...A HANDBOOK FOR VALUE CHAIN RESEARCH Prepared for the IDRC by Raphael Kaplinsky and Mike Morris* We are grateful to colleagues in both our individual institutions and in the Spreading the Gains from Globalisation Network (particularly those participating in the Bellagio Workshop in September 2000) for discussions around many of the issues covered in this Handbook and also to Stephanie Barrientos, Jayne Smith and Justin Barnes. An Important Health Warning or A Guide for Using this Handbook Lest anyone feel overwhelmed by the depth of detail in this Handbook, especially with respect to the sections on methodology, we would like to emphasise at the outset: this Handbook is not meant to be used or read as a comprehensive step by step process that has to be followed in order to undertake a value chain analysis. We know of no value chain analysis that has comprehensively covered all the aspects dealt with in the following pages, and certainly not in the methodologically sequential Handbook set out below. Indeed to try and do so in this form would be methodologically overwhelming, and would certainly bore any reader of such an analysis to tears. Our intention in producing a Handbook on researching value chains is to try and comprehensively cover as many aspects of value chain analysis as possible so as to allow researchers to dip in and utilise what is relevant and where it is appropriate. It is not an attempt to restrict researchers within a methodological strait-jacket...
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...International Comparative Trends in Collective Bargaining Susan Hayter Collective Representation, Coverage & Scope As Figure 1 shows, trade union membership has declined in many countries. There are a number of reasons for this. First, structural changes in labour markets, involving a decline in the share of manufacturing in total employment and increase in the share of services, eroded the traditional membership base of trade unions. In some regions, the dramatic decline in public sector employment as a result of structural adjustment and privatization had a detrimental effect on union membership. Second, legal reforms introduced in some countries prohibited compulsory unionisation (closed shops) and encouraged individual contracts. Third, the increase in international competition as a result of globalization undermined the bargaining power of trade unions and strengthened the hand of management. Finally, the growth of non-standard forms of employment, for example part-time or fixed-term contracts put a brake on union Trade union membership has declined in many countries. Collective bargaining is a key means for improving wages and conditions of work and for regulating employment relations. Integration into global markets has intensified competition. In response, enterprises sought to be more flexible by introducing new forms of work organization and changing their employment practices. These changes present important challenges for collective bargaining. Collective bargaining...
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...ASSIGNMENT(S) WILL DEBAR THE STUDENT FROM AWARD OF DEGREE/CERTIFICATE, IF FOUND AT ANY STAGE. 2. SUBMITTING ASSIGNMENTS BORROWED OR STOLEN FROM OTHER(S) AS ONE’S OWN WILL BE PENALIZED AS DEFINED IN “AIOU PLAGIARISM POLICY”. Course: Management Theory and Practice (8506) Semester: Autumn, 2011 Level: MBA/M.Com Total Marks: 100 Pass Marks: 50 ASSIGNMENT No. 1 (Units: 1–5) Note: Attempt and questions. Q. 1 a) Define manager and differentiate between general manager and functional manager. Also discuss the different levels of managers with suitable examples. (12) b) Discuss the contribution of Henry Fayol in the field of Management. (08) Q. 2 What is meant by rational decision making? Explain the steps of rational decision making with a suitable example. (20) Q. 3 a) Define Management By Objective (MBO). Differentiate between Strategic planning, Tactical planning and Operational planning. (2+10) b) Explain the following planning tools: i) Forecasting ii) Benchmarking iii) Scheduling iv) Budgeting (2+2+2+2) Q. 4 a) Define the term “Delegation”. Also describe the seven steps to effective delegation. (3+7) b) Explain the following concepts: i) Centralization ii) Decentralization iii) Authority iv) Span of control v) Span of Control (2+2+2+2+2) Q. 5 a) Define Leadership. Differentiate between Leader and Manager. (2+8) b) Discuss the following approaches to leadership in detail: i) Bass’s theory...
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...MBA First Year Paper No. 2 School of Distance Education Bharathiar University, Coimbatore - 641 046 Author: Atmanand Copyright © 2007, Bharathiar University All Rights Reserved Produced and Printed by EXCEL BOOKS PRIVATE LIMITED A-45, Naraina, Phase-I, New Delhi-110028 for SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION Bharathiar University Coimbatore-641046 CONTENTS Page No. UNIT-I Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Lesson 5 ...
