...Police History Jason Turley CJA 214 January 17, 2013 Jess Gutierrez Police History The efforts of policing have been around for centuries. In 2200 BC Babylon used the code of Hammurabi for standardized laws and punishments; in 27 BC Augustus created the Roman system of Vigiles; in 1285 the watch-and-word system was created by the Statute of Winchester in England; in 1748 London formed the Bow Street Runners. Despite London possessing more than 400 police officers in the early 1800s they still had no centrally organized system for law enforcement. One man set out to change this flaw in the system, Sir Robert Peel. He devoted his life to developing a police force, which would provide services and safety for communities and their citizens throughout the world. Through his dedication and hard work of creating the London Metropolitan Police, he was dubbed the “father” of Modern policing. Sir Robert Peel accomplished all this while serving as the Home Secretary of England. Parliament was hesitant at first, but later passed the Metropolitan Police Act in 1829. This ACT provided funds for a 1,000 police officer force to be controlled by strict rules of conduct and discipline. Sir Robert Peel believed that “the police are people and the people are the police,” and in order for crime prevention to be successful it must keep crime from becoming intrusive to the people and their communities. Sir Robert Peel created this list of principles for policing. 1. The...
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...Arbitration as a mechanism for resolving disputes has an ancient history stretching back thousands of years and was primarily based upon the principles of fairness and common sense. The origins of arbitration go back to dispute settlements in Roman law, Asia and Greece and Aristotle is reported to say an arbitrator goes to the equity of the case but a judge decides strictly with the rule of law. Philip the Second, the father of Alexander the Great, was an arbitrator who used this method to settle territorial disputes with the Southern States of Greece dated to be around 337 BC In England the use of arbitration is older than the common law system upon which English law is based and was a functioning process in use to settle commercial disputes between merchants on market days in the Middle Ages. The Guilds of London and the “The Great Twelve Livery Companies” that date back to the 14th century demonstrated that this practice was of a great importance to resolve many disagreements that were brought within their halls. The English Courts did however perceive arbitration as a competitor to their authority and in particular as a disruption to the revenue that flowed into them as Judges were paid on the number of cases that they had to deal with. The Courts were also suspicious as to the standards being applied in these arbitrations at that time. It was not until the 20th Century that the courts began to recognise the decisions of arbitrators and the close control by the courts...
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...Law Enforcement Agencies and Systems Law Enforcement Agencies and Systems Law enforcement agencies and systems have shown consistent changes over the centuries and is evolving over time. Even though “modern policing in the U.S. is still based on the nineteenth-century British model of the Metropolitan Police of London, a tremendous amount of specialization has evolved in today’s sphere of policing, especially among federal, state, and local agencies” (Peak, 2015, p.277). In this assignment, I will discuss similarities and differences between the modern law enforcement agencies and systems in the northeast, southeast, and western regions; as well as the urban and rural areas. Northeast, southeast, and western regions The criminal justice agencies over time were developed to respond locally to each regions particular social problems. In earlier times, a place such as New England, who had a sheriff that provided law enforcement, was an unskilled worker who was appointed the job (Conser, 2005). This was due to the lack of social problems because it was the norm to be obedient to authority figures and containing public order was not an issue. Churches and families; as well as the community, was all that was necessary I order to maintain social order and “there was little need for the formal agencies of social control that we know today” (Conser, 2005, p.53). Pennsylvania was also similar with New England with their religious beliefs and influences...
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...last two hundred years, most societies relied on individual citizens and communities to ensure that laws were upheld and criminals were apprehended (Grant and Terry, 2012).” After many years, societies and communities upheld this responsibility and implemented effective ways to enforce the law and maintain order. This is where law enforcement was originated after the Code of Hammurabi took place and soon England formed law enforcements based on individuals and tribal justice. After the collapse of the England law enforcement, in the early nineteenth century Sir Robert Peel became an important person on having an impact on American policing which has been used until this day. Sir Robert Peel served as Home Secretary in 1828 in which he wanted to set law enforcement in the city which later would be London Metropolitan Police. He served in “Ireland for many years and successfully organized the Royal Irish Constabulary, Peel was keen to reform the way in which law was enforce in England and create a new police force for the city of London (Grant and Terry, 2012).” By 1829, parliament passed the London Metropolitan Act in which it provided funds for establishing 1,000 police officer force and strict standards of discipline and conduct. Peel created three core elements in modern policing which involved mission, strategy and organization of the structure. The mission of Peel’s new structure was crime prevention. He wanted to prevent crime and respond to the after fact of the result...
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...political, or military police acting as the law. Policing was unstable and unorganized. Citizens took the law into their own hands and served as judge, jury, and executioner. There was not such a thing as being “innocent until proven guilty.” If the community believed an individual was guilty of a crime then the community would handle the offense themselves. American policing stems from the English heritage; crime prevention and control, preventive patrol, and the quasi-military organizational method became the policing structure. The English colonists brought a criminal justice system as part of their cultural baggage (Walker & Katz, 2008, p. 24). In addition, American policing also used other features from the British system. A member of England’s elite social and political class fought to improve the structure of the law enforcement for more than 30 years. History expresses itself and acknowledges this member as the “father” of modern policing, otherwise known as Sir Robert Peel (Walker & Katz, 2008, p. 25). After the collapse of the England law enforcement in the early nineteenth century, Sir Robert Peel took a stand to control order and organization in the law enforcement system. He fought for many years for this and finally convinced the English Parliament to create the London Metropolitan Police in 1829. The officers became known as “Bobbies” in honor of Sir Robert Peel. The London Police Department set in motion three new elements that became the structure for modern...
