb Bs‡iRØviv mvRvcÖvß nIqvi f‡q cvwj‡q hv‡eb? Avi hv-B †nvK, wZwb cwðgg~‡Lv wM‡qwQ‡jb Ges ev›`iev‡bi Pvicvk GjvKvq †evgvs Gi ¯^xK…wZ‡Z wQ‡jb hvÕ Bs‡iR cÖfvevaxb wbqwš¿Z GjvKv nIqvi m¤¢vebv| Z‡e, wjqvbKzs ‡Kb cwðg w`‡K m‡i wM‡qwQ‡jb? eg-†Rv HwZn¨MZ fvl¨ g‡Z, wjqvbKzs GKwU we‡kl Ae¯’vq ‡m c`‡ÿc wb‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQ‡jb| †Kbbv, DBdzg Zøvs[79] Gi Kwc©(LygKvb) - G m`je‡j _&Kvi mgq RygPv‡li mxgvbv wba©vib wb‡q †fbm¨vscv[80]-Gi mv‡_ Zvui SMov n‡qwQj| wjqbKzs †h Rwg LÊwU Dci `vex K‡iwQ‡jb, ev¯Í‡e ‡fb‡Pscvi ‡mwU c~e©-wPwýZ wQj| cÖPÊ ivMvwš^Z †fbm¨vscv `jejmn cwð‡g Zøvs‡jB bvgK¯’v‡b m‡i hvq Ges Zvi mv‡_ wjqvbKzs `‡jiI GKwU eo Ask[81] †fbm¨vscv‡K Abymib K‡iwQj| d‡j, wjqvbKzs Gi cwð‡g wM‡q †fbm¨vscv Gi mv‡_ Avevi Pzw³e× nIqv Qvov Avi †Kvb MwZ wQjbv, Kvib, Dfq Ask GK‡Î Zv‡`i cÖwZiÿvi c‡ÿ h‡_ó `ye©j wQj| †fbm¨vscv Gi g„Zz¨ n‡j A‡bK cwievi DBdzg Zøvs G wd‡i hvq, †hLv‡b eg-†RvÕ‡`i hviv Avcb g‡b K‡ †mB †cv-BÕ Rb‡Mvwô GL‡bv[82] evm K‡i|

PzovšÍ we‡ePbvi Rb¨ Avgiv GB mgqKvj Gi djvdj wb‡gœv³fv‡e mswÿßvqb Ki‡Z cvwit 1800 kZ‡Ki w`‡K wew”Qbœ `j RInDÕiv Pxbwnj¯’ dvjvg GjvKv †_‡K m‡i c‡o; ZvÕ Rwgi ¯^íZvi Kvi‡b †nvK, GK ev GKvwaK MÖv‡gi `jcwZ‡`i weev‡`i Kvi‡bB †nvK, myš’&jv‡`i m¤cÖmvi‡bi Kvi‡bB †nvK wKsev RInD‡`i cwðg w`‡K Mgb ev dvbvB‡qi g‡Zv AvDU‡cvó Kivi Rb¨B †nvK| eg-†RvÕ‡`i †gŠwLK e³e¨ Ges j× mvwnZ¨gvjv GwUB wek¦vm‡hvM¨ K‡i ‡Zv‡j †h, Aóv`k kZ‡K dvjvg-nvKv GjvKvq Rb mgvMg[83] N‡UwQj| GKK `jQzU MÖæc¸‡jv cwðgw`‡K m‡i c‡owQj hv‡`i c~e©cyiæl‡`i GKvsk n‡jv AvR‡Ki eg-†Rv m¤cÖ`vq| Zviv wewfbœ RnD Ges myš’jv †Mvwôi m`m¨ (c„t65) Kvjv`vb Gi cwð‡g m‡i wM‡qwQj Ges 1830 Gi w`‡K Ny‡i AvR‡Ki cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g[84] G‡mwQj| 1860 mvj ch©šÍ †Rjvi c~e© cv‡k¦©i GjvKv mg~‡n Zv‡`i emwZ¸‡jv `ªæZ djvkªqx wQj †hLv‡b AvRI Zv‡`i eskai evm Ki‡Q| Zviv †mLv‡b `yÕMÖæ‡Ri ga¨eZx© ¯’v‡b evm Ki‡Zv Ges Dbwesk kZ‡Ki 60 Gi `kK ch©šÍ Zv‡`i‡K Pv‡c ‡i‡LwQj A_P Zviv eyS‡Z cvi‡Zv †h Zviv wb‡Riv jymvB Avµg‡bi c‡ÿ Db¥y³| c‡i Zviv Bs‡iR‡`i mvwbœ‡a¨ G‡j Zviv †Kej Bs‡iR‡`i‡K Amyweavi m„wó K‡iwQj| cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi Ab¨vb¨ PxbMÖæc‡`i g‡Zv bv n‡jI Zviv kxNÖB Bs‡iR‡`i cÖwZ AbyMZ n‡q c‡o, we‡klZt Zviv e„wUk‡`i cÖfve ejq †_‡K ‡ewi‡q †h‡Z cv‡iwb| Dbwesk kZ‡Ki †kl `kK¸‡jv‡Z Bs‡iRiv c~e©eZx kvmK †kªYx QvovI cve©Z¨ PÆMªv‡gi cÖkvmwbK D”P-bxP ¯Íi Abyhvqx †nWg¨vb Ges Kve©vix wb‡qvM cÖ`vb K‡i| G‡Z K‡i kxNÖB evDBiv ÿgZv ewÂZ n‡q c‡o| eg-†RvÕiv G †ÿ‡Î wesk kZK ch©šÍ Aj‡ÿ¨ †_‡K hvq| Zvici, jymvB wgkbvix‡`i Øviv Zviv Lªx÷a‡g© `xwÿZ n‡q co‡j Ae¯’v cv‡ë hvq|

