Free Essay

Leather Sector

In:

Submitted By mrforayeji
Words 5127
Pages 21
Submitted by

WWW.ASSIGNMENTPOINT.COM

Footwear is a traditional export item of Bangladesh. Footwear produced from high quality leather in the country enjoys a good reputation worldwide for their quality. The country, however, has a growing success in this sector. The business experts believe that export earnings from the sector could be substantially increased if we use advanced technology to produce high quality footwear. This, however, depends on adoption of appropriate policies on the part of the government and business community to develop the sector. The products must be improved to satisfy the quality requirements demanded by the consumers of the international market especially of the developed world. The low wage rate and poor enforcement of environmental laws and rules have given the country’s footwear sector a comparative advantage in the world market. Moreover, the country enjoys duty exemption under the GSP (Generalized System of Preference) from the most of the importing countries of the developed world. Bangladesh also enjoys a reduction of Tariff and other non-Tariff barriers from WTO (World Trade Organization). While this provide an opportunity for a country like Bangladesh to boost up its export.

1.2 Objectives:

The objectives of this study are as follows:

1.2.1 To know about the environment of selected products sectors- Footwear.

1.2.2 To know about the overall international trade statistics for last 5 years.

1.2.3 To know about the problems and prospects of Footwear Industry.

1.2.4 To know about the barriers and challenges of Footwear sector.

1.2.5 Suggesting strategies to overcome the Barriers and Challenges.

1.3 Methodology:

This study is based on both primary and secondary data/information. Primary Data for this study was gathered by primary data collection method through personal administered questionnaire and telephonic discussion from some industries and secondary data/information was collected from published articles, magazines, different books, internet etc. After assisting a respondent in completing a survey, the data collector would then approach the next available person and resume the screening process. The response rate was very high due to the fact that, the researchers’ pursued all respondents personally and motivate respondents to participate the survey.

1.4 Scope:

This study covers the export opportunities of footwear from Bangladesh in global context along with some suggesting strategies to boost up its export.

1.5 Limitations:

This study has certain limitation that need to be taken into account when considering the recommendations. The main limitation is that we can’t get sufficient statistical data from the export oriented Footwear industry in Bangladesh. There are no fruitful govt. policies to export Footwear in the world market. For this study time is not enough to complete my study.

[pic]

Chapter 2:

Introduction to the Research Proposal

2.1 Footwear Industry in Bangladesh: A Short history

The Footwear Industry in Bangladesh is at its early stage of development. There was no mechanized Footwear Industry in the country until early 1900's and the footwear manufacturing was limited to cottage and family level small factories. The first mechanized industry, Bata Shoe Co. (Bangladesh) Ltd., a multinational enterprise. Followed by Eastern Progressive Shot industries and Bengal Leather which used to produce mainly for domestic supply. Indeed, the shoe industry started featuring in Bangladesh in 1990 with the introduction of encouraging government policy measures of granting fiscal and financial incentives for production of leather footwear in the country for export. There has been a rapid growth in footwear production capacity. Both complete leather shoes and sports shoes manufacturing for export during last decade. There are now about 42 Mechanized and over 4500 non-mechanized small and cottage level units in Bangladesh producing various types of footwear for both domestic market and export. Most of the mechanized units are export oriented.

Footwear Sector, as a sub sector of Leather Sector gets also priority from Government but this sector as well was ignored by the Government for many years. Now in the era of globalization, nobody can find an alternative of product diversification (export diversification). For this reason government is now started looking after Footwear Sector rather than Jute and Tea.

2.2 Export position of Footwear during 2009-2010:

According to the Export Promotion Bureau Footwear was 8th Position which given in the following table and the chart:

Table: 01

|Serial no. |Commodities |Percentage |
|01 |Woven Garments |37.11 |
|02 |Knitwear |40.11 |
|03 |Frozen Food |2.73 |
|04 |Jute Goods |4.87 |
|05 |Leather |1.40 |
|06 |Agro Products |1.50 |
|07 |Engg. Products |1.92 |
|08 |Footwear |1.26 |
|09 |Others |9.21 |

Chart: 01

[pic]

Source: Export Promotion Bureau.

2.3 Major companies involved presently in manufacturing footwear in Bangladesh:
A new era started in this sector during 1979-90. Some product units especially footwear have been established and exporting of shoes and shoes uppers. A group viz. Apex came forward as pioneer to produce export quality footwear and penetrating in the international market. Now according to Leather goods & Footwear Manufacturers & Exporters Association of Bangladesh there have the following listed footwear companies:

Table: 2

|Serial No. |Name of the company |
|01 |M/s. Apex Adelchi Footwear Ltd |
| |Celebration Point, Plot # 3,5 |
| |Road # 113A, Gulshan-2, Dhaka |
|02 |M/s. Jennys Shoes Ltd. |
| |Jennys House, House # 6, Road # 68/A |
| |Gulshan-2, Dhaka |
|03 |M/s. Legacy Footwear Ltd. |
| |64, Bijoynagar, |
| |Kakrail, Dhaka |
|04 |M/s. Landmark Footwear Ltd. |
| |64, Bijoy Nagar (3rd Floor) |
| |Kakrail, Dhaka |
|05 |M/s. Surma Leather & Footwear Ind. Ltd. |
| |Corner Court, 29 Toynbee Circular Road |
| |Motijheel C/A, Dhaka |
|06 |M/s. Bay Footwear Ltd. |
| |Wasa Bhaban (3rd Floor) |
| |Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka |
|07 |M/s. Tropical Shoes Ind. Ltd. |
| |A. R. Tower (3rd Floor) |
| |24, Kamal Ataturk Avenue, Banani |
|08 |M/s. H.N. Shoes Ltd |
| |House # 69, Road # 8/A, Dhanmondi R/A, Dhaka |
| |Name of the company |
|09 |M/s. Leatherex Footwear Ind. Ltd |
| |House # 34/A, Road # 10/A |
| |Dhanmondi R/A. Dhaka |
|10 |M/s. Advance Industrial Management Co. Ltd. |
| |Baipal, Savar |
|11 |M/s. Savar Industries (Pvt.) Ltd. |
| |DEPZ |
|12 |M/s. Malim (BD) Co. Ltd. |
|13 |M/s. Five-R-Footwear Ltd. |
|14 |M/s. Vannara Corporation Ltd. |
|15 |M/s. Shampan Shoes Ltd. |
|16 |M/s. Rimex Footwear Ltd. |
|17 |M/s. Adelchi Footwear Bangladesh Ltd. |
|18 |M/s. F.B. Footwear Ltd. |
|19 |M/s. Bata Shoe Co. (BD) Ltd. |
|20 |M/s. Akij Footwear Ltd. |
|21 |M/s. Lalmai Footwear Ltd. |

