...Policing Development and Operation Trends Contemporary Issues and Futures in Criminal Justice/CJA 394 April 14, 2014 Ms. Marilyn West Past, present, and future local, state, and federal agencies can trace their routes to the Colonial Period of history. As with everything in history the various agencies were required to change, adapt, and develop specific procedures, missions, and operations. As criminals become more technologically advanced, laws are amended, and public perception changes each agency must change the way the handle, organize, and implement those changes. Local The local organizations begin with municipal police, county police and county sheriff. In the United States, there is under 18,000 law enforcement agencies to include 12,656 local police, and 3,061 sheriff departments. Municipal police or also known as the city police are among the key components of United States law enforcement. In the 2000 charts, municipal police makeup 71% of law enforcement agencies and employed 62% of all sworn officers. The city police or municipal police play a vital and complex role in the communities, and cities. Municipal police heavily influence all agencies. The cities and bigger cities represent the most complex environment and more so in the diversity in the population. The city police are often responsible for dealing with serious crimes that are disproportionately centered in cities. City police provide a wide range of...
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...Police Agencies and their Jurisdictions The development of police agencies can be followed back to the Early English colonial days. As time continued, so did the improvements of the police agencies of law enforcement today. The first police department was established in 1731 was the Boston Police Department. Within each police agency, they also have their own jurisdiction of federal level, state, local, and private levels. The biggest protector of America is the Department of Homeland Security that includes jurisdiction of the nation. The first modern police agency mimicked several qualities from the British system. For instance, night watching was an early form of police patrol in English cities and towns (Schmalleger, 2009). Wealthy English families would pay others to night watch for them for their own security. The first modern police department that was established in London, England was guided with a mission of crime prevention and control, the strategy of preventive patrol, and military style organization that American Law Enforcement followed by as well. As time progressed, the first uniformed officer was employed by New York City in 1693 followed by the first police department established in 1731 in Boston, Cincinnati. In more recent times, we currently have more advanced technology for law enforcement agencies to use in protecting cities and towns and preventing crime. Scientific methods of investigation dramatically improved crime...
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... MPA Throughout the course of history, American policing has been influenced heavily by the English system. England and Colonial American citizens were both responsible for law enforcement in the early stages of development in their communities. The history of policing has changed progressively over the years. In the legal system law enforcement systems evolved over a period of time causing major differences in the titles, responsibilities and credentials of police officer. The historical development of police history time line began during the Early 1630’s when Colonial America early constables and sheriffs were concerned about the behaviors of the community-approved religious attendance and the appropriate restraint of farm animals, they served court papers for a fee. In the early 1840’s Metropolitan America in New York the first full time preventive force was established, with each district having its own authority. Each ward had a separate patrol and citizens were chosen by Aldermen to be officers. Frontier America territory became a state by the early 1840’s, then sheriffs and marshals were elected in the towns and counties. New entrepreneurs elected to reduce violent crime to keep their business thriving and their town’s reputation clean. By the early 1920’s police professionalism characteristic were policies focused on law enforcement and crime control, and social service elements were reduced. Political connections were rejected and civil service systems eliminated...
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...BY MARCUS BARBOUR RACIAL PROFILING Mainly targets people of color for investigation and enforcement, alienating communities from law enforcement, hindering community policing efforts, and causing law enforcement to lose credibility and trust among the people they are sworn to protect and serve. HISTORY 1. The roots of racial profiling come from the laws during the colonial times. 2. In colonial Virginia, everyone that was of different color had to show some form of identification to any white person when asked or told; this was known as the Free Negro Registry. Why does racial profiling not fit with explaining certain phenomenons? Racial hoaxes are used to deflect the attention away from the individual making the accusation, who may actually be the criminal or criminals Operation Pipeline violated the rights of equal protection under the law guaranteed through civil rights laws as well as the 14th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution. Does racial profiling fit with the explanation of certain phenomens? Basically, by stopping minorities and searching them; far such as driving, flyers and pedestrian, violations then there will possibly fewer minorities arrested for drug crimes. For some cops, racial profiling is a sensible, statistically based tool that enables law enforcement to focus their energies more efficiently; it lowers the cost of obtaining and processing information and thus reduces the overall...
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...The 18th Century was a transformative time for the American colonies that would culminate in a war with England and the signing of the Declaration of Independence. This eventual rejection of British rule was the end result of decades of conflicting ideas concerning territory in America, taxes and trade, and the right of self-governance by the colonies. The British Parliament believed they had supreme authority over all British subjects and because of this, a conflict would grow and the relationship between the colonies and England would change from that of cooperation to one of suspicion and hostility. The official break with England may have happened in 1776 with the signing of the Declaration of Independence, but it started with colonial...