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(66) 2.3 cÖPwjZ †kªYxwefvM: eg-†Rv‡`i †kªYxwefvM m¤ú‡K© BwZc~‡e© Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q Avi GB Dc-Aa¨v‡q eyrcwËMZfv‡e MÖæcwUi MVb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e| dv‡q‡iÕi mv‡_ †js-Kzs Gi †hvMm~Î GKUv wel‡q we‡kl AvMÖn DÏxcK †h, hLb †js-Kzs wb‡RB ej‡jb †h, Zvui mv‡_ AvZ¥xqeM© QvovI ‘`vm’ wQj| ‘`vm’ ej‡Z wZwb ¯úóZB Zvui wb‡Ri †jv‡Ki g‡ZvB Ab¨ †Mv‡Îi wbf©ikxj †jv‡K‡`i‡K eywS‡q‡Qb|

Pxb wnj †_‡K AvMZ Awfevmxiv evi¤^vi cÖwZ‡e`‡b G‡m‡Q †h, Zv‡`i emwZ¸‡jv eiveiB Pxb‡`i cwð‡g wQj| n‡Z cv‡i †h Pxbiv Zv‡`i‡K ‡Kvb hy‡× civf’Z K‡iwQj, n‡Z cv‡i †h, Zviv Df‡ bevMZ wQj Ges c~i‡bv emwZKvix wQj, hLb Zviv wb‡R‡`i mdj cÖwZiÿvi cÖ‡kœ AwZ `ye©j wQj ZLb mg_©bKvix wn‡m‡e ¯^vMZ Rvwb‡qwQj| wjqvbKzs 100 cwievi wb‡q cwðgvwfg~Lx wM‡qwQ‡jb e‡j ejv nq; dvbvB‡qi e¨cv‡i wi‡cv‡U© ejv n‡q‡Q †h, †mLv‡b 70 cwievi cvVv‡bv n‡qwQj Ges ZvÕ A¯^vfvweK wKQz bq| K¨vix Ges UvK Ab¨ GK D`vnib w`‡q‡Qb, Zvu‡`i msev` g‡Z, cÖvq 2000 †jvK av‡c av‡c †mv‡± †_‡K gwbcyi P‡j wM‡qwQj A_©vr Zviv ¯’vqx emwZ ¯’vcb K‡iwQj| A_P wjqvbKzs Gi c~e©cyiæliv wM‡qwQj dvjvg Gwiqv †_‡K cwð‡g m¨v½y GjvKvq Avi wZwb wb‡R Av‡iv cwð‡g wM‡qwQ‡jb| Zvui `‡j ïay wb‡Ri †jvK bq, wQj myš’jv I R-nDiv Ges Zvui c~e©c~iæliv †hme †jvKRb cÖRv wn‡m‡e †i‡LwQ‡jb ZvivI wQj|

