...Cylinder Labeling and Storage 18 July 2014 In order to eliminate confusion and standardize the process, some guidelines for labeling and storing cylinders are below: Cylinders should be labeled with the entire Cylinder Set ID AND the date they are to be broken. An example of the Cylinder Set ID is: 1 RW09 AA – B 08JUL14 Where the first field is the Section number (1, 2, or 3), the second is the Structure, the third the concrete class (A, AA, DT51, 5545, GROUT, P, DT61, M), the fourth the set designation (A, B, C, ……) and the fifth the date the concrete was placed. The date placed is important because if the cylinder happens to be stored in a date that it should not be in the cure room, the person breaking cylinders can quickly check to find the proper set. The reason to put the date they will be broken is obvious. When labeling a 56 day cylinder, put both the 28 day and the 56 day break dates on the cylinder. For example, using the cylinder set from the example above, the 28 day cylinder would have 08/06 written on it and the 56 day would have 08/06 or 09/03 written on it. Here is a picture cylinders labeled in this manner, in two different configurations: These cylinders would be from Section 1, Structure RW10, Concrete Class A, Set A, Made on August 10, 2014, and to be broken September 7. Our designated primary concrete breaking person, Steve Grider, prefers that the 56 days and 28 days for a particular set be placed as close to each other as they can be...
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...evaluate one other explanation of criminal/anti-social behaviour. (12) * One other explanation for criminal behaviour is labelling and the self-fulfilling prophecy. Labelling theory states that criminal or anti-social behaviour is a consequence of the application of a criminal label given to the individual by others around them. * This explanation has four main stages. Firstly, a label is assigned to the individual by others around them; such labels are derived from stereotypes. For example, hoody wearers being labelled as troublemakers because of their physical appearance. * Secondly, the labelled individual will be treated according to their label by others around them. For example, if a crime such as graffiti occurs and a hoody wearer is nearby they will be blamed because their label is of a troublemaker. * Thirdly, the labelled individual reacts by starting to believe their assigned label. As a reaction to constantly being treated differently, the hoody wearer starts to believe that they are a bad person. * Finally, this results in the labelled individual behaving in line with the expectations of those around them which confirms the label. For example, the hoody wearer engages in criminal behaviour therefore a self-fulfilling prophecy (SFP) has occurred whereby the label has become true. * One example to illustrate how labelling and the self-fulfilling prophecy occurs is the naming of boys in the Ashanti tribe according to the day of the week they are born...
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...WAS HITLER A WEAK DICTATOR? Introduction The question of whether Hitler was master in the Third Reich or a weak dictator' is one of the central debates amongst historians of Nazi Germany. It is not necessary to spend too much time here outlining the debate, as this information can easily be found elsewhere (see, for example, the excellent chapter on this subject in Ian Kershaw's The Nazi Dictatorship). Broadly speaking, historians who have participated in this debate can be located on a scale ranging from the intentionalists' at one extreme to the functionalists' on the other. The intentionalists' include historians such as Norman Rich, Joachim Fest and Karl Dietrich Bracher. What these historians have in common is their stress on the centrality of Hitler's person and ideology in Nazi Germany. According to Rich, for example: The point cannot be emphasised too strongly. Hitler was master in the Third Reich.' The structuralist' school of thought (sometimes called the functionalist' school) includes historians such as Tim Mason, Hans Mommsen and Martin Broszat. Though structuralists do not deny the importance of Hitler's role, they tend to stress the fact that he exercised his power within certain structures that shaped, and in some ways placed limits upon, his policies. Some structuralists also argue that Hitler was indecisive, influenced by his cronies, and divorced from the day-to-day running of the Third Reich. Hans Mommsen even goes so far as to argue that...