Chapter 3:
Financial Feasibility Analysis and Findings

3.1 Market size of Footwear in the World:

3.1.1 Present scenery of world Footwear production is given bellow:

|Region |Quantity |Percentage share |
| |( Million Pairs) | |
|WESTERN EUROPE |777 |4.58% |
|EASTERN EUROPE |371 |2.18% |
|MIDDLE EAST |589 |3.47% |
|AFRICA |647 |3.81% |
|ASIA PACIFIC |13453 |79.26% |
|NORTH AMERICA |331 |1.95% |
|LATIN AMERICA |805 |4.74% |
|WORLD |16972 |100.00% |

Source: BLSC Chart-2

[pic]

Figure: World Market Size of Footwear (Million Pairs)

3.1.2 Country-wise market size of Footwear items in the world: The status of Bangladesh

|Parameter |Exported value in |Exported value in |Exported value in |Exported value in |Exported value in 2011,US $|
| |2007,US $ thousand |2008, US $ thousand |2009, US $ thousand |2010, US $ thousand |thousand |
|World Footwear export |83,909,121 |92,860,466 |82,564,928 |99,247,716 |116,594,945 |
|Bangladesh footwear export |137,487 |186,462 |216,959 |267,954 |381,402 |
|Percentage |0.16% |0.20% |0.26% |0.27% |0.33 % |

Sources: ITC calculations based on UN COMTRADE statistics.

Chart-3

[pic]

Sources: ITC calculations based on UN COMTRADE statistics.

3.1.3 Countrywide Footwear export in the world:
| |
|Exporters |
| |

3.1.4 Countrywide Footwear exports statistics of Bangladesh, 2011-2012 (July-May), Value US$

|Footwear |301,697,878.70 |
|UNITED ARAB EMIRATES |1,246,832.09 |
|ARGENTINA |204,310.29 |
|AUSTRIA |4,545,137.15 |
|AUSTRALIA |174,517.22 |
|BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA |229,923.72 |
| BELGIUM |7,045,606.64 |
| BAHRAIN |165.10 |
|SAINT BARTHÉLEMY |11,847,452.19 |
|BOLIVIA, PLURINATIONAL STATE OF |9,509.12 |
|BRAZIL |530,270.52 |
|CANADA |3,362,478.94 |
|SWITZERLAND |4,223,808.17 |
|CHILE |590,189.78 |
|CHINA |1,336,425.00 |
|COLOMBIA |158,615.48 |
|CYPRUS |235,958.70 |
|CZECH REPUBLIC |1,398,484.42 |
|GERMANY |36,650,942.82 |
|DENMARK |69,912.54 |
|ESTONIA |254,047.06 |
|SPAIN |35,023,716.01 |
|FINLAND |911,622.64 |
|FIJI |99,528.27 |
|FRANCE |24,223,782.18 |
|UNITED KINGDOM |3,798,357.16 |
|GEORGIA |45,910.57 |
|GREECE |559,461.02 |
|HONG KONG |5,655,743.58 |
|CROATIA |93,099.47 |
|HUNGARY |60,999.16 |
|INDONESIA |380.17 |
|IRELAND |179,613.35 |
|INDIA |79,658.33 |
|IRAQ |2,880.09 |
|ITALY |24,634,420.26 |
|JAPAN |65,047,840.77 |
|KOREA, REPUBLIC OF |8,909,522.68 |
|KUWAIT |56,537.96 |
|LEBANON |2,289.99 |
|SRI LANKA |119,375.70 |
|LITHUANIA |61,915.07 |
|LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA |23,319.00 |
|MYANMAR |57,584.53 |
|MALTA |61,810.38 |
|MAURITIUS |2,612.69 |
|MALDIVES |323.04 |
|MEXICO |1,553,536.96 |
|MALAYSIA |131,161.18 |
|NETHERLANDS |17,371,943.33 |
|NORWAY |387,107.62 |
|PANAMA |349,786.90 |
|PERU |1,124,898.35 |
|PAPUA NEW GUINEA |5,295.52 |
|PHILIPPINES |17,739.32 |
|PAKISTAN |49,247.60 |
|POLAND |4,135.13 |
|PORTUGAL |131,995.88 |
|PARAGUAY |471,157.71 |
|QATAR |500.37 |
|ROMANIA |362,177.20 |
|RUSSIAN FEDERATION |1,956,427.62 |
|SAUDI ARABIA |895,400.95 |
|SWEDEN |2,026,357.19 |
|SINGAPORE |101,008.02 |
|SLOVENIA |1,342,276.47 |
|SLOVAKIA |513,583.33 |
|SENEGAL |212,271.55 |
|EL SALVADOR |21,929.28 |
|SWAZILAND |54,102.27 |
|THAILAND |27,650.03 |
|TUNISIA |60,602.14 |
|TURKEY |290,853.05 |
|TAIWAN, PROVINCE OF CHINA |712,849.97 |
|Not Defined |4,319,214.50 |
|UNITED STATES |22,197,875.78 |
|URUGUAY |7,541.15 |
|VENEZUELA, BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF |60,489.35 |
|VIET NAM |1,665.95 |
|!!! Not Defined |114,409.68 |
|SOUTH AFRICA |845,691.90 |
|ZAMBIA |148,104.45 |

Sources: Export Promotion Bureau (Bangladesh)

3.1.5 South Asian Footwear Export in 2011(in US Dollar Thousand)

In the footwear export, Bangladesh is the 31st position in the world but second in the South Asia. The chart given in the below:

Chart 4

[pic]

3.1.6 Footwear export of Bangladesh

From international trade statistics we have find that Footwear export increased of year 2011 than the year 2010 is 42.33%. So, we can say that it is raising sector of our country’s growing economy. The Footwear sector plays a significant role in the economy of Bangladesh in terms of its contribution to export and domestic market.

Chart 5

[pic]

Figure: Footwear export of Bangladesh

3.1.7 Local Footwear market size of Bangladesh and share of imported and locally manufactured items

3.1.7.1 Footwear Marketing in Bangladesh

Marketing is the vital aspects for the Bangladeshi footwear. Production of footwear in Bangladesh being primarily for export purpose. All the efforts being made by the manufacturers are presented in the foregoing analysis. Of course, there are few units which rely on domestic market. They are also contacted and their views have been complied. As regards to domestic marketing of footwear, it is being done by nearly one fourth of total Footwear. However, it does not mean that these units solely rely on domestic market. Good number of units in Dhaka undertakes domestic sales. Such local sales units are very less in other Divisions. The domestic supply orders for the units are largely through direct contacts as well as from the corporate business groups for complimentary.