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...managerial economics Describe the techniques of managerial economics Explain the application of managerial economics in various aspects of decision making • Explicate the application of managerial economics in marginal analysis and optimisation Time Required to Complete the unit 1. 2. 1st Reading: It will need 3 Hrs for reading a unit 2nd Reading with understanding: It will need 4 Hrs for reading and understanding a unit 3. 4. 5. Self Assessment: It will need 3 Hrs for reading and understanding a unit Assignment: It will need 2 Hrs for completing an assignment Revision and Further Reading: It is a continuous process Content Map 1.1 1.2 Introduction Concept of Managerial Economics 1.2.1 Meaning of Managerial Economics 1.2.2 Definitions of Managerial Economics Managerial Economics 1 1.2.3 Characteristics of Managerial Economics 1.2.4 Scope of Managerial Economics 1.2.5 Why Managers Need to Know Economics? 1.3 1.4 Techniques of Managerial Economics Managerial Economics - Its application in Marginal Analysis and Optimisation 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.5 1.6 1.7 Application of Managerial Economics Tools of Decision Science and Managerial Economics Summary Self Assessment Test Further Reading 2 Managerial Economics 1.1 Introduction Managerial decisions are an important cog in the working wheel of an organisation. The success or failure of a business is contingent upon the decisions taken by managers. Increasing complexity in the business world has spewed forth greater...
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...BACHELOR OF COMMERCE (B.COM.,) PAPER – 2.1 MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS UNIT – I CHAPTER - I SECTION - I Definition of Managerial Economics Managerial economics refers to those aspects of economics and its tools of analysis most relevant to the firm’s decision-making process. According to MeNair and Meriam, managerial economies consists of the use of economic models of thought to analyze business situations. Some writers consider managerial economics as the integration of economic theory with business practice for the purpose of facilitating decision-making and forward planning by management. The underlying idea of all these definitions is that managerial economics means economics applied in decision-making. So we may consider managerial economics as a special branch of economics bridging the gap between abstract theory and managerial practice. It may be pointed out here that effective decision-making at the firms’ level calls for a careful analysis of a choice between alternative courses of action. Economic theory offers a variety of concepts and analytical tools which can be of considerable assistance to the manager in his decision-making process. In fact actual problem-solving may require many skills and tools which are not available in the traditional economist’s. For example, knowledge of accounting and of statistical concepts and methods, which are not taught in economics, can help the analyses to apply more effectively the economic...
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...723 Programme; MSc Health Services planning and Management Department; Community Health Lecturer; J Kwaku Agyemang 1. Course Description Managerial Economics is concerned with resources allocation, decisions that are made by managers in both private and public sections (private business, private NGO’s and public sector) of the economy. The course emphasizes the application of economic principles and methodologies to decision-making process of business firms operating under conditions of risk and uncertainty. Managerial Economics, thus, uses concepts, models and analytical techniques of economics to study and analyse the operations of businesses and the type of problems managers face. Hence it provides important conceptual insights for gaining a better understanding of business environment and for making of quality business decisions with minimal trial and errors. 2. Objectives: 2.1 To provide participants with a much clearer view of the applicability and relevance of economics to decision making within business firms. 2.2 To develop students’ knowledge of applied economics 2.3 To develop students’ analytical skills to a higher level. 2.4 To enhance students’ insight into the operation of business and the nature of problems managers face. 3. Course coverage * Introduction of students to Managerial Economics and the use of models and other analytical concepts in decision making process. * Introduction to the concept...
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...Economic Theory HIGHER SECONDARY- SECOND YEAR Untouchability is a sin· Untouchability is a crime Untouchability is inhuman ·TAMILNADU TEXTBOOK AND EDUCATIONAL SERVICES CORPORATION College Road, Chennai- 600 006. ii CONTENTS Page No 1 Nature and Scope ofEconomics 2 Basic Economic Problems 33 3 Theory of Consumer Behaviour 47 4 Demand and Supply 77 5 Equilibrium Price 103 6 Production 117 7 Cost and Revenue 143 8 Market Structure and Pricing 161 9 Marginal Productivity Theory of Distribution 183 10 Simple Theory oflncome Determination 205 11 229 Monetary Policy 12 Fiscal Policy 247 iii Chapter 1 Nature and Scope of Economics Introduction Economics is a social science which deals with human wants and their satisfaction. It is mainly concerned with the way in which a society chooses to employ its scarce resources which have alternative uses, for the production of goods for present and future consumption. Political economy is another name for economics. “Polis” in Greek means a State. The early writers used the term “Political Economy” for the management of the State. A person who runs a family is expected to make the best use of the income of the household. Similarly, the State is expected to get the maximum benefit for the society. Hence the term “Political Economy”. The existence of human wants is the starting point of all economic activity...
