...TELECOMMUNICATION SWITCHING AND NETWORKS TElECOMMUNICATION SWITCHING NffiWRKS AND THIS PAGE IS BLANK Copyright © 2006, 2005 New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers Published by New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers All rights reserved. No part of this ebook may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the publisher. All inquiries should be emailed to rights@newagepublishers.com ISBN (10) : 81-224-2349-3 ISBN (13) : 978-81-224-2349-5 PUBLISHING FOR ONE WORLD NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002 Visit us at www.newagepublishers.com PREFACE This text, ‘Telecommunication Switching and Networks’ is intended to serve as a onesemester text for undergraduate course of Information Technology, Electronics and Communication Engineering, and Telecommunication Engineering. This book provides in depth knowledge on telecommunication switching and good background for advanced studies in communication networks. The entire subject is dealt with conceptual treatment and the analytical or mathematical approach is made only to some extent. For best understanding, more diagrams (202) and tables (35) are introduced wherever necessary in each chapter. The telecommunication switching is the fast growing field and enormous research and development are undertaken by...
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...et al.) Chapter 10 The Determination of Exchange Rates 1) The primary objective of the International Monetary Fund is to ________. A) encourage euro adoption B) promote exchange rate stability C) establish a unilateral system of payments D) foster the power of the foreign exchange market Answer: B Diff: 2 Learning Outcome: Summarize the roles of the international monetary system and global capital market Skill: Concept Objective: 1 2) The Bretton Woods Agreement established a system of fixed exchange rates under which each IMF member country set a ________. A) quota B) par value C) gold standard D) nominal interest rate Answer: B Diff: 2 Learning Outcome: Summarize the roles of the international monetary system and global capital market Skill: Concept Objective: 1 3) In order to join the IMF, a country must contribute a certain sum of money, called a ________. A) special drawing right B) trade balance C) monetary reserve D) quota Answer: D Diff: 1 Learning Outcome: Summarize the roles of the international monetary system and global capital market Skill: Concept Objective: 1 4) Which of the following best describes the special drawing right? A) an international reserve asset created to supplement members' existing reserve assets B) the official currency for international trade established by the World Bank C) a substitute for the fixed value of gold as determined by currency rates D) a contribution made by countries to join...
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...into the liberalization, but with Chinese characteristics, of five determining factors in becoming a country who’s currency is a global reserve currency. These factors are as follows: economic size, macroeconomic policies, flexible exchange rates, financial market development, and finally having an open capital account, and will ultimately prove the China is not quite the rising economic power some believe it to be (citation, 2012). Market Liberalization… with Chinese Characteristics In China, it is currently the year of the dragon, a symbol of good fortune and sign of intense power. With this symbol of fortune and power many Chinese are hoping for a year of economic prosperity, especially for the growth of the Renminbi, or more commonly known as the Yuan. In recent years, China has maintained that it’s “special” economy is pursuing a “market economy, but with Chinese characteristics”. Some of these characteristics include encouraging more of an international use of the currency, while being famous for their inflexibility with exchange rates, and not fully opening up the economy to the free flow of capital. However, the Yuan’s acceptance as a reserve currency will be based on China’s economic size, macroeconomic policies, flexible exchange rates, financial market development, and finally having an open capital account. It seems that with time, it is inevitable that China’s Yuan will one day become a global reserve currency. Depending on the development of these five criteria...
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...citizens in one country to their counter parts in another. This section discusses exchange rates, exchange rate adjustments and systems, macroeconomic policy in an open economy, as well as international banking, including international currency reserves, debt, and risk. Learning Materials Open Economy Macroeconomics: Exchange Rates, Balance of Payments and Policy Exchange-Rate Systems With some notable exceptions, most countries in the world have their own currency. Consequently, foreign exchange markets have developed to allow individuals, businesses, governments and other institutions to be able to make payment and receive payment across borders. Each country decides on an exchange rate system, whether they will set their exchange value of their currency administratively, allow markets to determine it, or some combination of those two approaches. Both macroeconomic and microeconomic forces influence the price of each currency in terms of another currency, its exchange rate. Exchange-rate systems include fixed, freely floating, managed floating, fixed peg, crawling-peg currency board, and dollarization. The United States, European Union, United Kingdom and Japan follow managed floating systems. Currency Boards and Monetary Policy Developing countries and small countries with large international sectors are more likely to use fixed systems, peg systems, or dollarization. These systems assist such countries in stabilizing their currencies, which tend to be weak. Maintaining...
