...Главными категориями, которые изучаeт мировая экономика международных экономических отношeний, являются интернационализация производства, демпинг, валютный курс, паритетность и покупательная способность валют, торговый и платeжный балансы, различные инструменты и международная миграция рабочей силы. Учeнныe исслeдовав эту проблeму, сходятся к рeзультату, что на первом месте миграции рабочeй силы стоит. нeсходные условий оплаты труда в странах. Такая миграция выгодна для экономического роста в странe, которая принимает иммигрантов. Если говорить о влиянии на страну, из которой идeт эмиграция, то часть исследоватeлeй утверждаeт, что это никак не вредит, так как эмигранты являлись излишней рабочей силой, которые дажe, выeхав, могут присылать дeньги в свою страну. Другие утверждают, что может навредить стране, при выeздe высококвалифицированных работников. Международная миграция рабочeй силы – процесс перемещения трудовых ресурсов из одной страны в другую с цeлью обеспечения их занятости На мировом рынке международный рынок рабочeй силы одновременно существует с рынками товаров, услуг, капиталов и информации. Традиционно принято считать, что международный рынок труда – это не совокупность национальных рынков труда, а вся иностранная рабочая сила, используемая во всех странах мира. Зарождаются разныe пeрeмeщeния бeсконeчных групп людeй из самой территории в иную. Такие передвижения - индивидуальные и групповые, распространенные и в Российской Федерации, причинами незадач...
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...THE PROCESS AND PATTERN OF URBANIZATION AND LABOUR MIGRATION IN NIGERIA By Anyaele Samuel O. Mabogunje (1968), defined urbanization as the process whereby human beings congregates in relatively large number at one particular spot of the earth surface. The particular spot is refered to urban centers. Urbanization simply put, is a demographical phenomenon charaterized with the movement of people from the rural settings to permanently dwell in the city (urban areas). Labour migration on the other hand, is the process through which an individual move from an administrative territorial community to another community in order to gain an employment. There are two types of labour migration namely; the contemporary labour migration which is also refered to as oversea or contract workers. Here, an individual migrates for a little period in order to send money back home. And the highly skilled and business migrants; here, people with qualifications like executives, technicians, professionals and its similar prowless move within the international or national labour market to gain employment. Urbanization process are those factors that facilitates a place to turn into urban center. These factors includes; migration (PUSH – PULL FACTORS), natural increase, government policies, exchange of trade etc. MIGRATION- migration is a rational movement that invovles a change in place of residence across a defined geo-political boundary. Migration is age, sex, destination and reason selective. Factors...
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...BRIEFING Non-European Labour Migration to the UK AUTHOR: DR SCOTT BLINDER PUBLISHED: 30/01/2012 NEXT UPDATE: 30/01/2013 1st Revision www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk BRIEFING: Non-European Labour Migration to the UK This briefing examines labour migration to the UK among people who are not from the European Economic Area (EEA). Labour migrants are those whose primary reason for migrating or whose legal permission to enter the UK is for employment. Key Points Non-EEA labour migration increased over the 1990s and early 2000s but has declined since a peak in 2004-2006. Skilled and highly-skilled workers (Tier 1 and 2 of the Points-Based System) take up slightly less than half of entry visas issued for work. A majority of non-EEA labour migrants coming to the UK are male; a majority of newly arriving labour migrants are aged 25-44. The largest numbers of non-EEA labour migrants are nationals of Asian countries, followed by the Americas; labour migration among Africans has declined since at least 2004. Understanding the evidence Labour migration involves people coming to the UK for the purpose of paid work. Depending on the source of data, measures of labour migration might involve people who say that they are coming to the UK because of a definite job or to look for work (International Passenger Survey data), or people who have permission to enter the UK through a workrelated visa (administrative data on visas and passenger entries). IPS and administrative...
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...Migration Research Paper Name of Institution Name of Student Introduction Global economy as well as how society relates is greatly influenced by migration. Throughout history migration has facilitated human interaction which has led to the spread and advancement of humanity as a whole. Migration facilitates the movement of labour, the transfer of ideas, diffusion of new technology and interaction of various cultures. It is therefore important to understand the trends in migration and the factors causing migration. Migration trends also need to be understood in terms of the characteristics of immigrating groups. In so doing the cause behind the migration of these groups becomes evident. This research tackles the factors causing immigration whilst paying special attention to the role played by government policy and state action. This is mainly because emigration and immigration have, over the years, become state affairs transcending the personal requirements of individuals. Countries have adopted strict laws, policies and protocols that guide the emigration and immigration processes. The paper established a deep correlation between these laws, policies and protocols and the migration patterns. This was after analysis of available migration statistics as well as government policy and state action. The latter was found to have a rooted influence on the former either directly or indirectly. In the direct influence, government policy presents a push or pull factor that necessitated...