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...Being within law enforcement would be dangerous, but every situation is new and different. According to policelink.monster, “Back in the 1400’s a law was set forth in England that a man was allowed to beat his wife with a stick no thicker than his thumb.” It’s hard to believe that men were allowed to do that, but the public perspective on situations like this was that men could hit/hurt women, even if it was not right. Today that would be against the law and is considered abuse by law enforcement. Corresponding to the same website, police dogs could also be sworn in, wear protective vests, badges, and have an I.D. From the free dictionary, being sworn in means “To be bound by taking an oath.” Whenever you would like to be sworn in you need...
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...or system is fully traced back in England. For example the first modern police force in the United States came from those establish in England. Also, America law enforcement agencies adopted the mission of crime prevention and control the strategy of preventive patrol and quasi-military organization design of the first modern police department established in London. Also one of the major contributions of England police system to the American police system is the acts or the traditions that police have some basic limitation on their authorities. For example, (walker-1999), the protection of citizens or individual liberties was vitally taken into account in both America and England. 2. More-over, the following police officers has contributed to the police work force, namely Sir Robert peel, O.W Wilson, William parker, lee P. Brown and William Bratton. Their knowledge and technical know brought a massive fame to the police work force. For instance, O.W Wilson did encourage a professional police divorce from politics, and also emphasis on the uses of the latest technological innovation available for law enforcement. For example the uses of police cars, radio system and computerized recordkeeping. He also aimed in organizing police around planning, activating and controlling because these are the basic tools that binned or bring together an organization. Also, with the help of some these police officers helped established probationary period for new officers. Also implantation of scientific...
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...1. Introduction 1.1 Overview of Environmental Legislative and Regulatory Policy for England and Wales The Environmental Protection Act 1990 provisions was adopted in England and Wales to react the pollution control act of 1974, the aim of this legislation is for an improved integrated approach to pollution control which include authorizations, enforcement, publicity, and provisions of offences. Part I covers the integrated pollution control and air pollution by local authorizes; part II covers waste on land, harmful depositing, treatment, disposal, duty of care, waste management plans, special waste hazardous and non control waste; Part IIA covers contaminated lands; part III covers statutory nuisance and clean air; Part IV covers litter; part V covers the amendment of the radioactive substance act of 1960; part VI covers genetically modified organisms and part VII covers the nature conservation(Paul,2008a). Pollution Prevention and Control Act 1999 provisions was adopted in England and Wales this legislation is aim to implement the council directive 96/61/EC on integrated pollution prevention and control (IPPC) requiring EU member states to introduce regime for prevention, reduction and control of emissions and other activities that are capable of causing any environmental pollution in the region. Under the PPC regulations there are three distinct regimes which include part A(1) covers installations for sites regarded as potentially more polluting and emission to air...
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...was to come and deter individuals from any illegal or forbidden activity. Policing began in the early 1200’s, when Britain established a “watch” system that relied on citizens, or a posse, responsible for monitoring the community. England established the Watch and Ward police system, and as time passed, responsibilities and jurisdictions spread as cities formed and the population rose. Police departments were formed, police officers were hired, and were then held accountable and in charge of policing their own cities and towns. Before centralized law enforcement was established, citizens were all in all responsible for keeping the peace among themselves. The vision slowly moved to America, when in 1625, the he first law-enforcement officer began to patrol New York City. They were in charge of keeping the peace, settling minor disputes, and warning colonists if fires broke out at night (“Policeone.com”, 2011). The Metropolitan Police Act of 1829, introduced by Sir Robert Peel, served as the model for modern urban police departments throughout England and not only established the Metropolitan Police of London by replacing the previously disorganized system of parish constables and watchmen, it assisted in the creation of the American law enforcement and policing (Grant & Terry, pp. 29-30, 2012). Crime prevention was Peel’s number one priority and we continue to follow his vision of effective policing. The relationship between the government and policing impacts the criminal justice...
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...States Law Enforcement United States Law Enforcement Elsie Farias CJA/204 Introduction to Criminal Justice Professor William McCauley University of Phoenix November 9, 2011 United States Law Enforcement Police agencies, the field of law enforcement, were developed as the embodiment of the laws created by society, government, being physically enforced. The objective behind these agencies is to protect individual and community rights as well as reduce the civil disorder. In the U.S. alone, there are thousands and thousands of law enforcement agencies ranging from local, state and federal levels. Each agency’s jurisdiction that is”the extent or range of judicial law enforcement or other authority…” (Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary of Law, 2001), is set forth by laws including procedural law which is defined by the United States Supreme Court. As of September 11, 2001, the framework for all the police agencies was altered completely by the development of the United States Department of Homeland Security. The jurisdiction at all levels of law enforcement was restricted as well as the application of services. The American Law Enforcement system, that is, uniformed police officers responding to calls and investigating possible crimes, was developed hundreds and hundreds of years ago in England. At the time, the goal was to prevent crime by using constant patrols of the community. In the United States, the first police agency was established in the 1840’s in New York...
