...Learning and Cognition Lakeisha Jordan PSY/390 November 30, 2012 Ross Seligman Learning and Cognition Growing up there was always the phrase, “You learn something new every day.” Through learning more about psychology, this will deem to be true. Learning starts in the womb, being able to recognize their parent’s voices, and noises in the outside world. Learning is to gain knowledge, comprehension, or mastery through experience or study. Learning will lead to a change in behavior, in other words, the results of learning must always be translated into observable behavior. After learning, learners are capable of doing something that they could not do before the learning took place (Olson M. H. & Hergenhahn, B. R. 2009). To study learning, behavior is required or there is no way for it to take place. Behavior is changed through conditioning, and there are two types of conditioning mentioned in this paper. Classical Conditioning was discovered by Pavlov during the 1890s, and it was discovered by accident with him doing something as simple as feeding his dogs. Another type of learning is through Operant Conditioning, discovered by B. F. Skinner. This conditioning is described as the behavior being followed by a consequence, and it occurs through the tendency to repeat the behavior. Classical Conditioning is the type of learning introduced by Ivan Pavlov. To summarize...
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...Learning and Cognition Spencer Surjue-Bowens Psych390 Prof. Gayle Ball October 10, 2012 Throughout history there have been many theories on the different styles of how people learn and retain information. There have also been different speculations on how these different learning styles pertain to certain types of behavior. Although this has been a strenuous taskresearchers have been able to conclude some theories by correlating learning to behavior. There are many variables to consider when discussing learning and cognition. According to Bietz (2010) “Learning is often defined as a relatively lasting change in behavior that is the result of experience. Learning became a major focus of study in psychology during the early part of the twentieth century as behaviorism rose to become a major school of thought. Today, learning remains an important concept in numerous areas of psychology, including cognitive, educational, social, and developmental psychology.” People normally link learning with the different experience that occur in life. Most can relate what they learned to a certain emotion that presented itself at that time. Behavior is at the core of psychology; it is behavior that we study,analyze and experiment to understand the psychology of any person (Changani, 2011). There are numerous behavior types and most behaviors are a series of learned conditions that one experienced. Behavior plays a considerable role in learning because it is through one’s behavior that...
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...Learning and Cognition Mellissa Trevino PSY/390 February 12, 2013 Laura Mueller, Psy.D. Learning and Cognition People acquire knowledge, skills and behaviors through learning and process information acquired via the methodology of cognition; mental functions and processes. Cognition helps process information acquired using different parts of the brain (Snowling & Humle, 2009). This makes it easy for the learner to understand what he has learned and demonstrate it by displaying various behaviors. For example, students learn how to perform scientific experiments through observation (Snowling & Humle, 2009). Cognitive views of learning tend to see the learner as socially interactive, and influenced by mediating influences such as perceptions, expectations, motives, and feelings. The learner is intrinsically motivated to make sense of their environment and views the world qualitatively and quantitatively differently at each stage of cognitive development. For example, a teenager may learn how to balance a checkbook by watching her parents but will not practice that behavior until she gets her own checking account. Learning is a term associated with behaviorism whereas cognition emphasis on the nature of the mental representation and the mental encoding and retrieval processes involved. Humans have the capacity to learn whereas learning is the process for cognition. Most human behavior is learned; therefore, understanding the main reasons as to how we learn may give...
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...Learning and Cognition Understanding the learning process and the role behavior plays is critical to comprehending human behavior. There are two types of learning, instrumental and classical conditioning. The relationship between learning and cognition is interdependent. Learning is defined by Merriam-Webster as knowledge or skill acquired by instruction, study, or by being taught (An Encyclopedia Britannica Company, 2012). Psychologists view learning as changes in behavior. The changes are observable, somewhat permanent, do not always happen right away, are a result of experience or practice, and must be enforced. Scientists have not found a way to observe and measure learning through neurological processes. Therefore, behavior plays a unique role in the learning process. Behaviors are easily observed, measured, and tracked. By doing so, theorists are able to draw conclusions, or make inferences, about the processes believed to be the catalyst to behavioral changes (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). B.F. Skinner had a different theory regarding learning and behavior. Skinner and his followers believed changes in behavior equates to learning. Theorists believe learning is the outcome of experiences or practices that result in changes in behavior. For example, a cat is fed every day after the owner returns home from work. Over time, the cat learns when the car pulls in to the garage, the owner is home and it will soon be fed. Thus the cat runs to greet the owner at...