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...CHAPTER 3 America in the British Empire ANTICIPATION/REACTION Directions: Before you begin reading this chapter, place a check mark beside any of the following seven statements with which you now agree. Use the column entitled “Anticipation.” When you have completed your study of this chapter, come back to this section and place a check mark beside any of the statements with which you then agree. Use the column entitled “Reaction.” Note any variation in the placement of checkmarks from anticipation to reaction and explain why you changed your mind. Anticipation Reaction _____ 1. _____ 1. _____ 2. _____ 3. _____ 4. _____ 5. _____ 6. _____ 7. The British government usually left American colonists to make their own laws pertaining to local matters. American colonial trade was severely crippled by British trade laws. The European Enlightenment had little influence on the thought of American colonists. Because they were part of the British empire, colonists were constantly involved in England’s imperial wars with France and Spain. Parliament taxed the American colonists as a way to express its authority over them, not because it needed. the money. Colonists protested the Sugar Act and Stamp Act as violations of their rights as Americans. Colonists protested the Tea Act because it threatened to raise the price of tea. _____ 2. _____ 3. _____ 4. _____ 5. _____ 6. _____ 7. LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading Chapter 3 you...
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...To Whom it may concern, I am here to request enforcement of British Mercantilist policies, including the Navigation Acts. The two main purposes of the Navigation Acts are: to protect British shipping against competition from foreign powers, and to grant British merchants a monopoly on colonial commodities increase their personal bullion supply. The set of laws passed in 1645-1663, provided the basis of the Navigation Acts. These acts set up several laws and restrictions that give Britain a monopoly on economic control, establish England as the main market for products/good for the colonies, and provide a steady bullion influx into Britain. One of the first Navigation Acts passed in 1651 stated that goods could only enter England, Ireland, or the colonies aboard English ships. Additionally, colonial coastal trade had to be conducted only aboard English ships. Even the trade between foreign countries at colonial ports are limited to English vessels. Ships from other countries are excluded from colonial ports and can trade only at ports within the British Isles. The shipbuilding industry, particularly in New England, prospered. The second Navigation Act of 1660 reassured that goods could only be transported aboard English ships and set up a list of enumerated goods that had to be shipped directly to England, including sugar, cotton, tobacco, indigo, rice, molasses, apples, and wool. Tobacco plantations in the New World proved to be very successful and profitable, particularly...
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...Law Enforcement in New England 1600 – Present Day HIS 602 - History of New England – Spring 2013 – Manchester Law enforcement today is very different than what it was when the Puritan settlers first came here to New England. As like the name the name the settlers went with what they knew and followed in England’s footsteps when it came to law enforcement (Johnson 1981). Following in the English’s footsteps would be a president that is followed for centuries until the need for different style of policing becomes apparent due to differences in the countries culture in the 18th century. This is where we begin to see the split that we see to this day. In Saxon England prior to 1066, the absence of effective royal authority, such as a standing army it was up to local communities to keep the peace in regard of criminal behavior (Johnson 1981). In 1252 the title constable was coined, a constable was an officer of the royal court. In the next two centuries following the Norman Conquest constables morphed into elected officials of the manorial courts (Johnson 1981). In 1285 the Normans who invaded England codified The Statue of Winchester which remained in effect until 1829 when the Metropolitan Police Act was established. The Statue of Winchester reenacted “hue and cry” which called upon all residents to assist watchmen if they encountered resistance. The statue gave constables the authority to enroll male inhabitants as said watchmen (Johnson 1981). Basically the...
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...A reparation for women could take shape in form of the HR 40 bill that was exploring reparations for African Americans. In would study colonial rape and its effects that still remain, as well as possible reparations. The study would show colonial society allowing the complete exploitation of women and the cultural conditioning made a majority of America place the blame on the women. Further study would assert that despite women being more in control of their bodies and marital rape has been outlawed since the nineteen-eighties (CITE). The report rate of sexual assault is still low and stems from the same reasons from the past. In two-thousand-fifth-teen, a poll was taken that over hundred rapes, only thirty-two are reported. Out of those thirty-two,...
