...INTRODUCTION TO LEARNING Schunk (2012) states, that learning is not just an act, process, or experience of gaining knowledge or skill. The definition of learning for this student is all about acquiring knowledge or developing the ability to perform new behaviors. It is common to think of learning as something that takes place in school but much of human learning occurs outside the classroom, and people continue to learn throughout their lives. Every individual in the world is different and we all learner in different ways and speeds but most importantly it is what we are learning and teaching ourselves that is important. Since this learner is studying Family Psychology, it is not fair to choose just one learning theory. A family is made up of many different individuals, personalities, and behaviors. As a future counselor of these individuals it is imperative that she learn all she can about each theory and how they can relate to her clients. All the theories work together and disprove each other in some way so in choosing a particular theory, functionalism and structuralism will be discussed. Structuralism and functionalism investigate the human mind and use the mind as the subject of every study. They are also both are concerned with the conscious self. While they share some similarities, they also show some variation. Structuralism focuses on “revealing the most basic structures or components of the mind” (Zimbardo, 2006). Functionalism, on the other hand, focuses on mental...
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...Usually, learning is the basis in relation of students and teachers in a classroom. However, with the emergence of online education, virtual classrooms are replacing the long-established classroom setting. Although online learning has many advantages for some students, it can also lead to some difficult challenges. In order for online education to be successful, it is crucial that those challenges are identified and efficiently dealt with. Organizational skills, time management, and effective communication are key elements for a successful online education. Having organizational skills is one of the important keys for online education success. I will use the organizational skills I have learned in my professional career to arrange my work into time intervals that will allow me to complete certain parts that need to be completed at a given time. By using the strategy, the amount of time that I usually waste will decrease. Organizational skills are not limited to time and work; it extends beyond materials and workspace. Working with my newfound organizational skills will also make my work and everyday routine more precise and deliberate; I will be a lot more conscious and sure of what I will be doing later. By having, a schedule I will be more prepared and lessen the tension, and in turn, my daily function will be more efficient. Another key for online education success is effective time management. No matter how one approaches time management, there will always be...
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...include both print and nonprint media that are intended to supplement, rather than replace, actual teaching * Used to assist the teacher to deliver messages clearly and creatively and to help the learner retain more effectively what they learn Choosing instructional materials * Characteristics of the learner – It is important to “know your audience” so media can be chosen that best suit the learners’ perceptual abilities, physical abilities, reading abilities, motivational levels, developmental stages, and learning styles. * Characteristics of the media – A wide variety of media, print and nonprint, are available to enhance your teaching. The tools selected are the form through which the information will be communicated. No single medium is most effective. Therefore, using a multimedia approach is suggested. * Characteristic of the task – The task to be accomplished depends on identifying the complexity of the behaviour and the domains for learning – what the learner needs to know, value, or be able to do. Three major components of instructional materials 1. Delivery system – the physical form of the material and the hardware used to present the material; depends on the size of the audience, how quickly or slowly the information needs to be presented, and the sensory abilities of the audience 2. Content – the actual information that is shared with the learners; the material should give accurate information, should be appropriate for the particular...
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...The Open University (OU) is a prime example of a Higher Education institution which has had the savvy to realise the opportunity afforded through eLearning to target a specific type of learner who does not fit the traditional model of a university student (9). As the leading model of distance learning institution, the OU is well accustomed to educating remote learners and has, through its commercial subsidiary Corous, begun offering “computer based interactive learning and training systems”(25) to organisations looking to train and equip their employees with a number of new skills(25) Despite Professor Lilliard’s assessment, eLearning now plays an integral part in the Open University’s strategy (4) and it is pivotal in their attempts to lure the corporate clients. As far as an individual is concerned, eLearning presents the learner with the opportunity to engage in study without the need to be physically present at his/her institution and as such, is liberated from the need to attend preordained sessions or lectures (23). This emancipation of the learning process means that education is immediately made accessible to those who would otherwise find a fixed time table prohibitive or would otherwise be unable to attend the institution of their choice (26). 6. Limitations and shortcomings of eLearning According to Macpherson, the overwhelming majority of information concerning eLearning gravitates towards its advantages (27), however the author’s experience would suggest otherwise...
