...(Chang, 2002). This essay relevantly addresses some of the challenges responsible for the decline in productivity in the society. The key gainsays while addressing economic development relies on the realities concurrent in some case studies. Main Obstacles to Economic Development for States Sustainability of the natural resources is one of the main obstructions to economic development. A country’s economic growth is a subset to its resources. Natural resources pose a threat in compacting effectiveness of economic growth based on resource availability. Most states have unlimited nature of resources that cannot sustain economic demands. Besides, economic resources are subject to depletion, degradation, and non renewability. For instance, land is...
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...Personal notes Outline: * Land Reform & Econ Dev * Explaining the poor performance of African Agric * Assessing the Impact of Agric Policy Reforms * Exploiting the synergy between price and non-price factors 1. Land Reform * Means alot: redistribution/reclamation/reforestation & policies affecting land * For us – narrow focus. SO: redistrib of prop /land rights for benefit of landless / tenants and farm labourers * Agrarian refors – embraces improvement in tenure and agric organisation Property rights: * Establishment or PR system is nb public good * Large info on benefits from public invest in securing and maintaining prop rights to land: in Afr is one of most nb assets Land Tenure: * Must change if agric g and improvement is to happen * Set of rights to det who owns land and who has rights to use and how it be used * Issues: marriage, inheritance, sale, mortgage, size of farming, operation, water, pasture, and tenancy * Types: Communal, Pvt/Freehold, State * Communal most popular Issues in communal land system: * Use and conservation given degradation, agroforestry, cultivation * Security of tenure & investment – what you control determines level of your investment into land * Exclusivity of tenure – if not exclusive use, and you cant control mgt of – not invest * Land as asset for credit – if not own/control, not get finance * Fragmentation/Subdivision – are small less...
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...looking at tradition to create a different order of reality through universalizing imagination.Though he has followed the established tradition of novel writing in English, Achebe has put few things ‘African’ and has successfully employed certain narrative techniques of narration to give authenticity and African flavour to his novels in order to attract the native audience and overseas readers as well. Chinua Achebe , the doyen of African writing, the major exponent of modern African novel.His novels evolve through the fundamental theme with which he is concerned, the loss of dignity and the tragic disintegration of the Nigerian culture.Beginning with the advent of European power, his novels span a series of political crisis that beset Nigeria, the collapse of...
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...INITIATIVES IN PAKISTAN TO ENHANCE THE WOMEN’S ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT: Economic Census of Pakistan – women owned businesses represents only 3% of total enterprises (3.2 million enterprises) in Pakistan. Most of women owned businesses are really small i.e. turnover < 1 million and/or investment < 0.5 millioMost women-headed businesses operate from home Financial matters are handled by male family members Women entrepreneurs are seen in subordinate roles little education, skills, and exposure to business; negligible peer support and business association, low capitalization and poor investment capacity 60% of women entrepreneurs in Pakistan opt for traditional business i.e. beauty parlors, bakeries, boutiques with largest number in garments and handicrafts sectorn. Role of SMEDA for WE Development “The word entrepreneur is derived from the French verb enterprendre that means to undertake”. We can define an entrepreneur as “……One who undertakes a commercial enterprise and who is an organisational creator and innovator” (Gartner.) “Female entrepreneurs are defined as those who use their knowledge and resources to develop or create new business opportunities, who are actively involved in managing their businesses, and own at least 50 per cent of the business and have been in operation for longer than a year” (Moore and Buttner, 1997) International development programs...
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...1.0 Introduction 1.1 Definition of poverty CHUPICAL SHOLLAH MANUEL Poverty as a phenomenon is very elusive to define and is rather multidimensional and a contested concept whose definition is influenced by the contexts in which it exists. The concept has both a relative an absolute measure. The dominant Western definition since World War II has defined poverty in monetary terms, using levels of income or consumption to measure poverty (Grusky and Kanbur, 2006: 11) and defining the poor by a headcount of those who fall below a given income/consumption level or ‘poverty line’ (Lipton and Ravallion, 1993: 1 in Handley et al., 2009). Multidimensional definitions acknowledge that poverty is also defined by a sense of helplessness, dependence and lack of opportunities, self-confidence and self-respect on the part of the poor. (Narayan et al., 2000). Sen (1999) defines poverty as lack of freedom while another dimension view it as interlinked forms of deprivation in the economic, human, political, sociocultural and protective spheres (OECD, 2006).This essay discusses the issue of poverty in Africa from colonial period to present day. The paper also analyses the causes of poverty since colonial era, the poverty alleviation strategies adopted to deal with poverty and propose possible solutions for poverty alleviation. A plethora of case studies will be drawn from several countries to substantiate the claims and insights provides in this paper. 2.0 Poverty, colonialism and Colonial...