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...Case Study U.S.-Cuban Trade a cold war Strategy became a cold war relic? Case Facts- The U.S. Embargo of Cuba-a resilient foreign trade policy-which encompasses a variety of political leaders, economic events, and historical eras what is the meaning of ‘Embargo ’? A specific type of quota that prohibits all forms of trade Embargoes can be placed on either imports or exports, on whole categories of products regardless of origin, on specific products with specific countries or on all products with given countries. It is imposed in an effort to use economic means to achieve political goals. After the Revolution- After the Revolution: In the 1950, over 2/3 of Cuban foreign trade took place with the U.S. Fidel Castro- prime Minister Of Cuba from 1959-1976 and then president from1976-2008 overthrew Batista government in 1959 Castro is a controversial and highly divisive world figure, being lauded as a champion of anti-imperialism, but alternately his critics have accused him of being a dictator whose authoritarian administration has overseen multiple human rights abuses. Nonetheless, he has had a significant influence on the politics of a number of other world leaders, namely Nelson Mandela, Hugo Chavez and Evo Morales, and he is widely idolized by many leftists, socialists and anti-imperialists across the world In turn, U.S. –cancelled agreements to buy Cuban sugar Cuba retaliated by seizing U.S. oil Refineries Oil companies refused to supply Cuba with crude oil. The...
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..._________________________________________________ 2 ABOUT THE NATIONAL OPINION POLL: CANADIAN VIEWS ON ASIA ________________________________ 2 METHODOLOGY KEY FINDINGS ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 2 ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 3 EXPLAINING CANADIANS’ VIEWS ON ASIA DETAILED FINDINGS ___________________________________________________________ 7 ____________________________________________________________________________________ 17 SECTION 1: PERCEPTIONS OF ASIA __________________________________________________________ 17 SECTION 2: VIEWS OF CANADA-ASIA ECONOMIC RELATIONS ____________________________ 23 SECTION 3: PROVINCIAL PERSPECTIVES ON CANADA-ASIA RELATIONS _______________ 31 SECTION 4: CANADA-ASIA ENERGY RELATIONS ___________________________________________ 35 SECTION 5: PROMOTING HUMAN RIGHTS IN ASIA ________________________________________ 39 SECTION 6: CANADA-ASIA SECURITY ISSUES ______________________________________________ 41 SECTION 7: DEMOGRAPHIC FINDINGS ______________________________________________________ 43 APPENDIX: READING THE TABLES _____________________________________________________________________ 49 NOP 2014 PG. 1 ABOUT THE ASIA PACIFIC FOUNDATION OF CANADA The Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada (APF Canada) has been a leader in research and analysis on Canada’s relations with Asia for thirty years...
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...leadership and achievement of organizational objectives be equipped with relevant economic principles and applications. Unfortunately, a gap has been observed in this respect among today’s managers. It is therefore the aim of this course to bridge such gap. THE COURSE OBJECTIVES On completion of the requirements of this course, students and managers alike will be expected to: 1. Understand the relative importance of Managerial Economics; 2. Know how the application of the principles of managerial economics can aid in the achievement of business objectives; 3. Understand the modern managerial decision rules and optimization techniques; 4. Be equipped with tools necessary in the analysis of consumer behaviours, as well as in forecasting product demand; 5. Be equipped with the tools for analyzing production and costs; 6. Understand and be able to apply latest pricing strategies; THE COURSE STRUCTURE This course will be presented in modules, each of which is designed to achieve specific managerial objectives. In a nutshell the course contents are as follows: 2 MODULE 1: Basic Principles in the Application of Managerial Economics 1.1 Introduction (a) Definition of Managerial Economics (b) Economic...
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...Technology, NZ and Rupert Tipples, Associate Professor of Employment Relations in Faculty of Commerce at Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand and is published in New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations, 39 (1): 52-67. This article is concentrated on exploring the working condition of international migrant workers and pacific workers in primary sectors and are categorised as vulnerable migrants using Sargeant and Tucker’s 2009 framework. The writers have claimed that though protective measures have been adopted to defend the vulnerability of the workers, the result is still speech making only. The article has clearly identified the research topic and used secondary sources of the information to address the research questions. The article has been successful in raising the concerns of vulnerable workers in primary sectors such as exploitation at work, underpayment, employment dependency, visa conditions, lacking of formal written contracts for employment likewise, the article has been able to pull the attention of the concerned authorities to work and rethink to promulgate the protective legal mechanisms to protect vulnerable workers. The article has also discussed the contributing factors of vulnerability such as limited work experience of workers, lack of English language efficiency and migrant’s country of origin. Since the article has been published in 2014 in New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations, the reference of the article by the other writers have yet to...