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...Critical Reflections on Learning Learning and teaching We would suggest that learning and teaching are two sides of the same coin and our understanding of what it means to be a good teacher (see Critical reflection on teaching) is based in part on what we had to do to become successful learners, so this area of our belief system will provide fruitful material for evaluation and reflection. Williams and Burden express this well: The successful educator must be one who understands the complexities of the teaching-learning process and can draw upon this knowledge to act in ways which empower learners both within and beyond the classroom situation. (Williams and Burden,1997: 5) As a start to reflecting on your teaching, you are asked to reflect on (your own) learning. Take a few moments to: • think about the strategies, techniques and approaches that you personally found helpful (or not) as a learner • consider whether we should assume that others (especially your students) will respond in the same way • analyse distinctive elements of learning in your own subject or discipline Exploring learning We probably all have personal beliefs about how learning happens. Take a few more moments to think about your own learning • Do you consider yourself to be a successful learner of your subject? Why (not?) • Are there any particular strategies or techniques that work(ed) well for you as a learner? • Did you learn your subject...
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...the person will repeat that behaviour in the future as they want the positive attention. Negative reinforcement = maintains a learnt avoidance of a phobia as removal (moving away from the phobia) of the negative emotions and feelings will reinforce the behaviour. Therefore allowing the individual to learn that avoiding situations will reduce the negative emotions. Another example is when people suffer with addictions the removal of the withdrawal symptoms by the drug negatively reinforces the abnormal behaviour. Social Learning Theory as an explanation of abnormality Bandura suggests that if we observe behaviour, are able to recall the details, have the ability to replicate it and the opportunity to, then if we are motivated by reinforcements… we will imitate and repeat it. Children learn from role models within their lives eg. parents, older siblings and teachers.Antisocial behaviour can be explained by Social Learning Theory, if a child observes an aggressive model who is rewarded. This can lead to imitation therefore the child is likely to imitate antisocial behaviours like aggression. Also some phobias develop due to observing how a model responds to a stimulus. If a child observes a model respond in a negative/maladaptive way to a stimulus then it is likely that the child will also imitate that behaviour as they learn to be frightened of that...
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...Strategic Learning Plan Goal 1- Studying: I will increase my study time by 2-3 hours each week. * I will plan out my schedule and see what I need to study for most by seeing when class is and what class I am having a hard time with. Also when test or quizzes for that class is. * For example in Soc 101 I have a quiz on Wednesday. So on Monday and Tuesday in my room I will review the material that will be on the quiz and think of questions that will be on the quiz. I plan on studying for an hour or two from 6-8. I will do this because I want to pass with a good grade. Goal 2- Reading: I will read the material until I can comprehend and learned what I need to know. * While reading I will highlight, underline, and margin write by important facts that will help me when I go back to study. * For example in Soc 101 I have to read two chapter each week for homework. So while reading my textbook I will highlight import facts such as terms and statistics. Also margin write so I summarize that section and makes sense to me. I will do this on Monday at around 6pm and my room, to succeed int his class. Goal 3- Note taking: Just improve note taking techniques * Just write the main idea or key statements not waste time writing everything. * For all classes write what I need to and not worry about unimportant fact or things I already know. This will help improve my grades overall and be a better student. Goal 4- Test taking strategies: Be better prepared for...