(57) Awfevm‡bi mgq `Ljm~‡Î cvIqv, weevnm~‡Î cvIqv Ges Avkªq `v‡bi M¨vivw›U cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g MÖæc¸‡jvi Rbej †e‡o wM‡qwQj| Gfv‡e, wjqvbKzs 1835 mv‡ji w`‡K Zvui †jvKRbmn jv-‡Li GjvKvq AMÖmi n‡qwQ‡jb Ges `„k¨Zt †mLv‡b GKUv jv-†Li emwZ‡K Kivq‡Z¡ wb‡qwQ‡jb| jv-†Li MÖæ‡ci jDbwms bv‡g GK D”P eskxq †Mv·K eg-†RvÕ‡`i wbqš¿‡b ZvwjKvfzw³i BswMZ cvIqv hvq hviv eg-†RvÕ‡`i g‡a¨ wØZxq D”P eskxq| jv‡Li‡`i g‡a¨ wPb&hv bv‡g Ab¨ GK AwfRvZ †MvÎI eg-†RvÕ‡`i g‡a¨ D”P eskxq‡`i mggh©v`v m¤úbœ | GB †kªYxwefvRb †evaMg¨ e‡j g‡b nq †h‡nZz wjqvbKzs wb‡RB wPb&hv es‡ki Kb¨v weevn K‡iwQ‡jb| eg-†Rv mn wPb&hvÕ†`i‡K jwÂD †Mvwô MÖæc AšÍ©fz³ K‡iwQj| wjqvbKzs wb‡RI jwÂD †Mvwôi AšÍ©MZ wQ‡jb| AZGe, nvKv GjvKvq _vKv Kvjxb jv-†LiÕ‡`i mv‡_ Zviv Zv‡`i gh©v`v A¶zbœ ivL‡Z †c‡iwQj|

wjqvbKzs Ges Zvui †jvKRb jv-†Li‡`i mv‡_ GK‡Î wQ‡jb; Zvuiv weevn e܇b Ave× n‡hwQ‡jb| GUv Lye m¤¢eZ m¤¢eci n‡qwQj GKvi‡b †h, G‡Z †cvBÕiv m¤ú„³ n‡qwQj Ges G‡Z K‡i Zv‡`i mv‡_ GK‡Î mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ cvjb Ki‡Z †c‡iwQj| AšÍZt GKwU †mB †Mv‡Îi GKwU Ask hviv wjqvbKzs Gi c~e©eZx© `jcwZ‡`i cÖRv wQj Ges †mB GKUv Ask mvgwóKfv‡e GK‡Î †miKg c~Rv-AP©bv Kvh©vw` Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv bv, †h‡nZz Zviv ‘gvi’ m¤cÖ`v‡qi wQj| GUv e¨vL¨v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †h †Kb Zv‡`i‡K jv-†Li‡`i †_‡K D™f’Z Rb‡Mvwô‡`i †_‡K bxP ¯Íi e‡j †kªYx-wefvRb Kiv n‡qwQj|

wjqvbKzs jwÂD wQ‡jb| AZGe, cieZ©x mg‡q eg-†RvÕ‡`i‡K AvwfRvZ¨ ghv©`v ¯^iƒc jwÂD wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv n‡qwQj| GB mvgwóK bv‡g m‡ev©”P gh©v`vm¤úbœ GB bi‡Mvwôi mv‡_ Ab¨ Avi GK †Mvwôi Zzjbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, Avi Zviv n‡jv wmqvi‡ivbvD †Mvwô| GB jwÂD Ges wmqvi‡ivbvD Rb‡MvwôØq wg‡j myb_&jv bv‡g MwVZ nq hviv Ab¨vb¨ †Mvwô‡`i †_‡K wfbœ| Ab¨vb¨ †Mvwô‡`i‡K cvs‡nvB bv‡g †kªYxfz³ Kiv n‡qwQj| GB cÖ_g Ges wØZxq bi‡Mvwôi g‡a¨ mv¤cÖ`vwqK †PZbv, cÖ_g Ges Z…Zxq ev wØZxq Ges Z…Zxq †Mvwô A‡cÿv †ekx kw³kvjx wQj|