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...FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY MINNA, NIGER STATE SCHOOL OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP & MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY TOPIC: URBANIZATION IN AFRICA BY: SOLOMON T. JOHNSON 2012/1/41096MT COURSE: URBAN PLANNING SUBMITTED TO: DR. DUKIYA ABSTRACT Africa is urbanizing fast. Its rate of urbanization soared from 15 percent in 1960 to 40 percent in 2010, and is projected to reach 60 percent in 2050 (UN Habitat 2010). Urban populations in Africa are expected to triple in the next 50 years, changing the profile of the region, and challenging policy makers to harness urbanization for sustainable and inclusive growth. Although many have written about the phenomena, what is clear to us is that is impossible to deal with Africa’s growth and poverty challenges without managing urbanization. Urbanization is not a subȬ plot, but rather the main policy narrative for Africa. URBANIZATION IN AFRICA Challenges and Opportunities: Africa is urbanizing fast. Its rate of urbanization soared from 15 percent in 1960 to 40 percent in 2010, and is projected to reach 60 percent in 2050 (UN Habitat 2010). Urban populations in Africa are expected to triple in the next 50 years, changing the profile of the region, and challenging policy makers to harness urbanization for sustainable and inclusive growth. Although many have written about the phenomena, what is clear to us is that is impossible to deal with Africa’s growth and poverty challenges without managing urbanization...
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...AMERICAN SPECILIST HOSPITAL: NIGERIA BY Laruzzi Globally, health services are known to be provided at different levels by different agencies and specialists. In Nigeria, health services are taken care of by the three tiers of government, namely: The Federal, State and Local governments. These are also supported by organizations and the private individuals who establish and run private medical services. Traditional medical practitioners who serve the majority of the rural populace also belong to this privatized category. Several global organizations have played phenomenal roles in the development and sustenance of health services in Nigeria. Unfortunately a lot of these contributions go through government (mostly Federal government), which has kept very little or no record of the impact these contributions make. Another issue are the records of the exact cash amount of these contributions; they are sketchy, partly due to poor record-keeping and the volume of a contributions are in services, and in equipment and training, whose cash amount is usually difficult to establish. These organizations include WHO, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), UNICEF, World Bank and British Technical Assistance (BTA). However, it has come to the knowledge of most researchers that the rural areas have several problems. According to research, the critical set back to development in most developing countries of the world is the lack of proper and adequate...
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...enter the consumer goods market by 2015. Banking and telecommunications are growing rapidly too, and infrastructure expenditures are rising significantly faster in Africa than in the world as a whole. Not that the growth of the extractive industries won’t be impressive. The continent has more than one-quarter of the world’s arable land. Eleven of its countries rank among the top ten sources for at least one major mineral. Africa will produce 13 percent of global oil by 2015, up from 9 percent in 1998. For many companies, this is a future worth investing in. 2 Africa’s path to growth: Sector by sector Agriculture: Abundant opportunities Kartik Jayaram, Jens Riese, and Sunil Sanghvi Agriculture is Africa’s largest economic sector, representing 15 percent of the continent’s total GDP, or more than $100 billion annually. It is highly concentrated, with Egypt and Nigeria alone accounting for one-third of total agricultural output and the top ten countries generating 75 percent. Africa’s agro-ecological potential is massively larger than its current output, however—and so are its food requirements. While more than one-quarter of the world’s arable land lies in this continent, it generates only 10 percent of global agricultural output. So there is huge...