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...Evaluation Anna Parks PSY/390 8-18-14 Rita Pavone Evaluation In psychology, habituation refers to learned behavior in ignoring neutral stimuli. Habituation theory holds that when an animal is repeatedly exposed to stimuli that neither hurts nor helps, it stops responding. This lack of response to something that isn't posing a problem means that the animal isn't wasting energy; it's still alert in case danger does occur. Although it's easy to confuse habituation learning with sensory adaptation, the two aren't the same. Behavior is the key in habituation, as the animal may respond to the stimuli in other ways, but one part of the response is stopped. Habituation means that when something doesn't pose a threat to our safety, we get used to it. We learn to just put up with harmless stimuli rather than waste our energy reacting to it. For instance, if a person moves into a home near a railroad track and the vibration can be felt through the floor every time a train goes by, at first he or she may feel like something bad will happen, such as the vibration will cause people in the home to fall or an object to fall and break. Sensation is the process by which our senses gather information and send it to the brain. A large amount of information is being sensed at any one time such as room temperature, brightness of the lights, someone talking, a distant train, or the smell of perfume. With all this information coming into our senses, the majority of our world never gets recognized...
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...LEARNING OBJECTIVES Moses Gerard Shyne CHAPTER 3 1. Explain why nations and companies participate in international trade. Because no national economy produces all the goods and services that its people need. 2. Describe the concepts of absolute and comparative advantage. A nation has an absolute advantage if (1) it’s the only source of a particular product or (2) it can make more of a product using the same amount of or fewer resources than other countries. Because of climate and soil conditions, for example, comparative advantage , which exists when a country can produce a product at a lower opportunity cost compared to another nation 3. Explain how trade between nations is measured. We determine a country’s of trade by subtracting the value of its imports from the value of its exports. If a country sells more products than it buys,it has a favorable balance, called a trade surplus . If it buys more than it sells, it has an unfavorable balance, or a trade deficit 1. Define importing and exporting. Importing involves purchasing products from other countries and reselling them in one’s own. Exporting entails selling products to foreign customers. 2. Explain how companies enter the international market through licensing agreements or franchises. Foreign direct investment (FDI) refers to the formal establishment of business operations on foreign soil. 3. Describe how companies reduce costs through contract manufacturing and outsourcing...
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...Workplace Learning and Learning Theory Within the field of the education system and education research that traditionally has dealt with vocational training and labour market education, radical changes and development have taken place in recent years, and they have also found linguistic expression. On the one hand the focus has shifted from education and teaching to learning and/or competence development. On the other hand the interest in vocational training has moved in the direction of workplace learning or work-based learning, including also work-related learning activities outside of the workplace. The background of these changes is to be found broadly in the international and societal development expressed in terms such as “late modernity”, “globalisation” and “the knowledge society”. It is part of this development that human competence is becoming an increasingly decisive resource and parameter of competition. Additionally, the competence that is needed cannot be established and acquired through education in the more traditional sense – because there is a constant need for change and renewal and because its usability depends on its being linked to a number of personal characteristics such as flexibility, creativity, independence, the ability to cooperate, responsibility, service orientation etc. For this reason learning and competence development are more interesting focus points than education and teaching, and it has become vital to discover the extent to which this...
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...Problem Learning Information The Testing Problem Adult learning theories aid in understanding and analyzing how adults learn, the problems they face, and how to make the process more effective. This issue holds great value for the academic audience because when understood properly, it can help teachers be more efficient in their teaching process and be further receptive and approachable to the requirements of the learners. One of the most widespread ways to assess learning is through testing, however, many theorists question the effectiveness of judging learning by testing because all the learners do is memorize the information and write it down. According to Mezirow, learning isn’t simply a memorization process but is a channel through which students can reflect on various worldly notions and experience some form of enlightenment in their sphere of comprehension (Mezirow, 3-24). Memorization significantly hinders learning as it is only the retention of information for a short period of time and not the actual understanding of it. Freire believes learning should be engaging and should compel you to reflect upon the forces that bind hence ultimately emancipating you from problems (Loyd, 3-20). According to Freire, the more students partake in memorization and tests, the more they will stop to think for themselves and gain that critical awareness. In such a situation, both the learner and the instructor would be at a loss (Loyd, 3-20). Freire and Mezirow talk about about...