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...Study……………………………………… 7 7. Scope and Limitation of the Study………………………… 7 8. Research Methodology……………………………………. 7 II. Literature Review……………………………………………… 8-9 III. Discussion III.1. Interest rate versus exchange rate in Bank deposit……… 10 III.1.1 Appreciate US Dollar in Bank Deposit factor…10-11 III.1.2 Depreciate US Dollar in Bank Deposit factor….. 11 III.2. Interest rate affected in Stock market…………………... 11 III.2.1 Depreciate US Dollar in Stock Market………..11-12 III.2.2 Appreciate US Dollar in Stock Market..................12 IV. Conclusion……………………………………………………… 13 V. References…………………………………………………….14-15 Abstract In this paper, I use high frequency data to investigate the extent to which interest rate changes originated in the United States by the Reserve Federal Fund. More specifically, I am interested in understanding in effects of changes in the Federal Reserve Fund’s interest rates on differential between (short term) local currency interest rates. I also investigate how interest rate influences to the foreign exchange market when Federal set the interest rate. The result indicates that Federal Reserve’s rate can influence foreign exchange market in the bank deposit factor and in the stock market. Key words: U.S Federal Reserve, Federal Fund rate, Interest rate and foreign exchange market. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I have been blessed with the help of some wonderful people while preparing this term paper. Thanks must first given to Dr. CHHUN Vannak...
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...Bretton Woods system. 1. What is The Bretton Woods System? The Bretton Woods agreement was created in a 1944 conference of all of the World War II allied nations. It took place in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. Actually, according to Helleiner (2011), the creation of the Bretton Woods system happened when allied nations of WW2 decided to come up with an integrated monetary financial system to help nations rebuild after the war. The opportunity to create such a new system arose “in the early 1940s when the US & UK policy makers began to plan the organisation of the post-war international monetary and financial system”. In other words, the...
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...International Finance: A Course Overview Mihir A. Desai* Harvard University and NBER ABSTRACT This paper describes the International Finance course at Harvard Business School for instructors considering adopting the associated material. The paper begins by arguing that the forces of globalization have fundamentally changed the scope and activities of firms thereby altering the practice of finance within these firms. As a consequence of an increasing reliance on tightly-integrated foreign operations, a parallel world of finance has been opened within every multinational firm and this world has, heretofore, been overlooked. The course materials are designed to address the many aspects of financial decision making within global firms prompted by these changes that are not addressed in traditional materials. The paper provides an overview of the structure of the course and its seven modules with particular emphasis on the three modules that constitute the core of the course. The paper also describes an analytical framework that has been developed through the creation of the course materials to guide critical financial decisions on financing, investment, risk management and incentive management within a multinational firm. This framework emphasizes the need to reconcile conflicting forces in order for multinational firms to gain competitive advantage from their internal capital markets. The paper concludes with a discussion of the course's pedagogical approach and detailed descriptions...
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...ECO 302: Week 10 Homework Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/eco-302-week-10-homework/ 17.2. If a country runs a budget deficit must it also run a current-account deficit? How does the linkage between the two deficits depend on the relation between budget deficits and national saving? 17.3. A technology shock for a single country Consider a temporary rise in the technology level, A, in the home country. Assume that no change occurs in the terms of trade. 17.4. Taxes and the current-account balance Discuss the effects on a country’s current-account balance from the following changes in tax rates: 17.5. A change in the terms of trade Suppose that the home country is Brazil, which produces a lot of coffee for export. We considered in the text a change in the terms of trade that stemmed from a disturbance in the rest of the world. Suppose, instead, that a temporary shock at home—say a failure of Brazil’s coffee crop—raises the relative price of coffee. In this case, how does the disturbance affect Brazil’s current-account balance? Chapter 18, Review Question 4 Does the central bank have discretion over the quantity of domestic money in a fixed exchange rate system? Show how an attempt to carry out an independent monetary policy can lead to devaluation or revaluation. Why might the attempt lead to trade restrictions? 18.7. A shift in the demand for money Consider an increase in the real demand for money, Md/P, in...