3.1.7.2 Category of marketing of Footwear:

Of the prominent categories, In Bangladesh context, there are various kinds of footwear are available in here like- • Leather shoes. • Synthetic shoes. • Leather sandals. • Synthetic sandals. • Sports shoes. • Canvas & PVC shoes. • Slippers and Chappals. • Army boots. • Ladies boots. • Jute sandals/chappals.

However, it was observed during the field survey, that more than hundred types of items are being made from leather for export purpose, with ever expanding uses. This category of industry is highly vulnerable for non-leather substitutes and supplements. Functionally leather and non-leather items perform the same job. Leather items are preferred for their natural feel, elegance and of course long life. The local sales affected, need not necessarily be always to the Bangladeshi customers. It is observed that foreign tourists’ effect purchases from Bangladeshi
Stores during their visit to Bangladesh. The situation in Dhaka is slightly different. Domestic marketing is remarkable high in the case of other Divisions units

3.1.7.3 The demand side of market

A difficult market in terms of fierce competition, sophistication of styles and fashions, trends in disposable income no less than the consideration of climate/season, environment and ecology play a critical role in generating the extent and pattern of demand. The demand is influenced by this different consideration; as cold weather leads to an increasing demand and consumption, new environmental concerns do also have a bearing; for example, have become important features in the mind of the consumers. Fashion trend is closely related with the market demand. Demand side of the market mainly depends on

• Weather and season • Culture and heritage • Adaptation of fashion • Cost of the product • Availability in the market side • Market trend and general tendency • Fashion trend etc.

3.1.7.4 Domestic market of Bangladesh

Bangladesh with its 80% population in village has no niche domestic market for high priced products made of leather due to low purchasing power of mass population and weak economic structure. Generally the target prospect for footwear is for middle echelons to upper echelons people in local market.

Footwear is the best selling item compared in local market. Neither the culture, nor economics or the climate, promotes the usage of footwear in large quantities in the country. Causes of the backwardness of leather goods sector development for local market

• Economical ability of the local people • Lack of cost effective project. • Costly raw materials in comparison to synthetic material. • Tendency of buying foreign product • Tendency of the industry as being export oriented. • Lack of market research • Lack of season based survey for demand • Local fashion trends integration inability • Lack of customer based marketing

3.1.7.5 Local market survey for footwear

Total people involvement: 20000-22000 (Approx)
Total Production: 5-5.5 million (including all) pairs.
Total Production in Bangladeshi currency: 12.5 million (taka)
To know the market trend I have done a survey in different market place including the shopping centre to foot path among the men and women. Primarily I have selected 20 men and 20 women to get the information about local Market demand which are given below:

Classification of Bangladeshi customer according to their ability

• Upper Class Customer • Middle Class Customer • General Category

Table: Customer Based survey of leather goods in Bangladesh

|Types of |Types of |Origin of |Value range |
|customer |products |products |in taka |
|Upper Class Shoe |Gents |Foreign |Above 1500 |
|Standard |-- |Local & Foreign |500-2000 |
|General category |-- |Local |Below 300 |
|Upper Class Ladies sandal |Ladies sandal |Foreign |Above 800 |
|Standard |-- |Local & Foreign |400-1200 |
|General category |-- |Local |100-400 |

Source: Field survey

3.2 Production of footwear items in Bangladesh: A feasibility analysis

3.2.1 Environmental feasibility:

Export oriented footwear industries could be termed as highly value added sub-sector in the Leather Field. Bangladesh has fine quality cattle hides and top quality goat skins along with valuable buffalo leather and has one of the cheapest labors in the world. We only need to overcome of the weakness of the industry and can make footwear industry as most prospective sector.

3.2.2 Lowest labor cost:
Bangladesh is a small country in respect of area but it is the 10th largest country in the world in respect of population. Thousands of people in this sector have been skilled and semi skilled.
Cost competitiveness of products is the essence of international market that in turn depends upon the supply of raw materials manufacturing know how and conversion cost. The footwear industry in particular is highly labor intensive and the production cost is greatly depending on labor wage.
The established producers of these newly industrialized countries being affected recently by high rise in labor wages and export limitation in Europe have been looking for expanding or relocating their production base to low cost china, Indonesia, Thailand, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Vietnam.
The labor cost in advanced countries accounts for 40-45% of the total production cost whereas, it is less than 5% in developing countries, which is still the lowest in Bangladesh.
Table: 05

|Serial no. |Country |US $/Hour |
|1 |Japan |24.00 |
|2 |Italy |14.00 |
|3 |South Korea/Taiwan |6.00 |
|4 |Brazil |1.50 |
|5 |Mexico |0.80 |
|6 |Indonesia |0.45 |
|7 |China/Vietnam |0.30 |
|8 |Bangladesh |0.20 |

Source: Werner International Survey, 1993.

3.2.3 A Comparative Study of wages in Bangladeshi Footwear Industry:

|Name of the factory |Total Salary |BDT. 805,400.00 |
|AIMCO Footwear Ltd. |Manpower |207 |
| |Salary/Person |BDT. 3890.821256 |
| |Days |30 |
| |Per day salary |129.6940419 |
| |hours |8 |
| |Per hours salary |BDT. 16.21175523 |
| |Price of dollar |BDT. 80 |
| |Wages |US $ 0.20264694 |
|RIMEX Footwear Ltd. |Total Salary |BDT. 1205,400.00 |
| |Manpower |280 |
| |Salary/Person |BDT. 4305 |
| |Days |30 |
| |Per day salary |143.5 |
| |hours |8 |
| |Per hours salary |BDT. 17.97 |
| |Price of dollar |BDT. 80 |
| |Wages |US $ 0.2242 |
|H. N. shoes Ltd. |Total Salary |BDT. 1050300.00 |
| |Manpower |250 |
| |Salary/Person |BDT. 4201.2 |
| |Days |30 |
| |Per day salary |140.04 |
| |hours |8 |
| |Per hours salary |BDT. 17.505 |
| |Price of dollar |BDT. 80 |
| |Wages |US $ 0.2188 |

Calculation of average wages:

US$ (0.20264694 + 0.2242 + 0.2188)
Average wages = -------------------------------------------------------- 3

= US$ 0.2152

3.2.4 Better quality of product:

For export issue quality product is uncompromised factor to compete the world market. Maintaining international standard for any product is playing vital role for existence of the product. Bangladesh has enough ability to produce international standard product. Bangladeshi people have both technical and theoretical ability to produce international standard product

3.2.5 GSP facility:

Bangladesh enjoys duty exemption under the GSP – generalized System of preference from most the importing countries of the develop world.