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...1007/s10680-006-9110-6 Population and labour force projections for 27 European countries, 2002–2052: impact of international migration on population ageing Projections de population et de population active pour 27 pays europeens ´ 2002–2052: impact de la migration internationale sur le vieillissement de la population Jakub Bijak Æ Dorota Kupiszewska Æ Marek Kupiszewski Æ Katarzyna Saczuk Æ Anna Kicinger Received: 8 August 2005 / Accepted: 31 March 2006 / Published online: 2 March 2007 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007 Abstract Population and labour force projections are made for 27 selected European countries for 2002–2052, focussing on the impact of international migration on population and labour force dynamics. Starting from single scenarios for fertility, mortality and economic activity, three sets of assumptions are explored regarding migration flows, taking into account probable policy developments in Europe following the enlargement of the EU. In addition to age structures, various support ratio indicators are analysed. The results indicate that plausible immigration cannot offset the negative effects of population and labour force ageing. Keywords Population projections Æ Labour force projections Æ International migration Æ Population ageing Æ Europe ´ ´ Resume Des projections de population et de population active sont presentees ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ˆ pour 27 pays Europeens pour la periode 2002–2052, avec un interet particulier pour l’impact de la migration internationale sur la...
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...The topic I chose to do is migration. Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. There are four main types of migration permanent, temporary, voluntary or forced and they can be internal or international. Internal means going from your country to another within the same region and international means to from one country to another. There are various reasons why people migrate and migration has to do a lot with push and pull factors. Push factors are those which force a person to move. This can include drought, famine, lack of jobs, over population and civil war. Pull factors are those which encourage a person to move. These include a chance of a better job, better education and a better standard of living. In my article reviews I will reveal some of the reasons for migration. Since migration occurs all over the world I decided to go beyond the beautiful tranquil waters of The Bahamas into the regions of South Africa and China. I selected two out four articles which are related Africa and the other two on China these are all based on some form of migration. My first article is entitle Migration and Elderly Africans in the United States and this speaks distinctively on Immigration migration. The second article entitle The socio-economic impact of African immigration on urban development in South Africa: the case of Empangeni this speaks distinctively on African immigration in South Africa. My third article entitle Rural-urban migration and urbanization in Gansu...
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... 8 Executive Summary This report shows the immigration rates and is compared to those of the rest of the world. From this report, Australia can be seen as a widely multicultural society with a very wide variety of ethnicities and country of origins. The first chart was obtained from the Australia Bureau of Statistics. It clearly outlines the migration growth from the 1970’s – 2014; Although the numbers are not inversely increasing, the final migration population in the recent years has clearly outgrown from when migration first started back in the 70’s. The second chart was also obtained from the Australia Bureau of Statistics. The data reflects on the numbers of different population from different countries residing in Australia in the year 2014. It can be seen that the European countries are top on the charts followed by Asian countries. Despite each country having its own resources and opportunity to work, there are a portion of them that choose to migrate to Australia and have yet to stop increasing over the years. This could be caused by the increased job opportunities and scarce labour availability in Australia, hence requiring the extra experience and manpower available from all over the world. In a nutshell, from the statistics shown, one of the reasons the charts are showing an inverse increase over the years could be every so and then the government would put on legislations to limit the number of foreign workers/migrants coming into...
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...Academic year 2014-2015 Migration towards Europe and the “welfare magnet”: “Determinants of Turkish Migration to EU-15” Master dissertation Student Kristýna Jedličková Home institution Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze Supervisor prof. Claire Naiditch Submission date September 2015 Acknowledgment I would like to express my sincerest thanks to prof. Claire Naiditch for her guidance, support, patience and valuable recommendations. Declaration of authorship I, Kristýna Jedličková hereby declare that the thesis Migration towards Europe and the “welfare magnet” was written by myself and that all presented results are my own, unless stated otherwise. The literature sources are listed in the Literature Review section. Prague, September 30th, 2015 ........................................................ Signature Key words Migration, welfare magnet, public social spending, inflows of migrants, EU’s migratory policy, European welfare system, Turkish welfare system, Turkey, EU-15, gravity model, fixed effect, random effect, Hausman test, country specific fixed effect, time specific fixed effect. Abstract The purpose of this thesis is to analyse which factors drive migration from Turkey towards Europe and whether the welfare benefits play a major role in the decision making process. The analysis is based on a gravitation model of migration in log-log form. The FE and RE methods were employed as estimation techniques and the Hausman test enabled to distinguish them. The present...
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...Migration Migration is identified as a movement of people. There can be two kinds of migration: immigration and emigration. In this part I am going to talk only about immigration to Germany. It is defined as a movement of people into country. This movement will help to meet future labour demand and a shortages caused by shrinking German working-age population. However, international recruitment is difficult process. Restrictions still prevent the employment of most skilled workers, even if there is a labour shortage. In Germany there are three types of immigrants: EU-immigrants, non-EU and students. Skilled workers The biggest shortage in German labour market is skilled workers. The market is showing shortages in different occupations. For example, there are not enough engineers, IT specialist, mathematicians or specialists in natural science. Scarcity is expected to reach 5.4 million by 2025 (federal Employment Agency, 2011 a ) . Immigrants should fill out this labour deficit. There are two kinds of immigrants- EU and non-EU immigrants. The most of high-skilled immigrants come from non-EU countries. In 2011 most of them were from India, United States, Japan, China. Regulations are different for both, but for latter much stricter. Regulations EU immigrants Citizens from European Economic Area ( EU plus Iceland, Norway, Lichtenstein) and Switzerland are allowed to live and work in Germany freely. The only requirement is to register your living place. The only exception...