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...OPPORTUNITIES FOR INVESTMENT IN RETAIL SECTOR IN EMERGING ECONOMIES Ashish Deshpande MMS ashish.deshpande@simsree.net 9769138482 Sufiyan Sarguroh MMS sufiyan.sarguroh@simsree.net 7208850965 Sydenham Institute of Management Studies, Research and Entrepreneurship Education (SIMSREE), Churchgate Abstract: This paper presents the investment opportunities in the retail sector in the emerging economies through retrospective tracking of their past experiences and opportunities in the future. The paper analyses the reforms and trends that drove growth in the emerging nations' retail markets and the ones that need to be embraced to sustain and accelerate the growth in the future. The focus of the paper would be the BRICS economies with a brief outlook of other economies like Singapore, Indonesia inter alia. Allowance of foreign investment in the retail sector boosted its volume tremendously in Russia and China and triggered a development of sorts that led to flourishing of foreign as well as local players in the same, providing impetus to the rise in the retail market volume. Brazil developed its retail market by taming inflation and making credit easily available. South Africa improved its distribution networks efficiently causing an improved supply chain management and also cashed in on its demography by catering to the needs of its predominantly young population. Indian retail sector thrives mainly on the unorganized sector with organized sector forming a minor chunk of...
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...CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Information The Cross River gorilla, Gorilla gorilla diehli (Matschie, 1904), a subspecies of the western gorilla, Gorilla gorilla, is found in contiguous forest patches bordering South-Southern Nigeria and South-Western Cameroon, an area recognized as a biodiversity hotspot characterized by species diversity and endemism (Edet, 2011). The subspecies is one of the most critically endangered primates of Africa (Oates et al., 2008; IUCN, 2013). The subspecies is also one of the world’s 25 most endangered primates (Mittermeier et al., 2009). As humans extend their land use, Cross River gorilla habitat is rapidly disappearing, and this may have adverse effects on number of individuals within the subspecies. The Cross River gorilla, Gorilla gorilla diehli, chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes vellorosus) and drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus), though legally protected by the Endangered Species Decree 11 of 1985, are some of the primates hunted for bushmeat and other purposes (Edet, 2011). The Major threat to the survival of the subspecies is lack of thorough conservation strategy necessary for its protection. The survival of this endangered species and ecosystems depends on long-term participation and understanding of local populations (Oates, 1999). Due to the close relationship between cultural diversity and biodiversity, traditional knowledge systems play an important role when developing species conservation and management strategies (Caldecott...
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...Background of Literature Review on SMEs in Ghana: Globally, the contribution of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) to the growth of national economies is significant. In the developed economies such as Germany and the United Kingdom small businesses are recognized as the main engines for growth and development. Indeed, studies conducted in recent years in developed markets, including the Freedman studies done in the United Kingdom, confirm that small businesses account for the highest number of registered companies and make significant contributions to economic growth and prosperity. In Ghana, readily available data on SMEs is scarce but statistics from the Registrar General’s Department suggests that 92 per cent of companies registered are micro, small and medium enterprises. SMEs in Ghana have also been noted to provide about 85 per cent of manufacturing employment, contribute about 70 per cent to Ghana’s GDP, and therefore have catalytic impacts on economic growth, income and employment. It is estimated that SMEs employ 22% of the adult population in developing countries (Daniels, 1994; Daniels & Ngwira, 1992; Daniels & fisseha. 1992; Fisseha. 1992; Fisseha & Mcpherson, 1991; Gallagher & Robson, 1995 and Kayanula & Quartey, 2000). The sector employs about 15.5% of the labour force in Ghana (Parker et al, 1994), has experienced higher employment growth than micro and large – scale enterprises. Definition of SMEs There is no single, uniformly acceptable definition of a small...
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...Dying Spirits: Conditions for the survival of Igbo Masquerade Tradition in a Post Modern Era. A paper presented at the third edition of the monthly lecture series of Mbari Literary Society, Owerri, Imo State Nigeria. 1st August 2009. Greetings to my veritable ancestors. Greetings to the progenies and prodigies whose unequalled prodigy and genius produced this sacred art that is now singing an extinction dirge. All the Ancestral Spirits hovering unackno-wledged around this atmosphere, accept my unworthy salutations. Ndi Mbari Ibem, Welunu Ekene m, Onye m kporo ya kpoba ibe ya Onye na nke ya, onye na nke ya Nke onye chiri ya zere. If at the end of this intellectual discourse, the contents of this paper are merely seen as mere academic exercises, it would have failed. This point is made at the background of our realization that it is only practical dialectics that would save the African Viz a Viz. Igbo cosmology in its mortal struggle with the nihilating forces of globalization. By practical dialectics we mean a dialectics whose spine and pedagogy will bother on practice rather than theory. The guest lecturers of the first and second editions of this lecture series dwelt on topics that bothered on the preservation of our cultural heritage and language respectively. This paper shall not depart from that line. The difficulty in presenting this type of lecture is that a topic which hitherto is not discussed amongst women, particularly those that have not attained the...