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...2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Title INTRODUCTION HISTORY OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKETS MARKET SIZE AND LIQUIDITY MARKET PARTICIPANTS KINDS OF FX TRANSACTIONS COMPONENTS OF FX TRADING EXCHANGE RATES AND ITS USES GLOBAL LINKAGE OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKETS FACTORS THAT AFFECT FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET TRENDS DIFFERENT EXCHANGE SYSTEMS WHICH LINKS THE FOREX MARKET GLOBALLY BASIS OF COMMUNICATION FOR INTERNATIONAL TRANSFERS CONCLUSION BIBLOGRAPHY Page no. 7 9 11 12 14 16 22 25 35 37 39 40 42 5 GLOBAL LINKAGE OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKETS 6 Introduction The foreign exchange market is the biggest financial market in the world. Every day, transactions worth about 3.98 trillion dollars are carried out within the market. The major aim of introducing the foreign exchange market is to facilitate international trade by enabling businesses to perform transactions outside their local currency. The market operates round the clock from Monday through Friday. Foreign Exchange is the simultaneous Buying of one currency and paying for it with another at an agreed price (exchange rate) for settlement on an agreed date. FOREX is an acronym for FOReign Exchange. In the foreign exchange market today, a trader can purchase some amount of international currencies by paying with a different currency. This type of foreign exchange market started to develop in the 1970s, which was about thirty years after foreign exchange was introduced. Some important features about the FX market include the...
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...Exchange Rate Exposure Dominique and Tesar 2006 – Journal of International Economics 68 Summary by Paolo De Angelis As any introduction, the first part of the article describes and conjects about the main thesis: a possible relationship within exchange rate exposure and firm value. The Authors talk about their work and how they builded such strong hypothesis to demonstrate which is the connection and doing that they explain two objectives: understand how much these firms are exposed to exchange rate fluctuation and investigate why some firms are exposed and some not. Then there is an explanation about tools used to do the research and statistic technique used to test different ideas about correlation among main features characterizing these frims. A very important inference is about the firms involved and not; talking about Ford Motor Company the Authors explain how not only international operating firms are influenced by exchange rate but also local ones, infact exchange rate does influence sales competition in the country where local firms operate. As a resume it explain the third hypothesis about firms exposed due to the level of trade that they do; but, instead of the two previous hypothesis, using proxies because of data lacking. All of this using two diffused indexes: a mark-up index and the Herfindhal Hirschman Index, that is very suitable because of his power to evaluate firms not only relating to market share but squaring it to avoid both arithmetical...
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...com/eng/plan-your-trip/practicalities/other-information/money.jsp#ixzz2ikNNjn9t which is pegged to the US dollar at a rate of about 7.80 HKD to 1 USDSource: http://www.discoverhongkong.com/eng/plan-your-trip/practicalities/other-information/money.jsp#ixzz2ikOBDEGm which is pegged to the US dollar at a rate of about 7.80 HKD to 1 USDSource: http://www.discoverhongkong.com/eng/plan-your-trip/practicalities/other-information/money.jsp#ixzz2ikOSqV4B which is pegged to the US dollar at a rate of about 7.80 HKD to 1 USDSource: http://www.discoverhongkong.com/eng/plan-your-trip/practicalities/other-information/money.jsp#ixzz2ikOSqV4B which is pegged to the US dollar at a rate of about 7.80 HKD to 1 USDSource: http://www.discoverhongkong.com/eng/plan-your-trip/practicalities/other-information/money.jsp#ixzz2ikOSqV4B which is pegged to the US dollar at a rate of about 7.80 HKD to 1 USDSource: http://www.discoverhongkong.com/eng/plan-your-trip/practicalities/other-information/money.jsp#ixzz2ikOSqV4B which is pegged to the US dollar at a rate of about 7.80 HKD to 1 USDSource: http://www.discoverhongkong.com/eng/plan-your-trip/practicalities/other-information/money.jsp#ixzz2ikOSqV4B which is pegged to the US dollar at a rate of about 7.80 HKD to 1 USDSource: http://www.discoverhongkong.com/eng/plan-your-trip/practicalities/other-information/money.jsp#ixzz2ikOSqV4B which is pegged to the US dollar at a rate of about 7.80 HKD to...
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...reestablish the gold standard after World War I, but it had been totally collapsed during the Great Depression in 1930s. Some economists said comply with the gold standard had prohibited monetary authorities from increasing the money supply rapidly enough to recover the economies. Therefore, the representatives of most of the world's leading nations met at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in 1944 to create a new international monetary system. The representatives had decided to link the world currencies to the dollar since the United States accounted for over half of the world's manufacturing capacity and held most of the world's gold during that time. At the final, they agreed should be convertible into gold at $35 per ounce. What is Bretton Woods System? The Bretton Woods system is often refer to the international monetary regime that prevailed from the end of World War II until 1971. The origin of the name is from the site of the 1944 conference that had created the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank. According to the history, the Bretton Woods system was the first example of a fully negotiated monetary order intended to govern currency relations among sovereign states. In principle, the regime was designed to combine binding legal obligations with multilateral decision-making conducted through an international organization -- the IMF, endowed with limited supranational authority. In practice the initial scheme, as well as its subsequent development and ultimate demise, were...
