...INTRODUCTION: “Leprosy work is not merely medical relief; it is transforming frustration of life into joy of dedication, personal ambition into selfless service...” – Mahatma Gandhi Leprosy is one of the major public health problems in some developing countries and also well known for the strong stigma associated with it. Leprosy Stigma is a kind of social stigma, a strong feeling that a leprosy patient is shameful and is not accepted normally in the mainstream of the society. It is also called leprosy related stigma, ‘leprostigma’ and ‘stigma of leprosy’. It is a chronic infectious disease caused by “Mycobacterium Leprae”. It mainly affects the peripheral nerves and the skin. Person suffering from lepromatous leprosy harbors very large number of leprosy bacilli in the body. In them, leprosy is generalized disease affecting several systems and many organs, especially the skin, subcutaneous nerve trunks; the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract, eyes, liver, testes, muscles and bones. The incubation period of leprosy is not known with certainty. WHO estimates that between 2 and 3 million individuals are disabled due to leprosy. Early detection of leprosy patients and their treatment with WHO recommended Multi Drug Therapy (MDT) are key elements of the present strategy to halt transmission of the disease and to bring about cure with disabilities. During the past 15 years over 11 million leprosy patients have been cured with MDT. The...
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...Coolidge displays many social aspects contained...
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...transmit their saliva through the air. * It is a communicable disease that spreads when an infected person coughs, sneezes or talks. The tuberculosis causing bacteria are not found equally in all regions of the world. Places like India, China and sub-Saharan Africa have more cases of people who have this bacterium. It attacks people with a weakened immune system. * Liberia is also faced with other infectious diseases burden that hampers development. In 2007, Liberia’s HIV prevalence was reported as 1.5 percent in the general population (ages 15-49), and in 2008 the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated the incidence rate for all forms of tuberculosis to be 326 per 100,000. * Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem in Liberia being in the top 5 diseases of public health concern. The exact magnitude of TB in the country is currently unknown. However, the WHO estimates an incidence rate for all forms of 301 per 100,000 population (i.e. 10,926 new cases in 2006) and for sputum smear positive of 132 per 100,000 population3 (4,792 new cases in 2006). The age group 15-54 years is most vulnerable to...
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...EXECUTIVE SUMMARY REPORT ON TWEGAITE EFFORTS FOR BUSOGA DEVELOPMENT By Dr. Bakama BakamaNume, Chair, Busoga Twegaite, Houston, Texas, Dr. Fred W. Alibatya, Chair, Twegaite Inc. – New Jerseyand Mr. John Kizito-Kalema, Chair, Twegaite, Minneapolis, MN. History and Accomplishments Purpose By the time of this report Twegaite has three announced chapters: (1) Twegaite Inc. – New Jersey, (ii) Busoga Twegaite – Houston, TX and (iii) Twegaite – Minneapolis, MN. Twegaite has had two international conventions: Houston, May 22nd – 26th and Minneapolis, May 22nd – 25th. The three chapters are unanimous in purpose and resolve to develop Busoga. Just note that both Houston and Minneapolis made Twegaite truly international. (i) New Jersey Chapter At the May 21st – 25th , 2009 Twegaite second International Convention in Minneapolis, MN, the banquet speaker Betsy Waibi Zikusoka spoke of the history and purpose of Twegaite as a concept and an organization. She also highlighted some of the achievements the organization had scored in specific projects back in Busoga. “I shall try my best to give you the history of Twegaite” she said. “Twegaite came about as a result of a meeting that was held in Princeton Junction, one Sunday afternoon, in October 1998. We figured that as a group the idea of trying to give back to our community in Busoga and Uganda at large was not a bad one. It is a non-political group and the name Twegaite means, "Let's unite." Membership is open to anybody in the world who subscribes...