eg-†RvÕGi myb_&jviv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ †jvKRb AšÍf©y³ Ki‡Zv, †hgbUv evi¤^vi D‡jøL Kiv n‡qwQj| Zviv ïay †h dvjvg GjvKvq ‡h myb_&jv c~e©cyiæliv evm Ki‡Zv †mB myb_&jv †Mvwô‡`i †_‡K bq, Ab¨vb¨ †Mvwô‡`i †_‡KI Zviv †jvK wbR MÖæ‡c AšÍ©fz³ K‡i wbZ| GUv mZ¨ †h, jvB †Mvwôi m`m¨iv †hgb, wPb&hv, jbwms Ges gvivgÕiv †mfv‡e myb_&jv n‡qwQj| A_P, Pxb wnjm Gi g~j myb_&jv MÖæcUv †QvU GKUv DcRvZxq MÖæc wn‡m‡e †_‡K wM‡qwQj| AZGe, eg-†RvÕ‡`i †ejvq myb_&jv n‡jv GKUv gh©v`vevnx bvg Ges †mfv‡eB GB Aa¨v‡qi cieZx©‡Z As‡k ey‡S wb‡Z n‡e| GB gh©v`v‡ev‡ai Kvi‡b kvmK‡Mvwôiv cvs‡nvDBÕ‡`i †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q wM‡qwQj| myb_&jv‡`i g‡a¨ A‡a©K D”P ¯Í‡ii †jv‡K‡`i †evSv‡Z GKw`‡K jbwPD bv‡g ‡evSv‡bv nq Ab¨w`‡K †mB GKB A‡a©‡Ki †_‡K QqUv ‡Mv·K myb_&jv e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq hvi d‡j, eg-†RvÕ‡`i‡K †MvÎxKib Kivi †ÿ‡Î eiveiB AwbðqZv †e‡o hvq| A_P, Pxb wnjm Gi jbwPDÕ‡`i‡K R-nD MÖæc Gi †Mvwô e‡j eb©bv Kiv nq| GKvi‡b, ¯^Zš¿fv‡e bv †evSv‡bv ch©šÍ, eg-†RvÕ‡`i †ÿ‡Î, myb_&jv †Mvwôi A‡a©Kvsk D”P ¯Íi ej‡Z jbwPD kãUv e¨envi Kiv n‡e|

cvsnDBÕiv GKw`‡K wjqvbKzsGi c~e©cyiæl‡`i cÖRv Ges Ab¨w`‡K 1840 mv‡ji w`‡K Lygx, gªæ Ges cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g Awfevm‡bi mgq wKQz gvigv mgvcÖ`v‡qi †jvKRb wb‡q MwVZ| myb_&jv‡`i GB D”P ¯Í‡ii A‡a©Kvsk nZvkvMÖ¯’ n‡q c‡o, Aek¨ Zviv cÖ_g w`‡KI GB †kªYxwefvRbUv AmyweavRbK e‡j ‡g‡b wb‡qwQj|

hvÕ‡nvK, myb_&jvÕiv wb‡R‡`i‡K ïay cvsnDBÕ‡`i †_‡K ¯^Zš¿ K‡iwb, †hgbUv Av‡MI D‡jøL Kiv n‡qwQj, Zviv GK Ac‡ii †_‡K c~Rv-AP©bv AvbyôvwbKZvI ¯^Zš¿ K‡iwQj| K_¨fvlvi ¯^vZš¿¨ZvI myb_&jv‡`i D”P¯Í‡ii `vex‡K mg_©b K‡i| Pxb‡`i g‡a¨ GKUv MÖæ‡c c~Rv-AP©bv Abyôv‡bi †ÿ‡Î cv_©K¨ m¤ú~b©fv‡e mvavib (Kgb) wQj| eg-†RvÕ‡`i g‡a¨ jbwPDÕiv hLb cvw_qv‡bi bv‡g GKUv jvj †gviM ewj w`Z ZLb wmqvi‡ivbvDÕiv Zv‡`i wRsfvBKzqvwhs Gi bv‡g GKUv Kv‡jv †gviM ewj w`Z| cvsnDÕiv mvavibfv‡e cvwievwiK c~Rv-AP©bvq Zv‡`i Kzqvwhs-Gi bv‡g GKUv Kv‡jv gyiMx ewj w`Z| KviY, wKQz wKQz †MvÎ hviv cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g cÖ‡e‡ki c~‡e© Av‡MB AšÍf©y³ n‡qwQj, Zviv ag©xq wek¦vm I c~Rv-AP©bvi †ÿ‡Î myb_&jv‡`i Zzjbvq weivU cv_©K¨ †`wL‡qwQj, Zviv Zv‡`i g‡a¨ M„nxZ nqwb|
AvR‡Ki mg‡q Zv‡`i‡K eg-†RvÕ‡`i †_‡K D™f’Z e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq, m¤¢eZ Zviv g¨v‡µ‡qÕi ebhyMx hviv dvjvg †_‡K AvMZ Awfevmx‡`i Øviv wgwkªZ n‡qwQj| †m Avi hvB †nvK, †g‡µ‡qÕiv-B wQj cÖ_g hviv GB wg‡k hvIqvUv‡Z MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv jvf K‡iwQj| wjqvbKzs Gi e¨cv‡i ZLbI Kv‡`i wb‡q MÖæc MwVZ n‡qwQj ZvÕ †evaMg¨ wQj bv| A_©vr hv‡`i wb‡q MÖæc M‡o D‡VwQj Zviv ZLbI ci¯úi wg‡k hvqwb, hwI wjqvbKzs ¯^xKvi K‡iwQ‡jb †h, wZwb †h fvlvq K_v ej‡Zb †Uv Zvui c~e©cyiæl‡`i fvlv †_‡K wfbœ A_©vr wZwb fvlvMZfv‡e ksKi wQ‡jb|