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...includes a detailed discussion of the theoretical and conceptual perspectives of rural to urban migration integrating these with the objectives of the study set out in briefer fashion in Chapter 1. Section 2.1 presents the theoretical literature review including the concept of internal migration, the nature of data on migration, conceptual issues in the measurement of internal migration, migration theories, gender dimension and social structure of India. Section 2.2 reviews the empirical literature showing the trends and patterns of internal migration in India, especially the rural to urban labour migration. Section 2.3 shows the conceptual framework of the proposed study. In academic research, relatively little...
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...The Dominican Republic constitutes one of the major Caribbean states which over the period of contemporary migration has seen an increase in the movement towards the United States of America. This paper will be looking at the pattern of migration to the USA originating from the Dominican Republic and examining the reasons why despite their workforce dynamic, the migrants still have trouble settling into respectable jobs and securing an economic stability. Initially, through looking at the brief historic background of the Dominican migration which has been substantial over time and continuous to increase has been a result of both political insecurity and strain for economic stability. Despite the close relations between the U.S. and the Dominican...
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...Skill migration is the best immigration policy strategy because it contributes to the strong growth of Australia’s economy. Since 1970s the expansion of Australia´s population and the achievement of skill profile had impacted the economic development of the country. Not only it had allowed people to live in a pacific and harmonious environment, but shaping the nation towards economic prosperity and quick progress in pro an industrialized, secure and pleasant state. Australia is named as a “country of immigrants” having one in four people born in overseas and with a great advantage: it is still sharp contrast to the chaos, intolerance and hatred that suffered a lot of countries worldwide. One big concern is the enormous amounts of capital...
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...The existence and persistence of large spatial disparities in unemployment within national economies is a central issue in regional economics. Explanations that exist within the literature for why regional unemployment disparities have been so much more persistent over time in the EU than in the US can be broadly separated to the hysteresis and equilibrium arguments. Before illustrating the analysis and strength of these arguments it is important to ascertain the scale of persistent unemployment disparities across EU regions and U.S states, and why this may be a cause for concern. Regional disparities in unemployment rates are dramatically significant in Europe. In 2001, the average unemployment rate in the EU was 7.8%, but it ranged from 1.7% in Berkshire (UK) to 24.9% in Calabria (Italy).[1] These disparities are present even within single countries, where the range of unemployment rates is much higher than in the US. Disparities in European regional unemployment rates are also extremely persistent. In the US the correlation between regional unemployment rates between 1997-2004 is only 0.3, indicating that over two-thirds of any regional unemployment problem is solved over that period. In Europe, however, the correlation averages 0.83, suggesting that very little adjustment takes place. (Figure 1 in Appendix)[2] This is not a recent phenomena but persistence appears to have been the main feature of behaviour of regional unemployment...
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...Migration: Causes and Effects of Emigration in the Caribbean. 1. “The Caribbean has been unable to achieve the kind of economic development that would widen the range of job opportunities and allow its economy to absorb the incremental growth of its labour force. As a result, emigration in search of job opportunities has been an enduring loofeature of the economic history of the region.” (Palmer. R 1990). Often time people living in the Caribbean are either unemployed, or underemployed, which serves as a push factor influencing them to migrate in search on job opportunities. “The essential point in examining the relationship between migration and development is not so much to the lack of development, but to the character of that development and the objective of maximizing the welfare of the household.”looyeah 2. “The Caribbean region is an excellent case to study the effects of emigration as it has the highest emigration rates in the world. Docquier and Marfouk (2005) have documented the shares of the labour force in several source countries that have emigrated to Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development member countries. Almost all the Caribbean nations are among the top 20 countries in the world with the highest tertiary-educated migration rates, resulting in large impacts on the local markets and on the welfare of those who stay behind in the Caribbean countries.” (Mishra, 2006). With that being said, evidently the results will show brain drainage taking...
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...1. Introduction More than 100,000 years ago the first modern humans left Africa and began to colonize the world. Since then human history is also a history of migration. Migration has always been a strong impetus towards human development, these days however migration is often seen as problem or threat. Migration is defined as the permanent change of residence of a person or group. It is a natural social phenomenon. Humans have colonized the entire world and penetrated its remotest areas. Migration is taking place within very different contexts: f.e. military conquest, refugees, expulsion or enslavement. But migrants have also traveled in search of economic opportunities, new settlement areas or trade routes. Currently approximately 216,000,000 people are living away from their place of birth. This number equals about 3% of the world population. Analyzing the reasons for migration one distinguishes between push and pull factors - often both appear together. Push factors are circumstances in the country of origin that lead people to emigrate, for example poverty, war or environmental disasters. Pull factors are conditions in the destination country that make immigration attractive such as economic opportunity and political freedom. Overall trends By far the most immigrants live in the United States followed by Russia and Germany. The main countries of origin are Mexico, India, China and Russia. In proportion to the population Persian Gulf countries host the largest share...
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