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...ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Our thanks goes to The Delta State Government of Nigeria for the opportunity given to us to be part of this programme, Mr. Anthony Proute who has been a wonderful facilitator of this course- Tourism Management, Management and Staff of The Barbados Institute of Management and Productivity (BIMAP). OBJECTIVES OF THIS TERM PAPER The objective of this term paper is to give a definition of inbound and outbound tourism, the rate of growth of inbound and outbound tourism in China and some of the trends associated with these growths. INBOUND AND OUTBOUND TOURISM IN CHINA INTRODUCTION: Tourism in China has greatly expanded over the last few decades since the beginning of reform and opening. The emergence of a newly rich middle class and an easing of restrictions on movement by the Chinese authorities are both fuelling this travel boom. China has become one of the world’s most-watched and hottest inbound and outbound tourist markets. The world is on the cusp of a sustained Chinese tourism boom. ( Factbox- Basic Facts about China`s economy). China is the third most visited country in the world. The number of overseas tourists was 55.98 million in 2010. Foreign exchange income was 45.8 billion U.S. dollars, the world's fourth largest in 2010. The number of domestic tourist...
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...NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE COURSE CODE:POL 122 COURSE TITLE:INTRODUCTION TO AFRICAN POLITICS POL 122 INTRODUCTION TO AFRICAN POLITICS COURSE GUIDE POL 122 INTRODUCTION TO AFRICAN POLITICS Course Writer/Developer Mr. Sikiru Lanre Nurudeen Department of Political Science and Conflict Resolution Al – Hikmah University, Ilorin Kwara State Course Editor Prof. M. Olarotimi Ajayi Faculty of Social Sciences Covenant University Otta Course Coordinator Mr. Abdul-Rahoof A. Bello National Open University of Nigeria ii POL 122 INTRODUCTION TO AFRICAN POLITICS NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA National Open University of Nigeria Headquarters 14/16 Ahmadu Bello Way Victoria Island Lagos Abuja Office No. 5 Dar es Salaam Street Off Aminu Kano Crescent Wuse II, Abuja Nigeria e-mail: centralinfo@nou.edu.ng URL: www.nou.edu.ng Published by National Open University of Nigeria Printed 2009 ISBN: 978-058-415-3 All Rights Reserved iii POL 122 INTRODUCTION TO AFRICAN POLITICS CONTENTS PAGE Introduction ………………………………………….…………… 1 Course Aims ……………………………………………………… 1 Course Objectives ………………………………………………... 1 Working through Course……………………………………. This 2 Course Materials………………………………………………….. 2 Study Units………………………………………………………. . 2 Text books and References……………………………………….. 3 Assessment File…………………………………………………… 3 Tutor-Marked Assignment ……………………….. ……………… 4 iv POL 122 INTRODUCTION TO AFRICAN POLITICS Final Examination Grading…………………………………...
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...Agroforestry in the drylands of eastern Africa: a call to action Bashir Jama and Abdi Zeila Agroforestry in the drylands of eastern Africa: a call to action Bashir Jama and Abdi Zeila World Agroforestry Centre LIMITED CIRCULATION Titles in the Working Paper Series aim to disseminate information on agroforestry research and practices and stimulate feedback from the scientific community. Other series from the World Agroforestry Centre are: Agroforestry Perspectives, Technical Manuals, and Occasional Papers. Correct Citation: Jama B and Zeila A. 2005. Agroforestry in the drylands of eastern Africa: a call to action. ICRAF Working Paper – no. 1. Nairobi: World Agroforestry Centre. Published by the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Eastern and Central Africa Regional Programme United Nations Avenue PO Box 30677 – 00100, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254 20 7224 000, via USA +1 650 833 6645 Fax: +254 20 7224 001, via USA +1 650 833 6646 Email: b.jama@cgiar.org Internet: www.worldagroforestry.org © World Agroforestry Centre 2005 ICRAF Working Paper no. 1 Photos: World Agroforestry Centre Staff Articles appearing in this publication may be quoted or reproduced without charge, provided the source is acknowledged. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purposes. All images remain the sole property of their source and may not be used for any purpose without written permission of the source. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and...
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