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...Mezirow defines learning as "process of using a prior interpretation to construct a new or a revised interpretation of the meaning of one's experience in order to guide future action."(2000, p.5) We use past experiences to change and to get a better understanding of how to cope with situations for our future. When adult learners return to school, they are skeptical in their understanding of what the teacher is expecting them to learn in order to pass their GED test. When adults have not worked in years or living in poverty, a new job may intimidate them. As adults, we have to be to open to change; therefore, being able to understanding how their experiences and deconstructing their thought processes. During Mezirow's transformation learning of early development, critiques leveled against the theory, and various revisions were made. We have to use prior knowledge to gain more knowledge. Adult learners cannot rely on the teachers or employers for all the information needed to successful, but deconstruct using instruction, dialog and self-reflection. Friere argued the consciousness growth, the lowest stage, was intransitive thought. I agree that you can't rely solely on your higher power to achieve everything for you. Some things that one wants to accomplish can be done in the right manner along with the one’s higher power’s assistance. I agree with Friere’s higher level of critical transitivity that one can think globally and critically about the present condition and decide...
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...Your learning styles have more influence than you may realize There are three basic types of learning styles. The three most common are visual, auditory, and kinesthetic. To learn, we depend on our senses to process the information around us. Most people tend to use one of their senses more than the others. Today's lesson will help you determine which of these learning styles you rely on the most. Visual Learner * take numerous detailed notes * tend to sit in the front * are usually neat and clean * often close their eyes to visualize or remember something * find something to watch if they are bored * like to see what they are learning * benefit from illustrations and presentations that use color * are attracted to written or spoken language rich in imagery * prefer stimuli to be isolated from auditory and kinesthetic distraction * find passive surroundings ideal Auditory learners * sit where they can hear but not where they need to pay attention to what is happening in front * may not coordinate colors or clothes, but can explain why they are wearing what they are wearing and why * hum or talk to themselves or others when bored * acquire knowledge by reading aloud * remember by verbalizing lessons to themselves Kinesthetic Learners * need to be active and take frequent breaks * speak with their hands and with gestures * remember what was done, but have difficulty recalling what was said...
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...In my opinion, the profession of nursing that we have all chosen for ourselves is one of lifelong learning. With nursing, as well as many other professions, things are changing continually. In order to keep up with these changes, we must be willing to keep learning and growing as professionals. I believe it is our responsibility as nurses to continue to learn new things in order to provide the best care possible for our patients. According to Eason (2010), “In order to assure patients optimal care, nurses must be well versed in the most accurate and current information in clinical practice. Curiosity and desire to enhance nursing knowledge are essential to skill in practice” (p. 155). According to the American Nurses Association (2010), “Registered nurses as lifelong learners must have available the appropriate and adequate professional development and continuing education opportunities to maintain and advance skills and enhance competencies” (p. 118). I feel it is our responsibility, as well as that of our employers, to promote lifelong learning. Working at Riverside Methodist Hospital, we are provided with a few different options to further our education. There is tuition reimbursement, which I am currently taking advantage of. There is also the Grad Program, which pays for all of your tuition and books, but is much more selective in who is accepted. Furthering our education and keeping ourselves updated with all of the continuing changes of nursing definitely increases...
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...situation. Although they attempt to generalize how people learn and understand, one can see through real world experiences that the information we communicate isn’t always universally understood. During some circumstances studies and actual learning experiences will tend to vary. From my earliest years in the military I’ve always wanted to earn my college degree. I felt that finishing my education would be a personal milestone in my life and that it would better prepare me for the future beyond the military. Although it has taken nearly eight years to complete, a degree in Criminal Justice will certainly be an advantage moving forward. In any type of academic, one must identify different learning styles in order to properly retain the information presented in a course. This will help to prepare for different methods of teaching and how to represent information in a way that will be most effectively understood. According to Felder and Soloman “active learners tend to retain and understand information best by doing something active with it.” (Felder & Soloman, n.d., para. 1) I have always found this to be the best way for me to learn and retain information. Although I have established that this was the best way that I learn, the NC State learning style inventory revealed that I was more of a sensing and visual learner. Furthermore, upon completion of the Penn State inventory I was shown to have characteristics of an auditory and visual learner. When the results were presented...
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