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...comparison or the perspectives of comparison? There are issues and problems that when comparing you have to deal with both internal and external to the system of criminal justice. There are multiple perspectives that are to be used: historical, systematic, relativistic, and cultural perspectives. First is the Historical perspective, which is the perspective of understanding the history and the evolution of criminal justice. Before the rise of the nation states in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, most of the world societies were ruled for centuries by different monarchies, kingdoms, and colonial powers. China, Asia, Africa, and Latin America, all had some kind of historical or traditional law. As for China they were under a traditional law that demanded that any offender must confess and voluntarily surrender. But this somewhat changed when the Qing law was reinforced, this caused the obligations to change by making provisions for alternative sentencing for those who surrendered and by lengthening the limitations of time to surrender. But a short time after the Qing dynasty disintegrated in 1912. By 1912 and 1949, China established a republican government, many Chinese urban intellectuals began to be exposed to western liberal values, and the government was aiming to borrow criminal justice from the West. There would be no comparative understanding of the issues and challenges of criminal...
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...five civilian lives. This event served as a catalyst that further escalated disputes and tension between the two groups. However, despite the tragedy, the aftermath of the Boston Massacre set legal processes in motion that led to a transformation of the justice system in colonial America, leaving a lasting legacy that still resonates today. Following the Boston Massacre, a series of high-profile legal cases...
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...men foreign to our constitutions, and unacknowledged by our laws; against which we do, on behalf of the inhabitants of British America, enter this our solemn and determined protest” (Jefferson). In the years leading up to the American Revolution it was perhaps the case that the paper, not the pen, was mightier than the sword. In affirmation of the law of unintended consequences, the English imposed Stamp Act, which did what the colonists could not do for themselves: It united them. The new peace in Europe caused a fundamental shift in the...
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...Police History Jason Turley CJA 214 January 17, 2013 Jess Gutierrez Police History The efforts of policing have been around for centuries. In 2200 BC Babylon used the code of Hammurabi for standardized laws and punishments; in 27 BC Augustus created the Roman system of Vigiles; in 1285 the watch-and-word system was created by the Statute of Winchester in England; in 1748 London formed the Bow Street Runners. Despite London possessing more than 400 police officers in the early 1800s they still had no centrally organized system for law enforcement. One man set out to change this flaw in the system, Sir Robert Peel. He devoted his life to developing a police force, which would provide services and safety for communities and their citizens throughout the world. Through his dedication and hard work of creating the London Metropolitan Police, he was dubbed the “father” of Modern policing. Sir Robert Peel accomplished all this while serving as the Home Secretary of England. Parliament was hesitant at first, but later passed the Metropolitan Police Act in 1829. This ACT provided funds for a 1,000 police officer force to be controlled by strict rules of conduct and discipline. Sir Robert Peel believed that “the police are people and the people are the police,” and in order for crime prevention to be successful it must keep crime from becoming intrusive to the people and their communities. Sir Robert Peel created this list of principles for policing. 1. The...
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...understanding of the issues and events that preceded it. The Party, which occurred in 1773, had its origins several years earlier, in the wake of the French and Indian War, which ended in 1763. In 1766, Parliament passed the Quartering Act, which provided for "billeting, provisioning and discipline of British forces, requiring colonial assemblies to provide barracks and supplies such as candles, fuel, vinegar, beer and salt for the regulars, costs of the Army in America at the 'dictate' of Parliament" (Tuchman 167). Further to this point, the Seven Years' War was over; why the need for such a large standing army in America? This first Quartering Act was, however, obeyed in general terms, and even partly rescinded as to enforcement (182), until other Parliamentary measures pointed up colonists' feeling of oppression. By 1767, the Stamp Act had been passed, and then revoked in the face of an American boycott of covered goods. In 1767, the Townshend Acts legalized import duties on "glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea." The stated resolution of these duties was that of "defraying the charge of the administration of justice, and the support of civil government" in America (Morris 90). In other words, the American colonies would be required to pay for British administration of the territory. Tuchman says that this phrase in the bill was its undoing because without it, "his duties might well have raised no...
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...There are two parts to the British colonial policy toward the colonies in North America. The first part is approximately from 1693 – 1760 and the second part from approximately 1760 – 1775. The development of the first part of Britain’s policy was based on the mercantilist system and ideas that were being used in Europe at the time. The bottom line in this part of the policy was that the colonies were there to serve Britain’s interests. Specifically to provide raw materials and food products that Britain would otherwise have to get from foreign countries. The British began their folly towards rebellion of the colonies in 1696 by adopting a hands off policy of the colonies, a non-enforcement of parliamentary laws in the colonies. With this...
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