Pxb MÖæ‡ci wjwLZ Z_¨vejx A‡bK D`vnib cÖ`vb K‡i †h R‡b¨ eg-†RvÕiv †Kej GKvB GKUv ksKi RvwZ bq| K¨vix Ges UvK G m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z wM‡q Pg‡cvB Ges jys‡jB Gi gvSLv‡b _vKv GK Mªv‡gi M‡í e‡j‡Qb, wbKI‡qÕi †bZ…‡Z¡ , wZwb (= wbKI‡q) Rb¥m~‡Î GKRb qnD Pxb wQ‡jb whwb jymvB‡q Awfevmb wb‡qwQ‡jb Ges Zvui Pvicv‡k Pxb Ges jy‡mB‡`i cÖ‡Z¨K DcRvwZ Ges †MvÎiv wQj (1896:167)| 400 Uv evox wb‡q Zvi MÖvgUv M‡o D‡VwQj ‡hLv‡b QqUv MÖæc evm Ki‡Zv| “†h‡nZz, Zviv Zv‡`i MÖvg †_‡K weZvwoZ n‡qwQj e‡j Zviv GB MÖv‡g R‡ov n‡qwQj (1896:1,202)|” wewfbœ `j GK‡Î evmKiv m¤ú‡K© †m·cxqviI eb©bv †`b †h, “ _vs¸i `jcwZ Øviv kvwmZ GKUv MÖvg A‡bK DcRvZxq I †MvÎ cÖwZwbwa mgš^‡q MwVZ wQj hviv Kg‡ekx kvmK †kªYxi fvlv Ges ixwZbxwZ MÖnY K‡iwQj (1912:41) | w÷‡fbmb e‡jb †h, MÖvg¸‡jv †Kej GKUv MÖæ‡ci m`m¨ wb‡q iwPZ nqwb, G‡Z Ab¨ MÖæ‡ci †_‡K Avmv msL¨vjNy‡`iI †`Lv †hZ; ‰ewkó¨MZfv‡e Awfevmx‡`i `ªæZ wg‡k hvIqvi eû D`vnib Av‡Q| bZzb emwZKvixiv hw` msL¨vjNy n‡q _v‡K ¯^vfvweKfv‡e †m ¯’v‡bi Rxebaviv MÖnY K‡i wbZ: GKgvÎ e¨w³MZ c~Rv-AP©bvB bevMZ I `xN©Kvj a‡i emevmKiv Awaevmx‡`i cv_©K¨ m~PxZ Ki‡Zv|

cDBiv hLb gviÕ‡`i mv‡_ GK‡Î emwZ ¯’vcb K‡i ZLb wg‡k GKxf’Z nIqvUv KwVb n‡q c‡owQj| KviY, mvgvwRKfv‡e c~Rv-AP©bvi aib-avib Avjv`v wQj| “ ‡Kvb †Kvb c~Rv-AP©bv ixwZ Ggb wQj †h †Kej cDBÕiv Qvov Aci †Kn Zv‡Z Ask wb‡Z cvi‡Zvbv Ges GB Ae¯’vUv mv¤cÖ`vwqKfv‡e GKÎxKi‡bi cÖ‡kœ hvÕ cÖ‡qvRb †mUv wKQzUv Lv‡Uv K‡i Avi ZvB †Kvb gvi es‡kv™f’Z †jvK cDB MÖv‡g evm Ki‡Z AbyivMx n‡Z cv‡ibv (w÷‡fbmb, 1943:16)|” †h‡nZz, mKj myb_&jviv cDB wQj e‡j eg-†RvÕ‡`i †ÿ‡Î †Kvb Amyweav wQj bv| Ab¨c‡ÿ, wKQz cvsnDB †MvÎiv gvi ev A-Pxb e‡j †kªYxfz³ Kiv hvq| Zv‡`i ¯^xK…wZ Ges wgwkªZKi‡bi †ÿ‡Î GB mZ¨Zv GKUv mvgvb¨Zg evav m„wó K‡i|

