Element: Lead
Symbol: Pb
Latin Name: Plumbum
Atomic Number: 82
Group: 14
Period: 6
Electronic Configuration: * 1s2 2s2p6 3s2p6d10 4s2p6d10f14 5s2p6d10 6s2p2
Electrons per Energy Level: 2,8,18,32,18,4
Shell model:

Properties Of Lead (Pb)

Chemical Properties of Lead * Electrochemical Equivalent: 3.865g/amp-hr * Electron Work Function: 4.25eV * Electronegativity: 2.33 (Pauling); 1.55 (Allrod Rochow) * Heat of Fusion: 4.799kJ/mol * Incompatibilities:
Strong oxidizers, hydrogen peroxide, acids * Ionization Potential * First: 7.416 * Second: 15.028 * Third: 31.943 * Valence Electron Potential (-eV): 24.2
Physical Properties of Lead * Atomic Mass Average: 207.2 * Boiling Point: 2013K 1740°C 3164°F * Coefficient of lineal thermal expansion/K-1: 29.1E-6 * Conductivity
Electrical: 0.0481 106/cm Ω
Thermal: 0.353 W/cmK * Density: 11.35g/cc @ 300K * Description:
A very soft bluish-white metal that tarnishes in moist air. * Elastic Modulus: * Bulk: 46/GPa * Rigidity: 5.6/GPa * Youngs: 16/GPa * Enthalpy of Atomization: 194.6 kJ/mole @ 25°C * Enthalpy of Fusion: 4.77 kJ/mole * Enthalpy of Vaporization: 179.4 kJ/mole * Flammablity Class: Non-combustible solid (except as dust) * Freezing Point: see melting point * Hardness Scale * Brinell: 38.3 MN m-2 * Mohs: 1.5 * Heat of Vaporization: 177.7kJ/mol * Melting Point: 600.75K 327.6°C 621.7°F * Molar Volume: 18.27 cm3/mole * Physical State (at 20°C & 1atm): Solid * Specific Heat: 0.13J/gK * Vapor Pressure = 4.21E-07Pa@327.6°C

Crystal Structure: Cubic face centered

Uses of lead
Used in solder, shielding against radiation, in batteries and ammunition. Still used in gasoline in some areas of the world, but this use is being phased out.

Additional Notes:
Lead is extremely toxic, but its effects are accumulative and most often develop after extended exposure. Lead affects the nervous system, causing mental retardation or other nervous disorders. It also affects other organs of the body. People suffering from lead poisoning may exhibit weakness, general disability, nervous disorders and eventual death. Children are most susceptable, partly because they have rapid motabolism and are small and partly because of their habits. They chew on things that might contain lead paint and play on floors and ground that might be contaminated, often putting their fingers in their mouth.
A classic example of lead poisoning occurred in the early 1900's, but the cause of death was only recently determined. A large number of explorer families traveled to Alaska. The guide who escorted them contacted many different suppliers for provisions. He got a really good deal on canned food that he couldn't refuse. They set out on their journey and were never heard from again. Searchers never found any survivors. Years later someone decided to find out what happened. Bodies were found along with provisions. As it turned out, the cans had been sealed with lead solder. All of the human remains were wery high in lead content. They had, in fact, all died of lead poisoning.

Who / Where / When / How * Discoverer: Known to ancient civilization * Discovery Location: Unknown * Discovery Year: Unknown * Name Origin:
Latin: plumbum; Anglo-Saxon: lead * Abundance of Lead: * Earth's Crust/p.p.m.: 14 * Seawater/p.p.m.: * Atlantic Suface: 0.00003 * Atlantic Deep: 0.000004 * Pacific Surface: 0.00001 * Pacific Deep: 0.000001 * Atmosphere/p.p.m.: N/A * Sun (Relative to H=1E12): 85.1