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...Learning and cognition Christina Huffman-Hansman 390 March 3, 2014 Patty Anstatt Learning and cognition Learning is the result of experience which is portrayed through behavior modification. The potential for behavior modification is the result of an individual’s experiences in their environment. Experience is considered the independent variable upon which experience intervenes and creates a dependent variable, known as behavior (Olson, 2013). This learning can take on many forms in terms of measurable behavior. Behavior is defined as either overt or covert (Olson, 2013). Overt behavior is demonstrated in outward physical changes, such as dribbling a basketball or riding a bike. The covert changes that may occur when learning these activities may be an elevated heart rate or muscle contraction. These actions occur as one is demonstrating behaviors throughout the learning process. Behavior is also considered relatively permanent. The basis of relative permanency is constructed on the individual’s ability to retain information. Some information is not considered useful to the individual and is only retained for a short period of time. Other information, if actively used or studied, may become more permanent, with a higher retention rate. Behavior may also be modified, but not yet demonstrated through an individual’s actions. This type of demonstration is more commonly known as performance. Although an individual has gained the potential to perform a learned ability...
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...Infancy and Early Childhood Development Paper By: Pamela Smith March 8, 2014 PSY 375 Life Span Human Development Introduction While researching this topic I found it to be interesting that there is a controversy about this topic. When Judith Rich Harris published her book in 1998 "The Nurture Assumption" which in the book Harris revels that parents have little to no influence over the long-term development of their child's development. Therefore, developmental psychologist have found themselves on the defense about this topic. Harris believed that the child developed more by the people around them and the surrounding around them outside the home. Her ideas went widespread and gained media attention and therefore the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation sponsored a conference on parentingr." The fruit of this conference is a book, "Parenting and the Child's World: Influences on Academic, Intellectual and Socio emotional Development," to be published next year by Erlbaum. Chapters by Harris and behavioral geneticist David Rowe, PhD, present data to support Harris's view, while a cadre of developmental psychologists detail decades of research that they feel demonstrates the role parents play in influencing children's development" (Azar, pg. 62). Parents do matter, from the way they parent, to the foods they let the children eat, academics, socially, and personality development in a child. ...
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...Prework for LASA 2 In the article by Collins, Kashdan and Gollnisch, talks about the “limitations of paper-and pencil self-monitoring (PM)” (2003, p. 73). One of the techniques for getting data on drinking and the inner mood of someone is known as paper-and-pencil self-monitoring (PM) (Collins, Kashdan, & Gollnisch, 2003). Some of the limitations of this (PM) system are the possibility of false data, and not being able to get accurate background data to understand the behaviors that are trying to be monitored. This method was compared to the cell phone monitoring (CM) to gather data on alcohol use. The research concludes that CM and IVR is a lucrative way to gather self-monitoring data (Collins, Kashdan, & Gollnisch, 2003). The research in this study analysis the difference between passenger’s conversations in a vehicle with the driver and driving while talking on a cell phone. To be safe the research all took place in a driving simulator, while having different driving distractions come up in the simulator. These were broken down into three different levels of driving performance. “First is an operational or control level, second involves skills needed for maneuvering the vehicle in traffic, and the last is more executive, goal-directed aspects of driving” (Drews, Pasupathi, & Strayer, 2008, p. 392). The research indicates that both the cell phone conversations and passenger conversations have their own different impacts on the driver’s ability to drive. The driver’s...
