Lab 4: Salmon Restoration – Answer Sheet
PART 1: VIDEO FIELDTRIP TO THE YAKIMA/KLICKITAT FISHERY PROJECT (30 points) 1.1 (4 points) Who are the Columbia River Treaty Tribes (list them), are where are each located geographically? Nez Perce-Idaho, Tribes of the Umatilla-Far North East Oregon, Tribes of Warm Springs-Mid NE Oregon, Tribes of Yakama Nation-Parts of Washington and Idaho. 1.2 (4 points) What are ceded lands? How do the ceded lands give the Treaty Tribes legal authority to manage salmon fisheries on the Columbia? (3-4 sentences) Ceded lands are lands that are required to be turned over to another party. In this case, land was given back to the Treaty Tribes. The ceded land allows the tribes full authority over the salmon fisheries due to ownership of the land and will allow fully control of the fisheries.

1.3 (8 points) Give the purpose for each part of the Lyle Falls Fishway (shown on the map) to demonstrate your understanding of how a fishway works. a. Fish bypass entry (Hint: the fish bypass is located next to an obstacle in the river. How does the bypass help fish get upstream?) This allows a way for the fish to maneuver up stream artificially and lets them be channeled in the proper areas much faster. b. Attraction flow generator. This increases the amount of fish opting to take the artificial fishway. c. Adult trapping and sorting facility. This facility is used to gather eggs and sperm in order to continue the cycle. d. PIT tag reader. Used to track and provide analytics on the number of salmon moving through the fishway.

1.4 (8 points) Both the Lyle Falls fishway (on the Klickitat River) and the Roza Dam fishway (on the Yakima River) are multiuse facilities. They help fish to get past river obstacles, and at the same time they allow tribal fisheries managers to count, measure, and check returning fish for markers.

For each of the following, describe what type of information the markers or measurements provide, and how this information is used by biologists. a. PIT tag readings provide information which allows biologists to see how many fish have passed through the fishway. By being able to track and see which fish return, the entire process may be mapped for efficiency and return rate.

b. Adipose fin clip- With such broad strokes being taken to counteract the declining population, this can act as a useful indicator in measuring the amount of farmed salmon vs. wild.

c. Elastomer eye tags. Also allows one to see rate of success with farmed fish being moved into designated introduction sites.

d. Coded wire tag. This designates two differently bred fish apart. Allows one to track it and return with data in order to determine which breeding practice is more suitable.

1.5 (6 points) The tribe uses two different principles to operate fish hatcheries on the Klickitat River and the Yakima River. What are these principles called? In your own words, describe how they differ from each other. Comparison of before and after data, or with a control and experimental group. This allows for data to be collected and helps to determine the most efficient practices. The main difference between these two principles is that one allows for a more accurate polling of the population and in case of an error, it may only effect one part of it.

PART 2: FISH RETURN DATA AT LYLE FALLS (20 points)
2.1 (5 points) Based on these graphs, does it appear that the hatchery supplementation program is successful at increasing numbers of returning adult fish? Describe for each fish species (steelhead, chinook, and coho) approximately how much hatchery supplementation increases total fish returns (¼, ½ , ¾ of returns?) It would appear, that at least in some cases, it was a huge success. Steelhead: In 2009-10, the steelhead population definitely grew successfully and in coming years still made up at least ½ of the returning population. Chinook: In 2011-12, Chinook saw the greatest improvement, however it is important to note that for every other year hatched fish were still making up the largest amount of returning population. Coho: Hatchery adult coho had a much lesser impact on the overall returning population. Largest amounts of returning fish were wild.

2.2 (5 points) Do the three species tend to all have large returns in the same years, or in different years? In other words, is a good year for Coho also a good year for Chinook and steelhead? Why do you think the pattern through time is the same or different for the three species? (Note that there are many possible answers.) After comparing the three different species, it seems that the coho had the most differing luck with return rate compared to steelhead and chinook. Chinook although does not share an incredibly positive season with Steelhead, but during the 2011-12 time period the two are fairly similar in return. Different factors are involved with the success of different species and when experiments are being performed on one, they are not being utilized on the other. This could promote the varying degrees of change in the spawning numbers.

2.3 (5 points) Let’s figure out how much the total number of returning adults varied between 2007-12, for each species. To do this, fill out the table below. For each species, enter in the approximate number of fish (read it off the chart) from the largest run between 2007-2012, and from the smallest run, and then divide largest/smallest (3 points). Then answer the question: which species (chinook, coho, or steelhead) has the most variable number of returning adults, and which species has the least variability? (2 points)

Table 1. Largest and smallest returns to Lyle Falls, 2007-2012 Fish run | Largest run between 2007-2012 (fish count) | Smallest run between 2007-2012 (fish count) | Ratio: Largest run ÷ smallest run | Wild Chinook | 1150 | 25 | 46.0 | Hatchery Chinook | 350 | 25 | 14.0 | Wild Coho | 1520 | 50 | 30.4 | Hatchery Coho | 480 | 10 | 48.0 | Wild Steelhead | 310 | 170 | 1.82 | Hatchery Steelhead | 1180 | 410 | 2.87 |

2.4 (5 points) How does the fact that returns are so variable impact scientists’ ability to assess the impacts of fishery management? Think about whether this variability is natural or due to human activities, and whether scientists can tell the difference. Because of the degree of variance when examining different species and populations and success rates, it can be difficult to peg down which techniques are positive and which are negative. Incredibly positive data one year is off-set by mediocre to near negative numbers the next, which leaves biologists stumbling for answers. I think these problems are largely man made due to the experimental nature of the techniques being tested.