3.2.6 Government Incentive:

Leather goods especially footwear and bags are already enjoying a 15 percent cash incentive for export and 2.5 percentage points increase in cash assistance will raise it to 17.5 percent.

3.3 Financial feasibility:

3.3.1 Availability of raw materials:

It is one of the best opportunities for Bangladesh to export footwear. The raw Hide and skin is collected from dead animals. At the time of Eid-ul-Azha a lot of raw materials are being produced by offering “Kurbani”s a part of Ibadah of the Muslin citizen. Everyday a huge number of cows, buffalos and goats are used to meet the demand of meat of the people. Primary process by mixing salt to curing the raw material is completed at the vendor level. Expertise has been developed in the root level to preserve the leather and leather goods. Leather is the main material of footwear

Availability of leather (total number)

|Origin |Total number |Number of |Leather |
| |(million piece) |leather |(million Sq.ft) |
| | |(million piece) | |
|Cow/buffalo/cattle |24.31 |5.31 |116.00 |
|Goat/Sheep |32.70 |19.70 |64.00 |

Source: Bureau of statistics, ITC, FAO

3.3.2 Projection of Production, Export earning and Employment generation by the year 2015 AD

|Sector |No of |Production |Total |Available |Employment |
| |Unit | |Domestic |for | |
| | | |uses |export | |
|Upper 1 |2.35 sft |Cow Polish Leather |200 | |470 |
|Upper3 | | | | | |
|Lining 1 |2.60 sft |Cow |90 | |234 |
|Lining 3 | | | | | |
|Toe cap |0.56 sft | |60 | |33.6 |
|Heel grip |0.67 sft | |40 | |26.80 |
|Back counter |0.70 sft | |40 | |28 |
|Welt |.30 sft | |90 | |27 |
|Zipper | | | | | |
|Ribit | | | | | |
|Eyelet |12 pcs | |1 | |12 |
|Ring | | | | | |
|Buckle 1 |2 pcs | |10 | |20 |
|Buckle2 | | | | | |
|Insole |.87 sft | |15 | |13 |
|Texon |.57 sft | |10 | |5.7 |
|Bata shank |2 pcs | |2 | |4 |
|Footbed Cover | | | | | |
|Outsole |Nrb hand made | |200 | |200 |
|Outsole Top | | | | | |
|Heel |TPR | | | | |
|Heel Top | | | | | |
|Midsole | | | | | |
|Socks |.87 | |60 | |52.20 |
|Socks EVA |.80 | |10 | |8 |
|Lace |2 pcs | |5 | |10 |
|Balcro | | | | | |
|Mocca Thread | | | | | |
|Insole stitch | | | | | |
|Insole+ Outsole color | | | | | |
|AUXILARY | | | | | |
|TOTAL MATERIAL COST |1144.3 |
|PROVISION FOR REJECTION | |
|OVERHEADS |180 |
|TOTAL COST |1324.30 |
|MARGIN (15%) |198.645 |
|FINAL TOTAL COST IN TAKA |1522.945 |
|FINAL COST IN US$ @ BDT. 80.00 |19.03 |
|OFFER PRICE IN US$ |19.00 |
|PRICE CONFIRMED BY BUYER |19.00 |

Costing for business shoes in China:

|COMPONENTS |AMONUNT |UNIT |PRICE |UNIT |COST/PRS |
|Upper 1 |2.35 sft |Cow Polish Leather |250 | |587.50 |
|Upper3 | | | | | |
|Lining 1 |2.60 sft |Cow |100 | |260 |
|Lining 3 | | | | | |
|Toe cap |0.56 sft | |60 | |33.6 |
|Heel grip |0.67 sft | |40 | |26.80 |
|Back counter |0.70 sft | |40 | |28 |
|Welt |.30 sft | |90 | |27 |
|Zipper | | | | | |
|Ribit | | | | | |
|Eyelet |12 pcs | |1 | |12 |
|Ring | | | | | |
|Buckle 1 |2 pcs | |10 | |20 |
|Buckle2 | | | | | |
|Insole |.87 sft | |15 | |13 |
|Texon |.57 sft | |10 | |5.7 |
|Bata shank |2 pcs | |2 | |4 |
|Footbed Cover | | | | | |
|Outsole |Nrb hand made | |200 | |200 |
|Outsole Top | | | | | |
|Heel |TPR | | | | |
|Heel Top | | | | | |
|Midsole | | | | | |
|Socks |.87 | |60 | |52.20 |
|Socks EVA |.80 | |10 | |8 |
|Lace |2 pcs | |5 | |10 |
|Balcro | | | | | |
|Mocca Thread | | | | | |
|Insole stitch | | | | | |
|Insole+ Outsole color | | | | | |
|Elastic | | | | | |
|Shank | | | | | |
|Label | | | | | |
|AUXILARY | | | | | |
|TOTAL MATERIAL COST |1287.8 |
|PROVISION FOR REJECTION | |
|OVERHEADS |300 |
|TOTAL COST |1587.80 |
|MARGIN (15%) |238.17 |
|FINAL TOTAL COST IN TAKA |1825.97 |
|FINAL COST IN US$ |22.82 |
|OFFER PRICE IN US$ |22.50 |
|PRICE CONFIRMED BY BUYER |22.50 |

China is currently failing to produce high quality shoes at competitive prices due to the WTO anti-dumping rules. So, orders from Germany, Italy, France, Japan and Canada are shifting to Bangladesh.

3.3.3.2 Data interpretation:

From the above two countries costing we find that there is change the price in upper leather and lining and also have the change in factory overhead.

Hence we get the cost effectiveness like the below:

US $ (22.50 – 19.00)

Hence, the cost effectiveness = ------------------------------------

US $ 19.00

= 18.42%

Here, we keep the margin fixed. But it may be changed.

3.4. Barriers and Challenges

Like RMG or Jute industries, Footwear is not so long history of reputation in world market for Bangladesh perspective. This is due to lack of technology, skilled manpower, good processing plants, and communication. Following barriers and challenges are to faces footwear industries to grownup:

3.4.1 Technologies

3.4.2 Skilled manpower

3.4.3 Global market reputation

3.4.4 Branding

3.4.5 Political instability

3.4.6 Power and utilities

3.4.1 Technologies: Technology is the first and foremost important thing to build world standard footwear processing plant. Now a day there is a number of technologies to process the footwear like Auto CAD, Automatic machines etc.. So we should adopt the new technologies to build our processing plants. We could communicate with European and North American countries for modern technologies.