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...Learning and Cognition Paper Michele Fonseca University of Phoenix Learning and Cognition Learning is basically a combination of different experiences in which individual skills like knowledge. When we learn it is a lifelong process this we know for a fact we do only focus on notions that school and training is essential for development. As we know essentially 'cognition' means is 'to know', gaining knowledge through thought or perception. Cognitive learning is about enabling people to learn by using their reason, intuition and perception. This technique is often used to change peoples' behavior. But people's behavior is influenced by many factors such as culture, upbringing, education and motivation. Therefore cognitive learning involves understanding how these factors influence behavior and then using this information to develop learning programs. Learning through experience can come in many forms not always as noticeable as others. For example, students in an academic setting have different learning styles. This specific type of learning ability could allow students to absorb information in a classroom setting effortlessly. This type of learning is more of a passive ability, rather than something that requires effort to accomplish. This type of student could be learning although not paying any attention what so ever in a classroom. This type of learning also can be accomplished outside of a classroom setting within society passively (Advanogy...
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...Learning and Cognition Paper Introduction In today’s society the source of learning may come from several outlets, such as the television, the internet, or a magazine. Believe it or not we all learn something every day, whether we know it or not. Although most of us learn from our own experiences and some of us learned from watching other people's experiences as well. Since birth we all have been able to do things naturally and perform certain actions on our own, meaning we exhibit a great deal of behaviors. Though in the paradigm of learning, in the jurisdiction of psychology, is best described as, “Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior or in behavioral potentiality that results from experience and cannot be attributed to temporary body states such as those induced by illness, fatigue, or drugs” (Olson and Hergenhahn, 2009). Nevertheless, a whole understanding of the contrivance of learning, as it relates to psychology in todays society is mostly established on the sympathetic of the unambiguous role that behavior plays in learning today. Learning and Behavior When a person is learning a new activity they are progressing information by using existing knowledge in which they learn throughout their life. Learning is the ability to progress new information by altering existing, values, behaviors, preferences, skills, knowledge, and includes producing different categories of information (Cherry, 2009). According to Gregory A. Kimble “learning as a relatively...
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...Learning and Cognition Paper Salma El Gharabawy PSY 390 University of Phoenix Everyday, people tend to learn something new in their lives; whether through watching other people or through their own experiences, people learn. We all “know” things, and naturally perform a lot of actions, meaning we exhibit in a lot of behaviors. Ever stop to think where all of this came from? Some are innate, while others are only acquired actively; therefore, any knowledge or behavior that we have now and were NOT born with, was one way or the other, “learned”. Learning is an integral part of all living things’ lives; some certain behaviors we are born with, innate (genetically predisposed at birth or maybe even during conception) such as certain reflexes and some specific species behaviors; while others are only gained through learning. Learning, in the field of psychology has been best described as “ . . . .a relatively permanent change in behavior or in behavioral potentiality that results from experience and cannot be attributed to temporary body states such as those induced by illness, fatigue, or drugs” (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2005). That said, in order to get a complete understanding of the mechanism of learning, in regards to the psychology field, it is really important for a person to first understand the specific role that is played by behavior, in learning, the different types of learning as well as the relationship between the two; learning and cognition. Needless to say...
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...Learning and Cognition Michelle Snare-Otto PSY/390 April 30, 2012 Robert Hicks Learning and Cognition Learning is considered taking in something that we did not already know. Behavior changes are related to learning. When we learn our behavior tends to change so that we may take in the materials that we are learning. Not all learning is done through conditioning. Learning can be observational, listening to instructions, or imitating a behavior. Cognitive learning is considered an influential method that provides us with the information that we need to have to learn new data. This essay will take a look at all the aspects related to cognition and learning and how behavior is affected. Definition of Learning According to Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009, learning is a significant topic within this present day by psychologists. Learning is an exceptionally difficult idea to define. Learning can be defined as gaining the knowledge, mastery, or the comprehension of experience or information. Some psychologist do not particularly care for this definition and see learning as referring to changes in observable behaviors (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). A popular definition of learning was suggested by Gregory A. Kimble as learning being a permanent change in behavior that would occur as a result of reinforced practice (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). Learning allows for individuals to do something that they could not do before learning took place. Role Behavior Plays Learning ...
