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Le Rock

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Le rock est une musique ancienne et nouvelle en même temps. Dans ce qui suit, nous allons vous présenter quelques aspects de l’historie de ce genre musical.
Le rock est un genre de musique populaire qui a débuté dans les années 1960. Le genre prend ses racines dans le rock 'n' roll, le rhythm and blues, la country des années 1940 et 1950 ainsi que dans la folk music, le jazz et la musique classique.
Il est caractérisé par une mélodie vocale dominante, souvent accompagnée par une (ou plusieurs) guitare électrique, une guitare basse et une batterie, mais peut également être accompagné de synthétiseurs/piano, de cuivres ou d'autres instruments.
Pendant la fin des années 1960 et le début des années 1970s, le rock a développé plusieurs sous-genres. Il a été mélangé avec la musique folk, (ce qui donna le folk rock), avec du blues (blues rock) et avec du jazz (jazz-rock fusion). Dans les années 1970, le rock fut influencé par la soul, le funk, et la musique latine.
Egalement pendant les années 1970, le rock développa beaucoup de sous-genres comme le soft rock, glam rock, heavy metal, hard rock, progressive rock, et punk rock. Parmi les sous-genres du rock ayant émérgé pendant les années 1980 il y a la new wave, le hardcore punk et le rock alternatif. Pendant les années 1990, les nouveaux sous-genres du rock incluent le grunge, le Britpop, l'indie rock, et le nu metal.
Un groupe de musiciens spécialisés dans le rock est appelé un groupe de rock. La plupart des groupes de rock sont composés d'un guitariste éléctrique, d'un chanteur principal, d'un bassiste et d'un batteur, ce qui forme un quartet. Certains groupes omettent un ou plusieurs de ces rôles ou comprennent un chanteur jouant un instrument en même tant qu'il chante, formant ainsi un trio ou duo; d'autres comprennent des musiciens supplémentaires comme comme un ou deux guitariste rythmique, ou un clavieriste. Plus rarement, des groupes utilisent également des instruments à cordes comme des violons ou des violoncelles, des instruments à vent comme un saxophone, des cuivres ou des instruments tels que des trompettes ou des trombones.
Plus récemment, le terme rock a été utilisé comme un terme générique incluant des formes comme la pop music, la soul music, et parfois même le hip hop, avec qui il est souvent opposé.
Le rock est devenu une véritable "philosophie" avec sa dominance culturelle, du cinéma aux bandes dessinées en passant par la mode vestimentaire.
Le punk rock est un genre musical dérivé du rock, apparu au milieu des années 1970, associé au mouvement punk de cette même époque. Précédé par une variété de musique protopunk des années 1960 et du début des années 1970, le punk rock se développe surtout entre 1974 et 1976 aux États-Unis, au Royaume-Uni et en Australie. Des groupes comme les Ramones, les Sex Pistols, et The Clash sont reconnus comme les pionniers d'un nouveau mouvement musical.