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...:ﺗﺌﻮری ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاری :)درﺟﮫ اول اھﻤﯿﺖ (ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ اﺻﻠﯽ ﺗﺌﻮری ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاری (ﺟﻠﺪ اول)، دﮐﺘﺮ ﺳﺎﺳﺎن ﻣﮭﺮاﻧﯽ، دﮐﺘﺮ ﮐﺮﻣﯽ، ﺳﯿﺪ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﯽ ﺳﯿﺪ ﺣﺴﯿﻨﯽ، اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﻧﮕﺎه داﻧﺶ (ﺟﻠﺪ دوم ھﻨﻮز ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻧﺸﺪه .1 )اﺳﺖ )ﻧﻈﺮﯾﮫ ھﺎی ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاری ( ﺟﻠﺪ اول )، دﮐﺘﺮ ﺛﻘﻔﯽ ، اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﺗﺮﻣﮫ ( ﺟﻠﺪ دوم ھﻨﻮز ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ .2 ﺗﺌﻮری ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاری، اﺳﮑﺎت، ﺗﺮﺟﻤﮫ دﮐﺘﺮ ﭘﺎرﺳﺎﯾﯿﺎن، اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﺗﺮﻣﮫ ﻓﺼﻮل ۱، ۲، ۳، ۴، ۵، ۶، ۸ ، ۹ .3 )ﻧﺸﺮﯾﮫ ۳۱۱ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺮﺳﯽ (ﻣﻔﺎھﯿﻢ ﻧﻈﺮی ﮔﺰارﺷﮕﺮی ﻣﺎﻟﯽ .4 ﺗﺌﻮری ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاری، واﺗﺲ و زﯾﻤﺮﻣﻦ، دﮐﺘﺮ ﭘﺎرﺳﺎﺋﯿﺎن، ﻓﺼﻮل ۴ و ۵ و ۷ .5 :درﺟﮫ دوم اھﻤﯿﺖ ﺗﺌﻮری ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاری، ھﻨﺪرﯾﮑﺴﻦ (ﺟﻠﺪ اول و دوم)، دﮐﺘﺮ ﻋﻠﯽ ﭘﺎرﺳﺎﯾﯿﺎن، اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﺗﺮﻣﮫ ﻓﺼﻮل ۲۱، ۲۲ و ۳۲ .1 ﺗﺌﻮری ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاری، ﺑﻠﮑﻮﯾﯽ ، ﺗﺮﺟﻤﮫ دﮐﺘﺮ ﭘﺎرﺳﺎﯾﯿﺎن، اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﺗﺮﻣﮫ. ﻓﺼﻮل ۹ ، ۰۱، ۲۱ و ۴۱ .2 Munich Personal RePEc Archiveدﮐﺘﺮ ﮐﺮﻣﯽ و ﮐﺎﻣﺮان ﺗﺎﺟﯿﮏ، اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﻧﮕﺎه داﻧﺶ، ﻓﺼﻮل ۲ ، ۴ ، ۷ .3 ﺗﺌﻮری ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاری، وﻟﮏ ، ﺗﺮﺟﻤﮫ :درﺟﮫ ﺳﻮم اھﻤﯿﺖ ﺗﺌﻮری ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاری، ھﻨﺪرﯾﮑﺴﻦ (ﺟﻠﺪ اول)، دﮐﺘﺮ ﻋﻠﯽ ﭘﺎرﺳﺎﯾﯿﺎن، اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﺗﺮﻣﮫ ﻓﺼﻮل ۴، ۶، ۸، ۹ ، ۰۱ .1 ﺗﺌﻮری ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاری، ﺑﻠﮑﻮﯾﯽ ، ﺗﺮﺟﻤﮫ دﮐﺘﺮ ﭘﺎرﺳﺎﯾﯿﺎن، ﻓﺼﻮل ۵، ۶ و ۱۱ .2 ﺗﺌﻮری ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاری، اﺳﮑﺎت، ﺗﺮﺟﻤﮫ دﮐﺘﺮ ﭘﺎرﺳﺎﯾﯿﺎن، ﻓﺼﻮل ۰۱ و ۱۱ .3 :ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاری ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ :)درﺟﮫ اول اھﻤﯿﺖ (ﻣﻨﺒﻊ اﺻﻠﯽ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاری ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ، دﮐﺘﺮ ﺳﺎﺳﺎن ﻣﮭﺮاﻧﯽ، دﮐﺘﺮ ﮐﺮﻣﯽ، ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪزاده و اﻣﯿﺪ ﻓﺮﺟﯽ، اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﻧﮕﺎه داﻧﺶ .1 :درﺟﮫ دوم اھﻤﯿﺖ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاری ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ، دﮐﺘﺮ ﻧﯿﮑﺒﺨﺖ و زھﺮا دﯾﺎﻧﺘﯽ دﯾﻠﻤﯽ، ﻧﺸﺮ ﻣﮭﺮﺑﺎن ( ﻓﺼﻮل ھﺰﯾﻨﮫ ﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ، ھﺰﯾﻨﮫ ﯾﺎﺑﯽ ھﺪف، ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ اﻗﺪام ﺑﮫ ھﻨﮕﺎم .1 ).ﺧﻮاﻧﺪه ﺷﻮد ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاری ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ( ﺟﻠﺪ دوم)، ھﻮرن ﮔﺮن و ھﻤﮑﺎران، ﺗﺮﺟﻤﮫ دﮐﺘﺮ ﭘﺎرﺳﺎﯾﯿﺎن و ﻣﻮﺳﯽ ﺑﺰرگ اﺻﻞ (ﻓﺼﻮل ﺑﻮدﺟﮫ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ، ﺑﻮدﺟﮫ اﻧﻌﻄﺎف .2 )ﭘﺬﯾﺮ...