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...Law Enforcement April, 23- 2012 University of Phoenix CJA/204 Mr. Mosely Law enforcement began many years ago, around the year A.D 1200. Even though the laws were not what they are now, many people still tried to punish criminals the only way they knew how. There are three major legislative and judicial jurisdictions in the United States, federal, state, and local. These division are divided to work in different departments to reduce criminal activity. The Department of Homeland Security, is a “cabinet department of the United States federal government.” Its main duty is to protect the United States of America from terrorist attacks. Law enforcement began in England around the year A.D. 1200, their main purpose was to capture habitual thieves and bandits. A person who committed an offense and was not identified, he or she was usually chased by an organized posse. All victims were obligated to join the posse, to help apprehend the offender. The development of law enforcement in English cities and towns grew out of an early reliance on bailiffs or watchmen. Bailiffs were assigned the task of maintaining a night watch, primarily to detect fires and spot thieves. In the early eighteenth century, Jonathan WIld ran an organization built around a group of organized robbers, thieves, and burglars. Wild would negotiate with the owners for ransom of their possessions. Henry Fielding became a “magistrate of the Bow Street region of London.” Fielding then put...
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...institutions from Great Britain. American law enforcement is no exception. British policing can be traced back to before the Norman Conquest of England in 1066. The first Europeans who landed on our shores, found a strange and wondrous new land, inhabited by strange and wondrous people. The newcomers had all they could do to establish themselves and to protect themselves from those who did not wish to share their land. Thus, policing was the responsibility of all able-bodied men, and, of course, young boys as well. After "things" got fairly well settled the job of maintaining order in the new colonies was given to Justices of the Peace, and one might see "culprits" in pillories or stocks, paying their debt to society. But, as colonies changed into towns and towns into cities, the Justice of the Peace system was not enough. It became time for an organized, and paid, police force. In 1636 the city of Boston established Night Watch, which idea worked reasonably well as long as the area remained a rural and agrarian one. New York City established the Shout and Rattle Watch in 1651, but, by 1705 Philadelphia found it necessary to divide the city into ten patrol areas. In the almost 100 years between the Revolutionary and Civil Wars, the more than rapid growth of population and industrialization in America mandated the development of municipal police departments. In 1833, Philadelphia organized an independent, 24 hour a day, police force. In 1844, New York City had two police forces;...
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...Indeed, Operation Cashweb initiated in 1984 in the Dade County resulted in the detention of eight individuals in South Florida and around 40 additional suspects nationwide, according to the FBI, which infiltrated the three main cocaine and money-laundering families from Columbia. Furthermore, $21.5 million of the approximated $200 million seized, laundered through undercover companies in Miami, New Haven, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago, Detroit, Newark and New York City (Krause,...
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...the United States was the model brought over from England by the early English settlers. Many of the names used for various positions in the law enforcement world were taken from this English policing structure. Through trial and error, and adjustments made because of public demands the current modern day policing model has created. Police models have always been a reflection of the people it represents or the people that control the government. In a democratic nation the power comes from the people therefore the United States policing model is a direct reflection of the people of the United States. Watch and Ward The English settlers brought with them a system of policing referred to as the watch and ward system. This system was generally not a complicated one because it relied on the citizens themselves to regulate each other and keep their behaviors within the community’s norms. It did not work well inside of communities that were multicultural because the different cultures may not share the same norms. In this policing system there was no formal training and there were no paid employees performing a function. Since there were paid employees there were no such thing investigators, therefore there were no investigations. The watch and ward system was driven by the civic duties and moral obligations of the people to keep the community a safe place to live. Sir Robert Peel Sir Robert Peel was a man born in England on February 5, 1788. He was responsible for the...
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...justice system has many components that make up it system law enforcement agencies ,correction and courts all play the role and act together in trying to maintain the most respectable and functional CJS or criminal justice system. A system where each uses their own judgments on how to play their role. the period from 1840 to 1920 is called the political era because of the close ties that were formed between the police and local political leaders at that time . In many cities, the police seemed to work for the mayor's political party rather than for the citizens . This relationship served both groups in that political " machines "recruited and maintained the police while the police helped the machine leaders get out the vote for favored candidates. Ranks in the police force were often for sale to the highest bidder, and many officers took payoffs for not enforcing laws on drinking , gambling, and prostitution. In The United State, as England the growth of cities led to pressure to modernize law enforcement. Around 1840 the large cities began to create police forces. In 1845 New York City establish the first full-time ,paid police force. Boston and Philadelphia were the first to add a daytime police force to supplement the night watchmen; other cities Chicago, Cincinnati, New Orleans quickly followed. By 1850 , most major cities had created police departments organized on the English model. Todays law enforcement agencies and departments are highly specialized organizations...
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