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...Labelling theory and its theorists focus on the groups and/or individuals who were deemed to be criminal and labelled thus by society. Labelling theorists studied the various interactions between the ‘criminal' groups and individuals and the conformist society. Labeling theory was quite popular in the 1960s and early 1970s, but then fell into decline—partly as a result of the mixed results of empirical research. This essay will go on to show the origins of labelling theory, the theory itself and will show its strengths and weaknesses using various case-studies and examples. Tannenbaum (1938) is widely regarded as the first labelling theorist. His main concept was the ‘dramatization of evil'. He stated that if a person is described as being a criminal then he automatically becomes one. Erwin Lamert (1951) founded the “societal Reaction” theory. This theory is widely credited to be the forerunner of the present day labelling theory. His theory basically states that a person experiences social deviance in two phases. The first phase is known as the Primary deviance phase. The second is known as the Secondary deviance phase. According to Lemert, the primary deviance phase begins with a criminal act. He or she is then labelled criminal but has yet to accept the label. The main point of view is whether he or she has accepted the criminal label. If the person views themselves as a criminal then the secondary deviant phase has begun. The object of whether a person views himself or...
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...computer found no evidence of child porn while social workers found no evidence that the couple's children had been abused. He was, eventually, cleared of these charges in late December following the magistrate’s ruling that the videos simply illustrated children “acting silly after their baths". Whether or not labelling (shaming people) should be supported, based on Vusi’s experience; understanding of the labelling theory will be illustrated with close regard to the general pros and cons of labelling and the application of it to the facts mentioned will be provided. The Labelling Theory falls under the broad definition of the Social Process Theories which include the Social Learning and the Social Control Theory respectively. It is defined as the “theory that is based on the idea that behaviours are deviant only when society labels them as deviant. As such, conforming members of society, who interpret certain behaviours as deviant and then attach this label to individuals, determine the distinction between deviance and non-deviance. The Labelling Theory questions who applies what label to whom, why they do this and what happens as a result of this labelling. Powerful individuals within society such as politicians, judges and police officers typically impose the most significant labels. Labelled persons may include drug addicts, alcoholics, criminals, delinquents, prostitutes, sex offenders, and psychiatric patients, to mention a few” (Crossman, 2014). The theory came...
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.... Effects of labeling on prosecution and society Probation officers are involved in supervising offenders that have been placed on probation by the courts. First time offenders who have been convicted of a crime are placed on probation rather than being sentenced to a prison term. The role of a probation officer is to monitor the behaviours of offenders so that they cannot engage in any further criminal activity. This is done by setting up regular meetings with the offenders and their family members. They work with other agencies that are community based to try and help offenders with a range of services such as employment, housing, and so on. A young offender is a young person that has been convicted or cautioned for a criminal offence. The criminal justice system often deals with young offenders to adult offenders. The term young offender is applied to different age group depending on the age of criminal responsibility. In the United Kingdom there are three separate and distinct criminal justice systems; in England and Wales the age set for young offenders is 10 years and in Scotland the age for criminal responsibility is set at 12 (need citation). II. In a study conducted by Brookins and Hirsch (2002) entitled “Innocence Lost: Case Studies of Children in the Juvenile Justice System” the two talks about how the juvenile justice system is ineffective in working with young juveniles in helping them integrate with their families and communities based on reports. They pointed...
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...of explaining crime and or social problems in modern society. This essay is going to examine and asses the usefulness of labelling theory in our understanding of crime and social problems in modern society. This essay is going to firstly look at what labelling theory is and also look at the key writes that have influenced and help to develop the term labelling theory. The essay will then go on to look at empirical research that has been carried out such as Jock Young’s study of marijuana users and their experience of labelling which in turn led to further deviance and also different examples that will help illustrate the key points being put forward in the essay. Finally it will look at some of the criticisms labelling theorists face. This essay will draw information from academic books, websites and articles to illustrate and support the points of few being put forward in the essay. Interactionist generally sees society from the point of view of individuals. They believe that individuals are creative free thinking people who are able to choose their own behaviour and the also believe that behaviour is self-directed based on the interactions we have with one another. The labelling views on deviance is generally grounded in what is now known as labelling theory which emerged in the 1960’s from the work of American sociologist Howard Becker. Labelling theorists are mainly concerned with how and why certain people and actions are labelled as criminal or deviant, and they also...