D`vnibZt Lygxiv eg-†Rv MÖv‡g emwZ K‡iwQj| eg-†Rv‡`i e³e¨ njt Lygx‡`i †Kvb †bZv wQjbv e‡j Zviv fv‡jviKg cÖwZiÿv cvIqvi Rb¨ eg-†Rv‡`i Aviÿv e¨e¯’vq G‡mwQj Ges evDB‡K LvRbv cÖ`vb Ki‡Zv| Zvui cÖRv‡`i wecix‡Z GB Ae¯’vb Z_¨`vbKvix‡`i g‡Z GKbvqKZvwš¿K wQj| A_P Pxb MÖæc‡`i m¤ú‡K© “MbZvwš¿K cÖwZôvb” ev `jcwZ‡`i ÿgZv mvgvY¨ n«vm KiYK…Z e‡j Avgiv Rvwb| eg-†RvÕ‡`i HwZnvwmK `wjjvw` Avgv‡`i‡K GKUv GKbvqKZvwš¿K †bZ…‡Z¡i g~‡Lvg~Lx Kivq| Ab¨vb¨ Pxb‡`i Zzjbvq evDBÕiv A¯^vfvweK ÿgZvai wQ‡jb| wKš‘, msL¨vjNy wn‡m‡e AvšÍt†MvÎ Pvc-RwbZ cwiw¯’wZ MÖæ‡ci g‡a¨ ‡kvPbxq Ae¯’v ˆZix K‡iwQj Ges G Ae¯’v Pxb GjvKvi cÖvšÍmxgvq Qwo‡qwQj| ewjô †bZ…Z¡vaxb wew”Qbœ MÖæc¸‡jv cybt cybt `wjjKib Kiv n‡qwQj| Pxb - Gi †K›`ª¯’‡j _vKv wekvj MÖæc¸‡jv A‡bK †ekx MbZvwš¿K †bZ…Z¡vaxb wQj|

w÷‡fbmb GB gvcKvwV e¨envi K‡i PxbÕ‡`i‡K MbZvwš¿K Ges GKbvqKZvwš¿K - GB `yÕfv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb| Dbwesk kZ‡Ki eg-†RvÕ‡`i‡K GKbvqK `‡ji e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Ki‡Z nq, †h‡nZz, ÿgZvi †K›`ªwe›`y wn‡m‡e Zv‡`i evDB Gi Zvui cÖRv‡`i g‡a¨ f’wg e‡›`ve¯Í, m¤úwË weZib Ges D”PZg wePvi ÿgZvi AwaKvix| eg-†RvÕ‡`i e³e¨ Abyhvqx evDB `vm-Gi wc‡V P‡o em‡Zb| †Kbbv, Zvui gvwU‡Z emv AbywPZ Ges GKB myweav Zvui cZœx‡`i I wQj| Zvui g„Zz¨ n‡j, GK ev `yÕRb `vm Zvui ms‡M `vdb Kiv n‡Zv| Zvui ¯’jvwfwl³ Kiv n‡Zv me‡P‡q †R¨ô †Q‡j‡K; ¯¿x‡jvKI evDB n‡Z cvi‡Zv| †m‡ÿ‡Î, evDB-by kã e¨envi Kiv n‡Zv| G‡Z GB wb‡`©k K‡i †h, wZwb Zvui m¤¢vebvgq ‡hvM¨Zv w`‡q fvex evDB-†qi gvZviƒ‡c kvmb Kvh© cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb| K¨vix Ges UvK GB gZ‡K mg_©‡b e‡jbt “wKQz ivRvi ¯¿xMb `„k¨Zt Zvu‡`i MÖv‡gi †jv‡K‡`i A‡bK †ekx mš‘wó weavb Ki‡Zb Ges ˆeae¨Kvjxb Zvui mšÍvb mvevjK bv nIqv ch©šÍ e¨e¯’vcbvq †Kvb weZK© bv nq Ggbfv‡e KZ©e¨ cvjb Ki‡Zb (1896:1,138)| ” g¨v‡KÄx †`Lvb †h, †mB ai‡bi kvmbKÎxiv MÖvg cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb| g¨v‡KÄx e‡jbt “fvwbqv_vs Ges Zvui ¯^vgx SMov K‡iwQ‡jb Ges Zvui AbyMvgx mn Zvi ¯^vgx‡K Z¨vM K‡i GKUv MÖvg ¯’vcb K‡iwQ‡jb (1884:478)|” eg-†RvÕ‡`i †ÿ‡Î, myb_yjyqvB †evb wn‡m‡e Ges g„Z evDB cwiev‡ii me©‡kl m`m¨ wn‡m‡e kvmbfvi MÖnY K‡ib hvÕ Av‡MB ¸iæZ¡en n‡q D‡VwQj|