3.4.2 Skilled Manpower: Skilled manpower is other important parameters for manufacturing of footwear. Educated, hardworking, creative and innovative minded young generations are the good sources of skilled manpower. They should trained first about the footwear technologies. In our country, there is only one leather technology college. To compete globally we should build more leather technologies related institutes in our country to make our people skilled in leather technology.

3.4.3 Global market reputation: There are some countries in the world that have global market reputation for footwear. Italy, France, Germany, USA, Japan and some other European countries have the global reputation for their footwear. They achieved this global reputation for their modern technology, processing plants and product related skilled man powers. So to get global reputation, we should take proper private and govt. initiatives in the field of leather technology.

3.4.4 Branding: Branding is the most important aspect to get the global market reputation in footwear sector. Nike, Rebook, Hushpuppy and some other is world famous reputation in footwear. So we should take proper steps to develop world famous brand by ensuring attractive design, price and quality.

3.4.5 Political instability: To ensure said factors, political stability is must. Without political stability no one can ensure those factors to develop our footwear industries. Our current political situation is not friendly for developing our footwear industries. So our national leaders should show the good behave for better stability of our country to encourage for investing foreign invest in our footwear sectors. Foreign investors are only investing when they found political stability in our country.

3.4.6 Power and Utilities: Power and utilities are the first requirement to grow any industries. Like other industries, footwear industry also needs the power and utilities facilities for processing, manufacturing of footwear. So our govt. should take necessary steps to provide the power and utilizes for footwear industry.

3.5 Possible impact of footwear items production in Bangladesh: a SWOT analysis:

|STRENGTH |WEAKNESSES |
|• Good potential of quality raw materials for |• Information for product line, product mix and export |
|maximum added value. |marketing is inadequate. |
|• Integrated production chain from raw materials |• Skilled designers and facilities for product design |
|to tanneries and footwear available. |and development are unavailable. |
|• Law costs of production labor available (partly |• Backward linkages between leather products |
|offset by low productivity due to lack of skills). |(footwear and leather goods) industry and tanneries |
|• Established international trading practice |is still not a prevailing culture. |
|• Existence of a few successful companies as path |• No institutional support is available for the industry |
|leaders, |(such as FDDI in India). |
|• Geographic position for the future markets. |• Trained or experienced workers to operate key machinery |
|• The footwear industry got stimulus from the |(lasting, sewing) are quite insufficient. |
|Progress in finished leather production. |• High rate of interest on term loan and working |
|• Customers from countries applying GSPs have |capital, and pattern for loans are distorting prices. |
|been attracted by Bangladesh. |• Footwear accessories (such as tapes, trims, buckles, |
|• Bonded warehouse facilities are available. |linings, shoe-last etc.) are not locally available. |
|• No import duty on capital machinery for export oriented |• Lack of quality control systems; reliance on foreign |
|industry. |certification with penalized lead-time. |
|• Containerized shipment is available from the |• Limited product development and market |
|industry site with proximity of Dhaka city’s |orientation. |
|railway station. |• Over-reliance on visiting buyers. |
|• Export of Bangladesh Footwear merchandise to |• Complicated rules and regulations in customs |
|Japan is 100% duty-free. |department, which affect lead-time and acquisition |
| |of inputs. |
| |• Partnership Marketing program has been a greatly |
| |felt needs. |
|OPPORTUNITIES |THREATS |
|• Gradual progress in the finishing process of |• Almost no output of sole/insole leather developed in |
|leather. |local tanning industry. |
|• Local production of sandals and slippers is in |• Leather footwear consumption is considerably |
|high demand in Mid-East and Southern Africa. |replaced by casual footwear made of synthetic |
|• Cash incentive (15% on FOB) for leather |materials. |
|footwear has been introduced and likely to be at |• No organized industrial unit for sole production |
|a higher rate. |natural rubber based, TPR, NU or EVA. |
|• No import duties on raw hides or wet-blue hides |• EU’s stringent condition on SPS, certification etc, etc |
|for export-oriented leather industries. |(it needs time to be ready for compliance. |
|• Proximity to future markets (South-East Asia) |• EU’s stringent condition on SPS, certification etc. (It |
|• UNCTAD has been working with advocacy to EU |needs time to be ready for compliance) |
|to permit more time for LDCS. | |

[pic]

Chapter 4

4 Recommendations:

A lot of constraints and drawbacks lying behind the Footwear industrial and business sector. To make the business unique and successful everybody should come forward to work united for the betterment of the sector. The following could be the immediate and urgent:

4.1 Arrangement for quality raw materials: Bangladesh has an abundant supply of raw hides and skins. It is the main raw materials for leather and footwear which earn foreign exchange. Therefore quality improvement for raw hides and skins is to be ensured by taking proper handling and caring measures of the raw stock.

4.2 Well trained workforce in management: The work force engaged in management should have been given a modern method of management training. The total quality management TQM they should have to be learn and implement in the related units, it is must for ISO certification.

4.3 Marketing toward global aspect: This sector is of 100% export oriented. We need to increase our export. So, Market exploration is needed. With this aim a group of marketing people is needed to give and intensive and competitive marketing management training. An orientation of global marketing should have been emphasized. Promotional support for market expansion may require from EPB and other agencies or through a coordinated, externally funded project.

4.4 Technology and human resource development: Well trained and skill manpower could be the only resource of a sector by which it reaches its optimum target. We know for technology and human resource development, Bangladesh College of Leather Technology has undertaken a new academic program under Dhaka University. This should be encouraged. And other agencies like GTZ, BFLLFEA, and ITC have also trying to flourish training and prototype centers. This should also be encouraged and make more participatory.

4.5 Footwear Board: A strong and independent Footwear Board should be formed immediately by which the footwear policy is to be furnished for footwear sector as well as to act as parent public body for the welfare of this sector.

Conclusion:

From my comparative study for cost-effectiveness of business shoe between two countries Bangladesh and China, I find that cost-effectiveness 18.42% in Bangladesh than China.

And also from international trade statistics we have find that Footwear export of Bangladesh increased of year 2011 than the year 2010 is 42.33%. This is happening due to availability of high quality leather, lowest labor cost and low overhead compare to other develop countries in the world.

So, we can say that it is raising sector of our country’s growing economy. The Footwear sector plays a significant role in the economy of Bangladesh in terms of its contribution to export and domestic market.

Finally it could be said that no efforts, no attempts would be enough for footwear sector to reach the highway of international free trade economy until and unless the management, the marketing and the technology of this sector as well as the public bodies make them positively work to walk for.