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...Learning and Cognition Paper Jan George PSY/390 University of Phoenix Learning and Cognition Paper Learning is a basic function for all the living. Humans were born with certain behaviors such as innate (general influence at birth) as a result specific unlearned and some particular types conduct; while some obtain from learning. Learning, in the area of psychology is the most suitable in a human beings conduct likely the reaction from skills and cannot be attributed to temporary body states such as those induced by illness, fatigue, or drugs For that purpose, of getting a complete comprehension of the process of learning, in the view of the psychology field, it is really powerful for a person to first comprehend the specific role that takes part in by the behavior, of a person and also when understanding, the unusual parts of learning as well as the relationship between the two; learning and cognition (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2005). Definition of learning and the role behavior play in learning Learning is influential form of conduct and alters information that come to light and many procedure are developed, but can be used for motor expertness, to cognitive skills, such as education, and to viewpoints and benefits, such as preconception. As result verification is mentally disturbed indication and structures of cognitive disorders are also acquire conduct Behavior plays a major role in consideration to learning and people comprehend more concerning it, but to be able to understand...
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...Learning Anna Parks PSY/390 8-29-14 Professor Pavone Learning Learning is one of the most important and studied aspects in modern psychology. In order for one to understand learning, one must also understand behavior. Theorists use classical and instrumental conditioning to explain the changes in behavior. Learning and cognition are intertwined and both need to be present to understand learning. With a proper understanding of behavior and cognition, one can understand learning. Learning is most commonly defined as gaining knowledge, comprehension, or mastery through experience or study (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). However, psychologists prefer a different definition. In psychology, learning is defined as the “relatively permanent change in behavior that is brought about by experience” (McGraw Hill, 2011, p. 112). This change in behavior cannot occur because of illness, injury, maturation, or chemical substances. Psychology is a behavioral science; therefore an observable and measurable subject is required. In psychology, the subject studied is behavior. Researchers make inferences regarding the learning process based upon the observable behavior. Researchers study what is expressed through behavior, however, behavior may not always be from learning. B.F. Skinner believed that behavioral changes were learning whereas other theorists believed that behavioral changes were the result of teaching (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). Except for Skinner and his followers, theorists...
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...TEXTBOOK AND INTERNET SOURCE: ITS IMPACT ON RETENTION AND COMPREHENSION OF SELECTED NURSING STUDENTS COGNITION IN ILIGAN MEDICAL CENTER COLLEGE A Thesis Presented to: The Faculty of College of Nursing, Midwifery and Health Aide Iligan Medical Center College, Inc. Iligan City In partial fulfilment Of the Requirements For the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing Madula, Charisse Anne C. Mejia, Malcolm Shannon Q. Miguel, April Ann Marie T. Musa, Joehaira Candice Mustapha, Najiefah P. Petiluna, Adelyn Ramos, QueennieMarel D. Sarmiento, BethuelDaven A. Villiarubia, Rosemarie L. Yongco, Shiela Mae J. Yordan, Mary Grace J 2012 Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE Introduction Nursing students, as we all know are dependent on textbooks rather than internet. We could simply put that nursing students are more practical in terms of study habits. Although, internet have its own advantages such as up-to-date and is faster in giving information, but not all students have internet access at home. We could sum up that using textbooks and internet in studying the lessons has its own advantages and disadvantages. Universally, we could not deny that many institutions depend on textbooks as a way of sharing inputs to individuals. Aside from the fact that it covers the topic in details, they are also in chronological presentation. However, the disadvantages are designed as a sole source of information, an old and out-dated, often being left behind, and it takes...
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...Phoenix Material Attention Worksheet Using the text, Cognition: The Thinking Animal, the University Library, the Internet, and/or other resources, answer the following questions. Your response to each question should be at least 150 words in length. 1. How do you define the concept of attention? Attention occurs when a person is mentally focused on someone or something and channels other distractions out. In my opinion, a person pays attention by active listening and intensively observing. For instance a couple on a date in a crowded restaurant gives one another their undivided attention by keeping eye contact and intently listening to everything the other one says to them. I believe it is imperative to show someone you are giving him or her undivided attention when they are speaking to you and that shows them you respect their thoughts and feelings. Moreover, there are two types of attention, one being divided attention and selective attention. Divided attention occurs when a person tries to multi-task and dividing their attention to more than one person or task. Selective attention occurs when person selects one particular person or thing to focus on and they block everything else surrounding them out. This allows them concentrate on one thing so they can better understand and process the information being conveyed. 2. What is the relationship between attention and cognition? • I believe attention can be allocated to tasks...
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