evDB‡K cÖ`Ë h_v‡hvM¨ LvRbv, †hgb: cÖRv‡`i Drcvw`Z k‡m¨ Askx`vixZ¡, ev`-weev` gxgvsmvq Kwgkbjvf, hy‡× `Ljm~‡Î gvjvgvj I e›`xjvf, mvnwmKZv cÖ`k©b ‡fv‡R we‡kl LvRbvjvf Ges wZwb Zvui Rwg‡Z Ges Zvui evox‡Z wKQz KvR Kwi‡q wb‡Z cv‡ib| wewbg‡q wZwb Zvui cÖRv‡`i myiÿv, Drmevw` cÖ`vb, Mixe †jv‡K‡`i MÖnY Ges wbRevox‡Z ivR‰bwZK Avkªq`vb K‡ib| evDB Ges Zvui cwievi QvovI †ivqvRv Ges dvB›`vwms evDB‡qi cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e ZvuiB myiÿv e¨e¯’vq MÖv‡g _vK‡Zb| †ivqvRv MÖvgevmx‡`i †_‡K LvRbv Av`vqK‡i evDB mgx‡c †ck Ki‡Zb Ges wKQz Ask †K‡U wb‡Ri Rb¨ ivL‡Zb| dv‡q›`vwms †QvU †QvU MÖvg¸‡jv †_‡K LvRbv msMÖn K‡i †ivqvRvi wbKU Rgv w`‡Zb| Dfq `dZi eskMZm~‡Î cÖvß nIqv hvq| Dc‡i ewb©Z welqvw` QvovI c~Y¨‡fvR cÖ`vbKvix, hy‡× Ges wkKv‡i weivU mvdj¨ AR©bKvix Kvgvi Ges Kzgvi‡`i g‡a¨ we‡kl †hvM¨Zv Ges †gav Abymv‡i †Kvb GKRb wb‡R‡K cv_©K¨vqb Ki‡Z cv‡i| eg-†Rv MÖvg¸‡jv‡Z Ab¨ hviv evm Ki‡Zv mvavib †jvK ev `vm wn‡m‡e myweavcÖvß wQj Ges e›`xivI Zv‡Z mvwgj wQj|

`vwi`ª¨Zv †_‡K †invB †c‡Z c„ô‡cvl‡Ki AvkªqcÖv_©x, `vmZ¡ve¯’vq Rb¥MÖnYKvix wKsev hy×e›`xivB nj wbf©ikxj †jvKRb hv‡`i‡K fzjµ‡g `vm wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| Zviv Avkªq`vZvi Rwg‡Z KvR Ki‡Zv, M„ncvwjZ cï †`Lv‡kvbv Ki‡Zv, †Mi¯’vjx Kv‡R Ask wb‡Zv, wkKv‡i Ges hy‡× Avkªq`vZvi m½ wb‡Zv| GB g‡°j m¤úK© ïay †h †K wb‡qvM K‡i‡Q Zvi Dci wbf©i Ki‡Zv ZvÕbq - ZvÕ Zvi cwiev‡ii DciI wbf©i Ki‡Zv| eg-†RvÕ‡`i †ÿ‡Î, wb‡Ri ¯¿x †nvK ev `vmcZœx †nvK, mKj gwnjv‡`i †Q‡j‡g‡q GKUv evox‡Z GKRb cyiæ‡li wbqš¿‡b ivLv n‡Zv .......... †KvbiKg wcZ…Z¡ we‡ePbv QvovB †m PvIqv gvÎB ZvÕ †c‡Zv| g‡°j m¤ú‡K©i Kvi‡b c„ô‡cvlK Zvui AvwkªZ gwnjv‡`i †g‡q‡`i ei - Gi UvKv ‡c‡Zv| wbf©ikxj †jvKRb †h †Mv‡ÎiB †nvK bv †Kb, Zviv “dzb-bvD” bv‡g Mb¨ Kiv n‡Zv| c„ô‡cvlK Gi †P‡q wbgœ¯Í‡ii GKUv †MvÎ, †h“dzb-bvD” wQj, D”PZi †MvÎ|