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...INTRODUCTION STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Equity may be defined as the requirement that individuals of unequal ability to pay make different payment (Vertical equity) or those of the same ability to pay make the similar contribution (Horizontal equity) (1). Preserving equitable access to health services under a system of user fees can be accomplished in three steps. First, the poor population to receive preferential treatment with respect to user fees must be identified. Second, a protection mechanism must be selected and implemented. Third, to ensure that the protection policy is working adequately, an evaluation of its performance is required (9). A waiver is used to reduce or eliminate fees for the poor based on an assessment of their inability to pay. Exemptions are used to describe when services are automatically provided free because the patient has the characteristic being targeted (2). Targeting is a welfare concept and a strategy for identifying any group(s) of Persons in a population who are eligible for an intervention or assistance. Two errors often arise in targeting;1, Error of exclusion: excluding those Intended to benefit from a program and 2. Error of inclusion: including those not intended to benefit from a program (3). There are various administrative issues on achieving equity under cost recovery through direct targeting these range from identification of responsibilities for certifying and verifying eligibility, designing the means for assessing eligibility...
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...Nations came into action after the end of World War One, they had a task to ensure that war never broke out again. At a social level the League did have success as teams were sent to the Third World to dig fresh water wells, the Health Organisation started a campaign to wipe out leprosy. This idea - of wiping out from the world a disease - was taken up by the United Nations with its smallpox campaign. Work was done in the Third World to improve the status of women there and child slave labour was also targeted. Drug addiction and drug smuggling were also attacked. But there were failures also, especially in the 1930’s, showed the weaknesses of the League of Nations and played a part in the outbreak of World War II. 'Article 11 of the League’s Covenant stated: "Any war or threat of war is a matter of concern to the whole League and the League shall take action that may safeguard peace." Any conflict between nations, which ended in war and the victory of one state over another, had to be viewed as a failure by the League.' The UN began with 51 members as they came together with the purpose of promoting peace throughout the world through mutual cooperation. It is a treaty that sets out the rules and obligations of member nations. The UN aim to maintain international peace and security, to develop friendly co-operation between all/other countries, to solve problems internationally and respect all human rights. Although they cannot make laws and is not a governing power, it provides...
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...Impact Illegal immigration has caused much turmoil in Malaysia. When the illegal immigrants enter into Malaysia they are bringing in harmful diseases that have never been a problem in this area such as tuberculosis and leprosy. http://marygibson8.blogspot.com/ Public Health Risks Because illegal immigrants, unlike those who are legally admitted for permanent residence, undergo no medical screening to assure that they are not bearing contagious diseases, the rapidly swelling population of illegal aliens in our country has also set off a resurgence of contagious diseases that had been totally or nearly eradicated by our public health system. http://www.fairus.org/issue/illegal-immigration-and-public-health The migrations of the illegal immigrants also bring another big problem to our country that is dangerous diseases. As we know illegal immigrants come from rural areas and when they enter our boundaries they do not even go to the public or the private health department for a medical check-up. Diseases such as HIV, AIDS and TB are some of the disease brought by them. The health problem will enlarge because this illegal immigrant brings lot of health problem from their country. For instance the HIV, it refers to the smuggling of women for the purposes of forced prostitution and this will lead to HIV virus in other hand it will increase the total of fatality. Because of these diseases, entire citizens become afraid to be affected by those and some of them have been a victim...
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...Schizophrenia Almar Lim CNI College ADN Program NSG 265 Holistic Health Concepts Ms Shadia Maksemous RN, MSN February 4th, 2015 Schizophrenia is not a single disease, but a broad category of mental illnesses. Schizophrenia is a psychiatry disorder where several structural disturbances occur in the brain. It normally takes place in the temporal and frontal lobes, changing the neural systems and affecting the neurotransmitters in charge of controlling the functioning that takes place in these areas. It is not a structural brain disease that shows up early on X-rays CAT scans, or EEGs. Schizophrenics also have defects in the handling of amino acids. Etiology The exact causes of schizophrenia are unknown, but research suggests that a combination of physical, genetic, psychological and environmental factors can make people more likely to develop the condition. Current thinking is that some people may be prone to schizophrenia, and a stressful or emotional life event might trigger a psychotic episode. However, it's not known why some people develop symptoms while others don't. (Smith & Segal, 2014) Clinical Manifestation There are two ways that schizophrenia begins. One way is called Acute Onset. This happens very fast, about a couple of weeks. It is easier to recover from this. You are able to get help faster because people notice it sooner. The other way is called Process Onset. This takes a longer period of time to show. It is gradual, sometimes up to years. You...