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Internship Report on Aci Leather Chemical Industry

...[pic] “To Study the Current Market Scenario and the Future Prospect of Leather Chemical Industry of Bangladesh” Internship Report Submitted To: MR. AZMAL HOSSAIN Executive Director ACI Trading Limited. Submitted By: Mohammad Tawhid Reaz Internee, ACI Trading Limited. [pic] A D V A N C E D C H E M I C A L I N D U S T R I S L I M I T E D 245, Tejgaon Industries Area, Dhaka- 1208. Date: 25 June, 2006. June 24, 2006 Mr. Golam Mohammed Chowdhury Chairman Internship & Placement Office Institute of Business Administration University of Dhaka Dhaka-1000 Dear Sir: Subject: Internship Report on “To study the current market scenario and the future prospect of the leather chemical industry of Bangladesh”. It is my pleasure to present this Report on “To study the current market scenario and the future prospect of the leather chemical industry of Bangladesh” as a requirement for completing my Masters in Business Administration with concentration in Marketing. The report presents my findings and analyses on the Leather chemical industry of Bangladesh and the project I worked on for the last 10 weeks in ACI Trading Limited. I am grateful to you and my supervisors; Mr. Mustaque Ahmed, Assistant Professor, IBA and Dr. Azmal Hussain, Executive Director, ACI Trading Limited, for giving me the opportunity to carry out this report. With kind regards Sincerely yours, Mohammad Tawhid Reaz Roll 037 ...

Words: 22565 - Pages: 91

Free Essay

Tanner Industry-Waste Treatment

... Tanning sector industry CLEANER within the mediterranean region production Regional Activity Centre for Cleaner Production (RAC/CP) Mediterranean Action Plan Ministry of the Environment Spain Autonomous Government of Catalonia Ministry of the Environment Centre for Cleaner Production Initiatives Pollution Prevention Opportunities in the Tanning Sector Industry within the Mediterranean Region Note: This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form of educational and non-profit purposes without special permission from the Regional Activity Centre for Cleaner Production (RAC/CP), provided acknowledgement of the source is made. RAC/CP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this material as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purposes whatsoever without prior permission in writing from RAC/CP. If you consider that some part of this study could be improved or there is any lack of precision, we would appreciate if you could notify it to us. Study finished on January 2000 Study published on October 2000 Additional copies or information could be requested to: Regional Activity Centre for Cleaner Production (RAC/CP) C/ París, 184 – 3ª planta 08036 Barcelona (Spain) Tf. (+34) 93 415 11 12 - Fax (+34) 93 237 02 86 e-mail: cleanpro@cema-sa.org Web page: http://www.cema-sa.org Page 1 of 162 Pollution Prevention Opportunities in the Tanning Sector Industry within...

Words: 36551 - Pages: 147

Free Essay

Leather Industry in Bangladesh

...Volume 97 Page 25 Bangladeshi Leather Industry: An Overview of Recent Sustainable Developments H. L. PAUL1, A. P. M. ANTUNES1, A. D. COVINGTON1, P. EVANS1 and P. S. PHILLIPS2 Institute for Creative Leather Technologies, School of Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Boughton Green Road, Northampton, NN2 7AL, U.K. 2 Environmental and Materials Sciences, School of Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Avenue Campus, Northampton, NN2 6JD, U.K. Abstract The Government of Bangladesh has indentified the leather sector as one with considerable growth and investment potential ranked fifth in the export earning sector. Currently Bangladesh produces and exports quality bovine and ovine, caprine (buffalo and cow; sheep and goat) leathers that have a good international reputation for fine textured skins. However, the entire leather sector meets only 0.5% of the world’s leather trade worth US$75 billion. There are about 113 tanneries in Bangladesh that produce 180 million square feet of hides and skins per year. In addition there are about 30 modern shoe manufacturing plants engaged in the production of high-quality footwear, with over 2500 smaller footwear manufacturers also present in the sector. There are around 100 small-to-medium leather goods manufacturers, and a small number of niche larger manufacturers. The sector directly employs approximately 558 000 people. Most of the tanneries do not have proper effluent plants and generate 20 000m3 tannery effluent...

Words: 1511 - Pages: 7

Free Essay

Docx

...which material covers the greatest external area. You should ignore any accessories and reinforcements like: • ankle patches • edging • ornamentation • buckles, tabs, eyelet stays and similar attachments The outer sole The outer sole is the part of a shoe, boot, slipper or other item of footwear that comes into contact with the ground during use. The outer sole doesn't include any separate attached heel. To establish what the outer sole is made of, you have to identify the material that has the greatest surface area in contact with the ground. You should ignore any accessories and add-ons such as: • spikes • bars • nails • protectors and similar attachments Reinforcements Reinforcements are parts such as leather or plastic patches that are attached to the outside of the upper to give it extra strength. They may or may not be attached to the sole. To be treated as a reinforcement, an attached part must cover material that's suitable for use as an upper, not just lining material. If an attached part covers just a small area of lining material it's treated as...

Words: 3330 - Pages: 14

Free Essay

Study-of-Indian-Leather-Industry-2003

...INDIAN LEATHER INDUSTR Y Submitted by, AHSAN JAVED ROLL NO. BM-A-20 POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT Submitted to, DR. SHAMSHER YMCA BUSINESS SCHOOL PRICING AND DOCUMENTATION INDIAN LEATHER INDUSTRY ACKNWOLEDGEMENT “FOR EVERY OPPORTUNITY MAY GOD BE THANKED” I am very thankful to our teacher Dr. Shamsher for his great assistance of the to make the successful his able accomplishment learnt a lot. I am also thankful to my friends and colleagues for their support and endurance while preparing this project. I would like to thank all the people who have directly or indirectly helped me in completing this project, as and when I required. project. Through guidance and knowledge-based interactions, we have 2 INDIAN LEATHER INDUSTRY AHSAN JAVED PREFACE The project Indian Leather Industry has been carried out with a view point of understanding the role of Leather Industry in the Indian Trade and Indian economy. As per the objective of the project, I have tried to explain, analyze and interpret the role of Leather sector in Indian as well as in international trade. 3 INDIAN LEATHER INDUSTRY TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTE R     TOPIC Acknowledgement Preface Executive Summary Objectives Of The Study PAGE NO. 02 03 08 10 1. INTRODUCTION TO LEATHER INDUSTRY:  An Overview  History Of Leather  World Scenario  Environmental Products Aspects for Leather 11 12 14 17 2. THE INDIAN LEATHER INDUSTRY: ...