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...Outline labelling theory and consider its usefulness in explaining crime and deviance. Labelling theory claims that deviance and conformity results not so much from what people do but from how others respond to those actions, it highlights social responses to crime and deviance. Macionis and Plummer, (2005) said deviant behaviour is therefore socially constructed. The labelling theory is used as a sociological theory of crime influential in challenging positivity criminology. The key people to this theory were Becker and Lement. The foundations of this view of deviance are said to have been first established by Lement, (1951) and were subsequently developed by Becker, (1963).As a matter of fact the labelling theory has subsequently become a dominant example in the explanation of deviance. The symbolic interaction perspective was extremely active in the early foundations of the labelling theory. The labelling theory is constituted by the assumption that deviant behaviour is to be seen not simply as the violation of a norm but as any behaviour which is successfully defined or labelled as deviant. Deviance is not the act itself but the response others give to that act which means deviance is in the eyes of the beholder. Actually the labelling theory was built on Becker, (1963:9) statement that "Social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitute deviance, and by applying those rules to particular people and labelling them as outsiders----deviance is...
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...In the 1960’s, labelling theory provided explanations as to why deviance exists in society. Interactionists argue that labelling and societal reaction are relatively important in terms of individual’s actions, however, traditional positivists oppose this view and argue that labelling theory illustrates the inequality in the social structure as well as unequal power relations. Labelling theorists therefore argue that deviance is socially constructed. Becker’s concept of the labelling theory highlights that “social groups create deviance by making the rules” therefore suggesting that there is no such thing as a deviant act and that it is the societal response to the act that defines whether or not the act is labelled it as such. Becker used the act of nudity as an example to illustrate his view on deviance – when a husband and wife are naked together in their bedroom, it is deemed normal as they are in the privacy of their own bedroom, however, if a stranger enters, it then becomes deviant. This therefore shows the relative nature of crime and deviance as it depends on the context and the meaning attached. Becker believes that deviance lay in the interaction between the person who commits the act and those who respond to it, however, Marxists argue that deviance occurs because agents of social control such as the police reflect the ideas of the ruling class. He examined the effects of being publically labelled as deviants and his findings saw the emergence of a master status-...
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...solitary confinement in Grand Valley Institution for Women in 2007. Smith was being supervised by prison guards at this time who were given orders not to intervene even though they saw Ms. Smith attempting to commit suicide. After her successful attempt, Ms. Smith was the headline of many major news stations, all of which painted Ms. Smith to be a “troubled” and “disturbed” young woman. This paper will discuss how the labelling theory causes stereotypes that are deeply rooted into our history and maintained today through mass media. I will be using this theory to show how one’s basic human rights can be stripped and justified by Canadian Law in the name of security. I will be using...
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...January 2012 Using material from Item A and elsewhere, assess the usefulness of labelling theory in explaining crime and deviance. (21 marks) The Labelling theory plays a major role in explaining crime and deviance. It implies how actions become labelled as criminal or deviant in society and how its only deemed as such labels when society says it is. Since the early 1950s, one group of sociologists influenced by symbolic interactionism, questioned the approach that there is a difference from those who offend and those who do not, the sociologists argue that most people commit deviant and criminal acts, but only some people are caught and stigmatized for it, therefore it is pointless trying to search for the differences between deviants and non-deviants, instead, the stress should be on the reaction to and definition of deviance. “Deviant behaviour is behaviour that people so label” - Becker (1963). However, labelling theorists have also been criticized for presenting deviants as perfectly normal people and not acknowledging that there has to be a reason for the label to be placed on them. In 'The Outsiders', Becker gives a clear and simple illustration of the labelling argument, drawing up an anthropological study by Malinowski (1948/1982) of tradtional culture on a pacific Island, describing how a youth killed himself because he had been publicly accused of incest. On Malinowski's first inquiry about the case he saw the islanders digust on the situation however, on further...