Les groupes de punk rock, s'opposant à la lourdeur qu'ils jugent excessive et à l'institutionnalisation du rock populaire des années 1970, créent une musique rapide et rude, généralement servie par des chansons de courte durée, une instrumentation simplifiée et des paroles souvent chargées de messages politiques ou nihilistes. Le mouvement punk, associé au genre, exprime une rébellion jeune et est caractérisé par des styles vestimentaires distinctifs, une variété d'idéologies anti-autoritaires et une attitude do it yourself (« Faites-le vous-même »). Le punk rock est rapidement devenu un phénomène culturel majeur au Royaume-Uni. En majorité, les racines du punk se trouvent dans des scènes locales qui ont eu tendance à rejeter toute connexion avec les courants musicaux dominants. Pendant les années 1980, des styles encore plus rapides et agressifs, tels que le punk hardcore et la Oi!, ont évolué et sont devenus une composante importante du paysage punk. Des musiciens s'identifiant ou s'inspirant du punk rock lui ont permis de s'élargir et se diversifier. Ces pratiques ont notamment donné naissance au mouvement rock alternatif. À partir du milieu des années 1990, de nouveaux groupes de pop punk comme Green Day (dans le image) ou The Offspring offrent au genre une nouvelle popularité plusieurs décennies après son émergence, précédant une nouvelle vague dans les années 2000 avec l'ascension de groupes plus pop punk comme Sum 41 et Blink-182. Le rock alternatif est un genre de rock qui émergea de la scène underground des années 1980 et qui devint largement populaire dans les années 1990. Le terme « alternatif » a été utilisé dans les années 1980 pour décrire les groupes inspirés du punk rock signés à des labels indépendants et qui ne rentraient pas dans les genres du grand public de l'époque. En tant que genre musical, le rock alternatif inclut divers sous-genres qui émergèrent de la scène indépendante des années 1980, comme le grunge, la britpop, le rock gothique, et le rock indépendant. Ces genres ont tous subi l'influence éthique ou musicale du punk, fondatrice pour la musique alternative des années 1970.
Bien que le genre soit considéré comme un variante du rock, quelques uns de ses sous-genres sont influencés par la musique folklorique, le reggae, la musique électronique, et le jazz parmi d'autres genres. Par moments, le rock alternatif a été utilisé pour décrire l'ensemble des artistes underground des années 1980, toute la musique descendante du punk rock (dont le punk rock lui-même, la new wave, et le post-punk), et, paradoxalement, le rock en général pendant les années 1990 et les années 2000.
Bien que quelques artistes comme les Pixies, R.E.M. et The Cure aient connu un succès commercial et une reconnaissance du grand public, beaucoup d'artistes du rock alternatif des années 1980 étaient des groupes underground qui enregistraient leur musique sur des labels indépendants et qui se faisaient connaître grâce aux stations de radio d'universités et au bouche à oreille. Avec le succès de Nirvana et la popularité des mouvements grunge et britpop au début des années 1990, le rock alternatif connut un grand succès commercial et de nombreux groupes alternatifs connurent à leur tour un succès international et commercial.
Le rock indépendant, souvent abrégé en rock indé (indie rock ou indie en anglais), est une classification musicale apparue à la fin des années 1970 au Royaume-Uni comme résultat du bouleversement occasionné par l'émergence du mouvement punk. Le terme s'est rapidement diffusé dans le monde entier pour désigner le rock distribué indépendamment des majors du disque et qui reste opposé aux courants dominants du rock.
La classification n'est donc pas purement musicale mais désigne à l'origine des disques (et non des groupes) publiés par de « petits » labels. Nombre de groupes sont ainsi qualifiés (étymologiquement à tort) de « rock indé » alors qu'ils publient leurs albums chez des majors. Par extension cependant la catégorie « indé » est aujourd'hui davantage utilisée pour qualifier un courant relativement étendu, une esthétique de la musique rock, qu'en fonction du statut contractuel des groupes. Une constante des groupes de rock indé est leur allégeance envers les valeurs de l'underground, de la contre-culture et la recherche d'un rock authentique, éloigné des standards commerciaux.
Les expressions « rock indépendant » et « rock alternatif » ont été employées indifféremment jusqu'au début des années 1990, moment où le sens du deuxième s'est considérablement élargi pour finir par englober une part importante de la production musicale rock, le premier conservant son sens originel, plus restreint mais s'ouvrant peu à peu à des mouvances plus expérimentales et, de manière contradictoire, de moins en moins rock. Ainsi de nos jours, s'il est d'une part habituel de considérer le rock indépendant comme un sous-genre du rock alternatif, d'autre part, avec l'émergence de mouvements apparentés comme le post-rock par exemple, il est également de plus en plus fréquent de le représenter comme une mouvance dépassant la seule sphère musicale du rock pour tendre vers le hip hop, la musique électronique ou le hardcore par exemple ; on parlera ainsi de plus en plus de « musiques indépendantes ».

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