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...signals in a reliable and efficient manner 3 Data Communication Topics covered include: Signal Transmission Transmission Media Signal Encoding Interfacing Data link control Multiplexing 4 Computer Science and Data Communications Merger In 1970s and 1980s The computer communications revolution has produced several remarkable facts. There is no fundamental difference between data processing (computers) and data communications (transmission and switching equipment). There is no fundamental difference among data, voice, and video communications. The distinction among single processor computer, multiprocessor computer, local network, metropolitan network, and long-haul network has blurred. 5 Today’s Trends Three different forces have consistently driven the architecture and evolution of data communications and networking facilities: Traffic growth Development of new services Advances in technology 6 Communication Traffic Both local (within a building or building complex) and Long distance having transmission of Voice, video and data The increased emphasis on office automation, remote access online transactions, and other productive measures means that this trend is likely to continue. 7 New Service Development Growth in services and growth in traffic capacity go hand in hand. Services Versus Throughput Rates 8 Technology Advancement Trends in Technology enable the provision of increasing traffic capacity and the support of a wide range of services. More...
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...essential. Bangladesh T & T Board (BTTB), the only public sector telephone service provider, is doing the best with its limited resources to provide most advanced telecommunication services to its valuable subscribers. BTTB has a firm policy to digitalize the complete network as soon as possible. Digitalization of BTTB network started back in the year 1983 and over the past few years, the installation of digital equipment has increased considerably. In the mean time, all the district headquarters & 377 upazilla's have been equipped with digital exchanges. Remaining upazillas will have digital exchange very soon. In the age of information technology (IT), a robust and efficient national transmission system is required to support telecommunication and data communications, as well as the IT activities of a country. With this end in view BTT B is gradually installing and expanding Optical Fiber network and SDH microwave links throughout the country. Initiative has been taken to install optical fibre based access network. BTTB has started providing Internet services. At present, the services cover 64 district headquarters and 377 upazillas and 16 growth centres. Plans are under way to extend the facilities to all upazilla headquarters very soon. BTTB is providing broadband data service and at present, there are 78 DDN nodes at 41 districts....
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...1. Network Components 1.2. Network Types 1.3. The OSI Model 1.3.1. The Physical Layer 1.3.2. The Data Link Layer 1.3.3. The Network Layer 1.3.4. The Transport Layer 1.3.5. The Session Layer 1.3.6. The Presentation Layer 1.3.7. The Application Layer 1.4. Protocol Notations 1.4.1. Service Primitives 1.4.2. Sequence Diagrams 1.4.3. State Transition Diagrams 1.5. Standards 1.6. Further Reading 1.7. Summary 1.8. Exercises 2. The Physical Layer 2.1. Equipment 2.1.1. Equipment Types 2.1.2. Connection Types 2.2. Transmission 2.2.1. Signal Types 2.2.2. Modulation 2.2.3. Digitization 2.2.4. Synchronization 2.2.5. Transmission Media 2.3. Multiplexing 2.3.1. Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) vi Communication Networks 6 10 1 2 2 4 7 7 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 14 15 16 18 19 19 19 20 20 21 22 23 24 27 28 Copyright © 2005 PragSoft 2.3.2. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) 2.3.3. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) 2.3.4. Concentration 2.4. Physical Layer Standards 2.4.1. RS-232 2.4.2. CCITT X.21 2.5. Further Reading 2.6. Summary 2.7. Exercises 3. The Data Link Layer 3.1 Link Protocol Types 3.1.1. Synchronous Protocols 3.1.2. Asynchronous Protocols 3.1.3. Master-Slave Protocols 3.1.4. Peer-to-Peer Protocols 3.2. Link Protocol Functions 3.2.1. Acknowledgments 3.2.2. Timers 3.2.3. Error Checking 3.2.4. Retransmission 3.2.5. Flow Control 3.3. Sliding Window Protocol 3.4. Data Link Layer Standards 3.4.1. BSC 3.4.2. HDLC 3.5. Further Reading 3.6. Summary 3.7. Exercises 4. The Network...
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