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...shelter because of the powerlessness to afford them. This is also referred to as absolute poverty. Poverty is a basic problem of a country. Because of poverty a country can never progress. According to Mother Teresa “The greatest disease in the West today is not TB or leprosy; it is being unwanted, unloved, and uncared for. We can cure physical diseases with medicine, but the only cure for loneliness, despair, and hopelessness is love. There are many in the world who are dying for a piece of bread but there are many more dying for a little love. The poverty in the West is a different kind of poverty -- it is not only a poverty of loneliness but also of spirituality. There's a hunger for love, as there is a hunger for God.” (Mother Teresa, A Simple Path: Mother Teresa) Relative poverty is the condition of having fewer resources or less income than others within a society or country. Pakistan is a developing country and literacy rate of Pakistan is very low. Most of the people have no awareness about earning sources. Most people have no experience for their business needs, that’s why their business do not fulfill the international standard and result as decrease in proceeds which lead the humanity to poor financial environment. On the other hand, people are not ready to help each other. At last everyone has lose his trust on others which affect our social and economic system and it is another cause of poverty. Pakistan is an agricultural country. Most of the people are...
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...i GOVERNMENT OF UGANDA Ministry of Health HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGIC PLAN III 2010/11-2014/15 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD BY MINISTER OF HEALTH .......................................................................................... IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................... V LIST OF ACRONYMS .............................................................................................................................. VI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ IX 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 CONTEXT AND RATIONALE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE HSSP III ..................................................................... 1 1.2 DEVELOPMENT PROCESS FOR THE HSSP III ............................................................................................................ 1 2. BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 SECTOR ORGANISATION, FUNCTION AND MANAGEMENT ..................................................................................... 2 2.1.1 The Ministry of Health and national level institutions .........................................................
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...1947 to 1962” (Carpenter, n.d.). In 1954, the largest atomic bomb was dropped on one of the islands, and the strength of the bomb was 1000 times stronger than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima (Carpenter, n.d.). The fall out of the radiation was felt on many of the islands (Carpenter, n.d.). The radiation has caused many health problems including tuberculosis, hypertension, thyroid tumors, leprosy, birth anomalies, genetic mutations, increased risk of diabetes and a depressed immune system (Duke 2014). The islands gained their independence in 1986. Under a Compact of Free Association between the two countries any Marshallese with a valid passport can come to the United States legally, find a job and stay as long as he or she likes" (Carpenter, n.d.). Northwest Arkansas, Springdale, in particular, has one of the largest Marshallese groups in the United States with approximately 6000 people (Duke, 2014). Marshallese moved to Arkansas because of the relatively lower cost of living, increased availability of unskilled jobs, and increased accessibility of education. Marshallese are a vulnerable population in the United States related to their increased health problems, decreased financial stability, English as a second language, cultural barriers to acquiring health care, and decreased immune systems. Marshallese fit my definition of a vulnerable population. They are at high risk of many co-morbidities, failing health, lack of health care resources and being underserved by the health care...