Words: 32590 - Pages: 131

Free Essay

Nike Issues

...eco-friendly Symptoms: Nike has a huge demand in the leather industry. The leather industry, is closely linked with the meat industry, that is, the leather is a byproduct of the meat processing operation, the demand for shoes, belts and clothes which are made by leather directly contributes to preserve farms and slaughterhouses, since it is the most valuable byproduct of the meat industry. 70% of China’s rivers, lakes and reservoirs in China are now classified as polluted. ( Zi-jian W) Many companies, such as Nike, are link with China's textile factories that use dangerous substances discharged to water. Many chemicals released from the textile mills put threat to human health and the environment. Now china is suffering because most of their water is polluted, and is very difficult to reverse the damage. Nike spends a lot of money and CO2 in the process to manufacture their products. The waste of CO2 is one of the mayor cause of the global warming, we can see everyday in the news that glaciers have shrunk, ice on rivers and lakes is breaking up, also plant and animals have been change. According to the NASA there are some effects that are cause by the global warming such as hotter days and nights, Heat waves more frequent over most land areas, Increase in intense tropical cyclone activity in North Atlantic, Global area affected by drought has increased. (http://climate.nasa.gov/) Causes: -The huge demand of leather, beef and other cattle products produce the leading...

Words: 1883 - Pages: 8

Free Essay

Bangladesh Leather Industry

...Analysis-of-leather-industry-of-babgladesh Chapter One: (Introduction) By- MD. Musawir Hasan http://edupedia.educarnival.com/ /September 6, 2012 Introduction The contribution of the industry sector to Bangladesh economy has been on the increase. Among the fifteen sectors identified for national income “Leather Industry” is one of them. Industry is the backbone upon which the economy of any country prevails. The growth of economy, the internal development of a nation depends upon the development of industrial sector. The cheap, reliable, and abundant labor available in Bangladesh is attractive to the world’s leading transnational corporations, but they have been very slow to move into the country, as they face regular industrial unrest led by radical trade unions, poorly developed infrastructure, red tape, and a very small local market. As in neighboring India, the Bangladeshi government promoted the idea of state-led industrialization combined with heavy state involvement in and state control of enterprise activities. This report is prepared as a fulfillment of partial requirement of “Industrial Organization and Management of Technology” course. It has been authorized by honorable course teacher Professor Syed Golam Maola to make a report on “Analysis of Leather Industries of Bangladesh”. Objectives: General Objective: This study is a partial requirement of the course on “Industrial Organization and Management of Technology”. The general objective of the study is to analyze...

Words: 6550 - Pages: 27

Free Essay

A Study on "Impact of Leather Technology"

...[pic] Department of Accounting Term Paper On A study on the “Impact of Leather Technology of Bangladesh” Supervised by Ganesh Chandra Dey Lecturer Department of Accounting Govt. Asheq Mahmud College, Jamalpur Submitted By A.M. Ahsanur Rahman Tonmoy College Roll: 94 Reg No: 2119731 Roll No: 8101622 Session: 2011-12 Student Type: Regular Department of Accounting Govt. Asheq Mahmud College, Jamalpur Submission Date: July 8, 2015 Letter of Transmittal July 8, 2015 Ganesh Chandra Dey, Lecturer, Department of Accounting, Govt. Asheq Mahmud College, Jamalpur Dear Sir, It is an enormous pleasure to submit my term paper titled “A study on the Impact of Leather Technology of Bangladesh” assigned as a requirement of my course related. In preparing this assignment I have acquired much knowledge about Leather Technology. I have tried my best to furnish the assignment with relevant data, which I had to collect from online and related journal. I hope this assignment will help the leather Technology sector to gather some insights on the windows to do further studies in this aspect. I would like to convey my tributes to you and thank you for giving me the opportunity to work on this topic. Your queries in this aspect will highly be expected. Thank You Sincerely Yours A.M. Ahsanur Rahman Tonmoy College Roll: 94 Reg No: 2119731 Roll No: 8101622 Session: 2011-12 Student Type: Regular Department of Accounting ...

Words: 2750 - Pages: 11

Premium Essay

Delvaux

... Takeover by Fung Brands Limited 4 B. Modern technology 5 C. Personalizing models 5 D. Magazine 5 E. On invitation only 5 F. Collaborations and special offers 5 a) The many faces of Delvaux 5 b) Studio Delvaux 6 IV. Market 8 A. Situation 8 a) Turnover 8 b) Prices 8 B. Target 9 C. Competitors 9 V. Assortment and Packaging 9 A. Most famous bags 9 B. Packaging 9 VI. Materials 9 A. Different sorts of leather 9 B. Different animals 10 C. Cleaning my bag 10 VII. Most latest news about Delvaux 10 A. Topman Salez quits at Delvaux 10 B. Illustrator Valentine De Cort creates a beautiful little picture book for the Madam Delvaux bag. 10 VIII. SWOT-Analysis 11 IX. References 12 Foreword I chose Delvaux for many reasons. First of all because, it is original a Belgian Brand. But most of all I love the brand because of it’s high level of craftsmanship. They have a lot of know how and intelligence. The designs the House makes are timeless with a very high quality of leathers. They are not humping on the trends they keep designing functional new creations. They have a certain hautain-look and that makes their Brand very strong. There is no room for unprofessionalism. Introduction History Charles Delvaux opened his first workshop in the centre of Brussels 1829. In 1883 the family were appointed official suppliers to the Royal Court, but less than 40 years later, after the end of the Great War, Delvaux no longer had...

Words: 3318 - Pages: 14

Free Essay

Leather

...LEATHER: Controversial Raw-Material in Fashion World | | | | | | | | Term-Paper on Leather: Controversial Raw-Material in Fashion World Submitted to:- Mr. Md. Gazi Salah Uddin Senior Lecturer & Assistant Proctor Department of Business Administration East West University Submitted by:- Students Name | Students ID | Nusrat Binta Nasir | 2009-1-10-272 | Sabrina Zaman | 2009-1-10-054 | Saima Nusrat Shorna | 2009-1-10-055 | Samir Ahmed | 2009-1-10-051 | Md. Shafiar Rahman Rana | 2008-3-10-038 | Section: 03 Submission Date: 06/04/2011 Letter of Transmittal Mr. Md. Gazi Salah Uddin Senior Lecturer & Assistant Proctor Department of Business Administration East West University Subject: Letter of Transmittal. Dear Sir, Here is the report that you have assigned to us a partial requirement of the ITB301 course. We have thoroughly enjoyed the work. Thank you very much for assigning this important job to us. Yours sincerely, Nusrat Binta Nasir ID: 2009-1-10-272 ............................... Sabrina Zaman ID: 2009-1-10-054 ............................... Saima Nusrat Shorna ID: 2009-1-10-055 ............................... Samir Ahmed ID: 2009-1-10-051 ............................... Md. Shafiar Rahman Rana ID: 2008-3-10-038 ................................ Acknowledgement: We express our heartfelt thanks to Mr. Md. Gazi Salah Uddin from whom...

