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La Plantine

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Submitted By nanderonan
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Laplantine afirma que apenas na segunda metade do século XVIII é que começou a surgir o interesse de se ter o homem como objeto de estudo, e este projeto alcançou suas primeiras realizações no séc. XIX com o nascimento das chamadas ciências humanas, entre elas a antropologia, a ciência da época supunha uma dualidade radical entre o observador e o seu objeto. Então os antropólogos da época estudaram as sociedades ditas “primitivas” ou “longínquas” como numa situação de laboratório, para assim compreenderem a organização “complexa” de nossas próprias sociedades. No começo do século XX, as sociedades primitivas começaram a escassear, pois nem estas eram poupadas do avanço social e a antropologia se vê diante de uma crise de identidade e se põe a seguinte pergunta: “a morte do selvagem há de causar a morte daqueles que haviam se dado como tarefa o seu estudo?” Três respostas podem ser dadas:
1- O antropólogo aceita sua morte e se refugia em outras ciências humanas, como a sociologia.
2- Ele sai em busca de um novo campo de estudo: o camponês, este selvagem de dentro e seu folclore.
3- Ele adota uma postura epistemológica que afirma que a antropologia não está ligada a um espaço geográfico, cultural ou histórico particular, e sim que esta é um certo olhar, um certo enfoque que consiste em: a) o estudo do homem inteiro b)o estudo do homem em todas as sociedades, estados e épocas.
O estudo do homem inteiro: só pode ser considerada como antropológica uma abordagem integrativa que objetive levar em consideração as múltiplas dimensões do ser humano em sociedade. E há cinco áreas principais da antropologia, que mantém relações estreitas entre si.
A antropologia biológica(ou física):consiste no estudo das variações dos caracteres biológicos do homem no espaço e no tempo. Antropologia pré-histórica: estudo do homem através dos vestígios materiais enterrados no solo. Antropologia lingüística: estuda a linguagem e suas manifestações: literatura, tradição oral e, mais recentemente, mídias de massa. Antropologia psicológica: estuda os processos e o funcionamento do psiquismo humano. Antropologia social e cultural (ou etnologia): diz respeito a tudo que constitui uma sociedade: economia, técnicas, organização política e jurídica, sistemas de parentesco, sistemas de conhecimento, crenças religiosas,etc. Mas o estudo não objetiva o levantamento destes aspectos, e sim a compreensão da relação entre eles próprios e a sociedade.
O estudo do homem em sua diversidade: Visando constituir os “arquivos” da humanidade em suas diferenças significativas, a antropologia inicialmente privilegiou as áreas de civilização exteriores à nossa. Apenas a distância em relação a nossa sociedade nos permite fazer esta descoberta: aquilo que tomávamos por natural em nós mesmos é, de fato, cultural. Daí decorre a necessidade, em antropologia, de um certo “estranhamento”, a perplexidade provocada pelo encontro das culturas que são para nós as mais distantes e cujo encontro vai levar a uma modificação do olhar que se tinha sobre si mesmo. Presos a uma única cultura, somos não apenas cegos à dos outros, mas míopes quando se trata da nossa. A experiência da alteridade leva-nos a ver aquilo que nem conseguiríamos imaginar, dada a dificuldade em fixar nossa atenção no que nos é habitual, familiar, cotidiano e que consideramos “evidente”. Aos poucos, notamos que o menor dos nossos comportamentos não tem realmente nada de “natural”. O que os seres humanos têm em comum é sua capacidade para se diferenciar uns dos outros, se há algo natural na espécie humana é sua aptidão à variação cultural. O projeto antropológico consiste, portanto, no reconhecimento, conhecimento e a compreensão de uma humanidade plural, provoca uma ruptura epistemológica, uma revolução do olhar, não há um “centro do mundo”, tudo (inclusive a cultura) é relativo.
Dificuldades: 1) A primeira dificuldade se manifesta ao nível das palavras. Etnologia ou antropologia? Etnologia é mais usada pelos franceses, insiste na pluralidade irredutível das etnias. Antropologia é mais usada pelos ingleses e estadunidenses, e diz respeito ao estudo das instituições e costumes. 2) A segunda dificuldade diz respeito ao grau de cientificidade que convém atribuir à antropologia, pois o objeto é da mesma natureza do sujeito que o estuda. Para resolver esta questão, propôs-se encarar a sociedade como sistema natural, então a antropologia seria uma ciência natural, já outros preferem encarar a sociedade como sistema simbólico, então a antropologia seria uma espécie de “arte”. 3) Uma terceira dificuldade provém da relação ambígua que a antropologia mantém com a História. Uns são contra uma relação muito íntima, enquanto outros alegam que esta relação pode gerar bons frutos, como os de Gilberto Freyre. 4) A quarta dificuldade provém das oscilações da antropologia. Se ela seria útil e em que. Ela foi usada desde sempre nas colonizações. E se o antropólogo deveria atuar para transformar a sociedade em que vive, posição a qual Laplantine se mostra contrário. Porém, reconhece duas urgências: a) Preservação dos patrimônios culturais locais ameaçados e b)análise das mutações culturais impostas pelo desenvolvimento extremamente rápido de todas as sociedades contemporâneas. 5) A quinta dificuldade diz respeito ao tamanho deste estudo, pois a antropologia hoje é muito rica, diversificada e fica difícil abranger todas as suas áreas. Finalmente, afirma que este estudo é para apreciação de todos, antropólogos ou não.

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