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...Social Problems Chupical Shollah Manuel HIV is a long term social problem in most underdeveloped countries. This takes us directly beyond the epidemiological aspects of the disease to the social and economic dimensions. Many social studies have revealed that HIV and AIDS is fast becoming a social cancer and it can be understood if one was to assess the social structure and the availability of resources in the society. The most affected persons are those who live in the lower strata of the social stratification due to inequalities that comes with social structure. This paper serves to explain that HIV and AIDS is a social problem of poverty and it also looks at other factors such as religion, promiscuity and child rights which also result in the spread of the disease. It is undisputed to say that poverty is implicated in the prevalence in most developing world. Because these countries are generally poor people are normally forced to engage in activities that end up putting them at the risk of HIV. United Nations (2004) revealed that in South Africa more than 6 million people where living with HIV. The paper also revealed that the majority number who were affected were blacks who are generally poor who have no proper housing facilities, mal-nutritional, lack of safe water. Further research has suggested that Botswana and Zimbabwe have high prevalence of the disease due to the poor conditions which prevails in these countries. In Zimbabwe around 2 million people are said to...
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...young child is sick, we take them to the doctor. What if we do not know they are sick, what then? That’s where the CDC gets involved with ADHD, but what do we really know about the disease, other than its generally found in children, and that it is an issue in their neurodevelopment. Children today are being diagnosed with ADHD. According to the CDC it is not ok, but the way to fix it seems to be, to medicate the child or teen, so the symptoms become less apparent. Does that really help? One of the issues with medicating could be, the child does not develop emotionally, and or socially, in an appropriate way. Is this safe for the kids, or is the CDC trying to keep ADHD under control, like they successfully have done with malaria, and leprosy (not actually creating a cure like with polio, or the possibility of a surgical fix). The CDC has cured many things, but, they are the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, so we have to keep that in mind. The CDC says that they are here for the public, but if you take a second look at their site, it is meant more for health care professionals, not the average citizen. For example, the word neurodevelopment is used. Most of the public knows that means something in the...
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...Hall, 1206 South Sixth Street, Champaign, IL 61820, United States article info Article history: Accepted 1 February 2009 Keywords: Subsistence marketplaces Subsistence consumers Bottom of the pyramid abstract Over 4 billion people live in what is commonly referred to as the “bottom of the pyramid” or as subsistence marketplaces. These individuals and families live in substandard housing, with limited or no access to sanitation, potable water, and health care, have low levels of literacy, and earn very low incomes. Scholars and practitioners alike suggest that the problems existing in subsistence marketplaces demand the attention and involvement of responsible businesses and that doing business with consumers in such marketplaces can be both socially responsible and profitable. This research explores the strategies and tactics currently being used across commercial and social enterprises engaged in subsistence marketplaces. The analysis leads to recommendations about marketing practices currently used by companies and organizations that are successfully operating in subsistence marketplaces. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Of the 6.5 billion members of the human community, approximately 800 million are at the top of the economic pyramid...
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...Managing Human Resources for Health in India A case study of Madhya Pradesh & Gujarat 2007 Central Bureau of Health Intelligence Directorate General of Health services Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Nirman Bhawan, New Delhi – 110011 Website: www.cbhidghs.nic.in, www.prodindia.nic.in Email: dircbhi.nb.nic In collaboration with WHO - India Country Office Managing Human Resources for Health in India A case study of Gujarat & Madhya Pradesh October 2007 Central Bureau of Health Intelligence, Dte.GHS, MoHFW, GOI In collaboration with World Health Organisation - India Country Office The Report on Managing Human Resources in India may be freely reviewed, abstracted, reproduced or translated, in part or whole, but is not for sale or for use in conjunction with commercial purposes. Any relevant enquiry may be addressed to the office of Director, Central Bureau of Health Intelligence, Directorate General of Health Services, 401, A-wing, Nirman Bhavan, New Delhi 110011(India). © Central Bureau of Health Intelligence, Dte. General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India. 2007 Technical Support: Advent Healthcare Group 102, Tribhuvan Complex, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110065 (India) Tel: 91-11-65689631, 26312631 Email: info@adventhcg.com 2 Table of Contents Foreword ............................................................................................................. 5 Preface ........................................
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