Words: 7262 - Pages: 30

Free Essay

Leather Industry

...INTRODUCTION Bangladesh has a very limited stock of known mineral resources (only natural gas is being extracted commercially), and the economy is heavily dependent on small-scale agriculture. Agriculture accounts for about 40 per cent of Bangladesh's GDP and about 60 per cent of employment. Landless small farmers and as well as urban informal groups constitute 50 per cent of Bangladesh's population. Fifty three per cent of rural population are virtually landless and the result of that a very large percentage of urban population live in slums. For example 30 per cent of the population (about 2 million) in Dhaka live in more than 1500 slums and squatter settlements, where density of settlements is over 6178 persons per hectare and per capita living space available is lower than one square meter. The structural conditions of the shelters are one of the worst in the world. The settlements live without open space, streets, water, gas and electricity, water, sanitation and sewerage facilities. Since these settlements are illegal the Government or International Aid Agencies have hardly any project to improve living quality of the poorest population of the country. Like many other cities of the developing countries the population of Dhaka city increased by almost 200 per cent in seven years (1974-81) due to the increasing developments of landless peasants. The present economic development increasingly widens the gap between the poor and the rich. The limited agricultural land...

Words: 3703 - Pages: 15

Free Essay

Business Plan

...Contents Page Project Summary 3 Promoters 4-5 Product 6 Production 7-8 Marketing 9-12 Finance 13-17 Project Summary Promoters All the team have a big interest in the world of sport. With Richards game being squash and football and hurling lee’s being football and Gaelic Hugh’s being rugby and Ciara’s being football. Product The product which this business plan is about is a product which we intend to call Mr Grip. Mr Grip is a grip for sports products that takes a long time to wear down compared to other grips. We came up with this when Richard was telling us that he always has to buy grip for his squash racket at least once every 2 months depending on the use and this can be very costly. So we came up with a plan to make a grip that lasts at least twice as longer as the regular grip and that it is a lot more grip on it than other so it has a lot more grip on it than other grips. We’re also going to make them in every county colour’s for the hurling teams around the country. Also different colours so people can choose their favourite colours. Markets The target market which we are going to target is the sports market that consists of hurling, squash, tennis, hockey and all other sports that may need grip. Investment To make this grip we need quite a bit of money to make it as good as we say it will. Will need money to market our product...

Words: 4047 - Pages: 17

Free Essay

Audi A3 Startegy

...AS THE LARGE AIR INLET TOO. LED DAYTIME RUNNING LIGHTS FORM VISUALLY UNIFORM CONTOURS OF LIGHT AT THE UPPER AND LOWER SECTIONS. THE TURN SIGNAL IS IN THE TAPERED INNER CORNER UNDERNEATH A CHROMED STRIP WHILE THE EXTERIOR IS IMPRESSIVE, INSIDE OF THE CAR IS FILLED WITH LUXURIES SUCH AS BANG & OLUFSEN AUDIO SYSTEM , MMI 7-INCH NAVIGATION DISPLAY WHICH EXTENDS ELECTRONICALLY FROM INSTRUMENTAL PANEL , LED LIGHTING , 4G LTE CONNECTIVITY AND MANY MORE THE FEEL INSIDE THE CAR IS PREMIUM INDEED THE DASHBOARD INTERIOR FITTINGS ARE LIFTED STRAIGHT OUT OF THE OTHER A3S SO THE DESIGN IS SIMPLE AND ELEGANT WITH THE DENSE AND LUSTROUS MATERIAL WHICH IS USED AND NOT TO FORGET THE EXTRA PREMIUM SEATS WHICH IS WRAPPED WITH MILANO LEATHER AND A COMBINATION OF PEARL NAPPA LEATHER. AUDI WILL AGAIN OFFER ITS TDI ENGINE AMONGST THE SELECTION: A TURBOCHARGED 1.8-LITER ENGINE CAPABLE OF 170 HP AND 180 LB-FT OF TORQUE, A 2.0-LITER AWD CONFIGURATION THAT PUTS DOWN 200 HP, AND FINALLY A 2.0-LITER TFSI VERSION THAT SITS NEAR THE 300 HP RANGE, MADE ESPECIALLY FOR THE S3 EDITION S3 VARIATION, THE SALOON IS CAPABLE OF REACHING 0 TO 100 KM/H (62 MPH) IN JUST 4.9 SECONDS WHEN PAIRED WITH A 2.0 TFSI ENGINE AND SIX-SPEED S TRONIC TRANSMISSION. THOUGH FOR THIS BABY PRICE IS EXPECTED CLOSER TO THE LAUNCH WHICH IS...

Words: 384 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

The Cow Lie More Straight in the Free Stalls

...The cows lie more straight in the free stalls – the cows lie more relaxed – the consumption of bedding is almost reduced by half – no more damage on the udder since GreenStall Easy has been installed – the cows are more relaxed – no more problems with the hollow of the knees – better resting comfort/longer resting time/higher milk production – more space for the head of the cow – cheaper compared to the traditional free stall. GreenStall Easy is a further development of GreenStall, which has won a lot of awards in all of Europe for the innovative form and flexibility. GreenStall Easy is developed by Tommy Wollesen who is the general manager of Cow-Welfare. It was designed by Tommy Wollesen, a Danish buildings consultant, an idea from a cowman in the south of Denmark and by the farmer Esben Larsen, who was the first farmer to test GreenStall Easy. Afterwards, he got it installed in the rest of the barn. One of the special things, when it comes to GreenStall Easy, is the low flexible plastic pipe which guides the cow into the right resting position. Furthermore, the slanting angle of the plastic pipe guarantees a lot of space for the cow's head. The straight plastic pipe in the top, guides the cow when it goes in and out of the free stall and also prevents the cow from turning around in the free stall. The neck bracket is mounted on the plastic pipe in the top. The neck bracket is made out of the same soft plastic material as the other pipes in the construction. This kind of...

Words: 518 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Coach

...collection of Starbucks coffee cups, but I’m getting it under control. One group of items that I have collected for many years and have a deep appreciation for is my assortment of Coach products. I’ve learned, through 10 plus years of collecting Coach, that most people associate the company with lady’s purses and handbags. The truth is the company is quite diverse and offers a large selection of high quality products, giving avid treasure seekers like me many opportunities to find additions to our collection. Coach, Inc., as we know it today, began life in 1941 in a Manhattan, NY loft with six artisan leatherworkers handcrafting small leather goods like wallets and handbags. The small company was modestly successful until, in 1961, things changed. Miles Cahn, who was running the company at the time, came across a method of processing leather that produced a soft yet strong and durable product. During this time, most purses and handbags were constructed with...

Words: 1611 - Pages: 7