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...Total No. of Questions : 4] [Total No. of Printed Pages : 2 [3874]-101 B. B. M. (I.B.) ( Semester - I ) Examination - 2010 INDIAN BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT (New 2008 Pattern) Time : 3 Hours] Instructions : (1) All questions are compulsory. (2) Figures to the right indicate full marks. [Max. Marks : 80 Q.1) Answer in 20 words each : (Any Ten) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) Define Environment. Parallel Economy Causes of Regional Imbalance Economic Environment Two Examples of Topography affecting Business Infrastructure Conservation of Resources Sustainable Development Water Resource Management [20] (10) List down any two effects of Global Warming on India. (11) Mention any two examples about effect of Technology on Business Environment. (12) Kyoto Protocol (13) Noise Pollution [3874]-101 1 P.T.O. Q.2) Answer in 50 words each : (Any Two) (a) (b) (c) (d) Explain concept of Indian Business Environment. Explain in brief about Green House Effect. Describe effects of River Pollution. Mention causes of Regional Imbalance. [10] Q.3) Answer the following in 150 words each : (Any Two) (a) (b) (c) (d) Describe Impact of Climate on Business Environment. Discuss Causes of Poverty. Explain Role of Tradition in Setting of Business Development. Give brief account on types of Resources. [20] Q.4) Answer the following in 300 words each : (Any Two) (a) (b) (c) (d) Examine in detail need of Environmental Studies for Business. Explain Principles of Conservation of Resources for Sustainable...
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...INDUSTRIAL RELATION Directorate of Distance Education MBA Paper 4.33 ALAGAPPA UNIVERSITY KARAIKUDI – 630 003 Tamilnadu Dear Learner, Greeting from Alagappa University We extend a very warm welcome to you as a Student of Distance Education of Alagappa University. We appreciate your interest in enrolling for MBA Programme. The Programme content is designed to broaden the business acumen, administrative capacity and sharpen the analytical skill of the student. You are instructed to go through the course materials carefully and thoroughly to have better understanding of the subject. You are advised to attend the Personal Contact Programmes to have better clarity on the subject. At the end of the each unit, the review questions are given to enable you to prepare for Examinations. The Model Question Paper is given at the end of the course material for reference and practice. We wish you all the best in your endeavour for successful completion of the programme. Director Directorate of Distance Education Alagappa University Karaikudi, Tamilnadu. MBA PAPER 4.33 INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS SYLLABUS UNIT 1 Industrial Relations: Concept – Definition – Significance – Objectives – Scope – Approaches – Principles of good industrial relations – Role of State, Employers and the Unions in industrial relation. UNIT 2 Trade Unionism and Industrial Relations: Labour movement – Concepts – Trade union movement – Development of trade unionism in...
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