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...Labelling theory 1. Do you think young people hanging around are engaging in antisocial behaviour? – I think that not all young people engage in anti-social behaviour as not all have the intention of causing trouble when they ‘hang around’ 2. The article above states that people are terrified of the ‘gangs’. Do you think this is a reasonable reaction? Explain your answer. - The reaction towards gangs are partly justified as some gangs cause trouble and have an intention of causing problems however some groups of young people hang round for the sake of it not to intentionally cause trouble. * Is a way of how and why certain acts come to be labelled deviant * Argue not any act is inherently criminal or deviant itself, it only comes when people label it as such * It is not the nature of the act that makes it deviant, but nature of society’s reaction to it Becker (interactionist) someone who has been successfully labelled Moral entrepreneurs – people who lead a moral crusade to change the law in the belief that it will benefit those to whom it is applied. This effects society as it creates a new group of ‘outsiders’ – outlaws or deviants who break the new rule/the creation or expansion of a social control agency (such as the police) to enforce the rule and impose labels on offenders. Not everyone who commits a crime/offensive is labelled, this can be because of their interactions with agencies of social control such as police and courts or their appearance...
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...Labelling Theory Intro: * Most approaches – except Marxism – accept difference between those who offend and those who don’t * One group – influenced by symbolic interactionism – questioned this approach – mistaken in assumption that lawbreakers are different from law abiding * Most people commit deviant or criminal acts – only some caught and stigmatized for it * Unique theories – as argues pointless trying to search for differences between deviants and non-deviants – stress should be upon understanding the reaction to, and definition of, deviance rather than on the cause of the initial act Becker: * No act is criminal or deviant until it has been labelled such by others * Criminal act in itself isn’t important – social reaction to act is * Agrees CD socially constructed * Becker studies – being labelled as deviant can have important consequences for persons identity * If label successfully applied – negative label becomes master status – cancels out any other statuses that indiv. has * Can result in excluding indiv from different social activities e.g. work and other mainstream society – left to find support with others in similar situations * Likely to reinforce deviant lifestyle – leading to dev of further deviant acts and career * Could ultimately lead to the creation of deviant subcultures * However – criticisms – fails to explain why people commit crimes and completely neglects power and social structure – cant...
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...Day 6: Rationalize and create a thinking day, when you are allowed to express your fears freely, for a certain amount of time: Affect-labelling Day 6, is an ideal day, to sort of get rid of the old, to better welcome something new. To achieve this, you will have to express yourself, freely about what is making you so anxious. It might sound weird, to actually to put some importance on what is supposed to cause so much damage to someone psychologically, but it turns out that a new research published in the journal Psychological science , shows that talking about our phobias helps (hum! Sounds familiar). Three scientists from UCLA, namely Katharina Kircanski, Matt Lieberman, and Michelle Craske, have demonstrated the power of words on people...
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...Labelling- Labelling is another type of discrimination; you’re judging someone on their appearance without even knowing them. For example calling someone • Fat • Stupid • Mean • ugly In a health and social care setting you need to be careful with what you say if could affect the way you communicate with them or treat. Labelling thoughts go to everyone’s head whether they express their thoughts to someone else or just keep them to themselves. Labelling means your are judging someone with a short phrase or a sentence. For example a woman stinks in a hospital and you’re giving her dirty facial expressions but she is actually there because she has a sweat problem. Disadvantage- A huge disadvantage is coming from a poor background where unfortunately poverty can influence people health because of their living conditions. Whereas they’ll have to pay for their education and health care. In a health and care setting everyone should be treated equal no matter of what...
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