GKRb c„ô‡cvlK Zvui AvwkªZ†`i Zvi cwiev‡i MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv| Zvici Zviv “dzb-bvD” n‡q †h‡Zv; A_v©r †mB c„ô‡cvl‡Ki cÖ‡ekKvix †MvÎ|Zv‡`i †Q‡j‡g‡qiv cÖfzi †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i g‡Zv e¨envi †c‡Zv| Zv‡`i GKB Ae¯’vq weevn n‡Zv| c„ô‡cvlK Ges wbf©ikxj †jv‡K‡`i Z¨v‡Mi ga¨ w`‡q P‡j Avmv GB `ËK Gi d‡j HwZn¨MZfv‡e myD‡”P cÖwZôviZ cwievi‡`i msL¨v e„w× cvw”Qj| wbf©ikxj‡`i AMÖMwZi GB my‡hvM hvÕ cÖvqtkB m‡e©v”P Ae¯’v‡b †`Lv †h‡Zv, †mUv eg-†RvÕ‡`i †ÿ‡Î, wb‡R‡`i Kvh©Kjv‡ci wfwˇZ †ivqvRv ev dv‡q›`vwms nIqvi m¤¢vebv wQj bv| gh©v`v e„w×i Rb¨ GKUv m¤¢vebvi Aw¯—Z¡ wQj †KejgvÎ myb_&jv‡`i †ÿ‡Î, Z‡e, cvsnDBiv e¨vcKfv‡e cÖZ¨vLvZ wQj| Zviv †ivqvRv ev dvB›`vwms wKsev mvnwmKZv cÖ`k©b ‡fvRØviv ¯^Zš¿ n‡Z cv‡iwb| hw`I Zviv myb_&jv‡`i Øviv AbywôZ Kzqvs‡PŠB Gi cwie‡Z© †iswb-†isZvs AbywôZ Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv| Z‡e, †h‡nZz eg-†RvÕ‡`i MÖvg¸‡jv‡Z myiÿv cÖv_©x †jvK‡`i‡K wb‡R‡`i Mqvj ivL‡Z AbygwZ wQjbv, †m‡nZz, Zv‡`i‡K myb_&jv‡`i Mqvj¸‡jv Pov‡Z nZ Ges Zv‡`i Ab¨ me KvRI K‡i w`‡Z nZ| cvsnDB‡`i‡K ïay gh©v`v-DbœZ Kivi Drmevw` cwiZ¨vM Ki‡Z nqwb Zvi mv‡_ Ab¨ mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZI Z¨vM Ki‡Z n‡qwQj wKsev Zviv †¯^”Qvq ‡mme Z¨vM K‡iwQj| eg-†RvÕ‡`i HwZn¨ Abyhvqx gªæ Ges LygxivI Zv‡`i g„Z e¨w³‡`i `vn Ki‡Zv| hvÕ‡nvK, cvsnDBÕiv Zv‡`i g„Z‡`i MÖv‡gi mvg‡b Kei w`‡Zv Z‡e, myb_&jviv Zv‡`i¸‡jv MÖv‡gi gvSLv‡b `vdb Ki‡Zv| ‡h‡nZz, gªæ Ges Lygx‡`i Af¨vm myb_&jv‡`i AvPwiZ Af¨v‡mi mv‡_ cÖwZØÜxZv Kiv n‡q DV‡Zvbv, Zvn‡j cÖkœ Rv‡M, Z‡e †Kb GB cwieZ©b? m¤¢eZ cÖ_‡g cvsnDBÕ A_©vr †mB eg-†RvÕ‡`i G ai‡bi mvgvwRK ixwZ wQj Ges bevMZ gªæ I Lygx Awfevmxiv †mUv MÖnY K‡iwQj|

cvsnDB‡`i‡K †kªbxwefvRb Kiv nqwb| Zviv wbf©ikxj †Mvôx‡`i †P‡q D”P Z‡e mvgwMÖKfv‡e wbgœ ¯Í‡ii wQj, hv‡`i †_‡K Zviv KvD‡K wb‡R‡`i †mevq wb‡qvM K‡iwb| AZGe, myb_&jv‡`i g‡Zv wbf©ikxj Rb‡Mvôx‡`i mnvqZvq m¤ú`ivwk R‡ov Kivi m¤¢vebv Zv‡`i wQjbv| Z‡e, Zviv Zv‡`i DØ„Ë m¤ú‡`i weivU Ask gh©v`ve„w×i Rb¨ mvnwmKZvi Kv‡R wewb‡qvM Ki‡Zv|

ewY©Z †kªYxwefvRb nq‡Zv 1880 mvj ch©šÍ †Kvb iKg mxgve×Zv Qvov ¯’vqx wQj| Z‡e, GKw`‡K jbwPD Ges wmqvi‡ivbvD Avi Ab¨w`‡K cvsnDB Ges wbf©ikxj Rb‡Mvwô‡`i g‡a¨Kvi cv_©K¨ ax‡i ax‡i GZB A¯úó n‡q D‡V †h, wµwðqvb a‡g© `xwÿZ nIqvi Av‡M cvsnDB Ges myb_&jviv mywbw©`©ófv‡e eg-†Rv‡`i ¯^Zš¿ A‡a©Kvsk wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z n‡Z cvi‡Zvbv, hviv Zv‡`i G‡K Ac‡ii g‡a¨ weevne܇b Ave× n‡Z cv‡iwb| A_P c~e©Zb †gŠwjK mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK Ges ivR‰bwZK cv_©‡K¨i wfwË ax‡i ax‡i nvwi‡q hvq|

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