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Linux Introduction an Basics

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Lecture 1 – Linux introduction and basics

Module 1. Linux introduction
♦ Linux distributions ♦ Linux kernel

What is a Linux distribution?
♦ it is a collection of applications, packages, management, and features ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦

that run on top of the Linux kernel. The kernel is what all distributions have in common (it is sometimes customized by the distribution maintainers) If they are all “Linux”, why are there so many different names, and which do I choose?” You may have heard names like Red Hat, Fedora, Debian, Ubuntu Distributions differ in several ways, and three of the most important are:
► ► ►

Purpose Configuration and packaging Support model

What’s a kernel?
♦ As you already know from the Operating Systems course ► the kernel is the core of all computer operating systems ► is usually the layer that allows the operating system to interact with the hardware in your computer ♦ The kernel contains software that allows you to make uniform use of ► hard disk drives, ► network cards, ► RAM, ► and other hardware components. ♦ In the Linux world, the kernel is based on code originally developed by

Linux’s founder, Finnish developer Linus Torvalds.

Back to distributions – Purpose, Configuration, Support
♦ Purpose ► Different distributions are often designed for different purposes and provide different user experiences. ► Some distributions are designed as servers, others as desktops, and some are designed to perform particular functions, for example, as embedded systems. ► The majority of Linux installations still tend to be servers. ♦ Configuration ► configuration settings and files in the usual locations, but not a rule ► installing and updating applications ♦ Support models ► Debian, CentOS, and Fedora - community of volunteers ► Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Ubuntu - a commercial vendor

Popular Linux Distributions
♦ Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) ► Number of versions ► Most popular
• Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) – 2 CPUs • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Advanced Platform (RHELAP) - unlimited
► ► ►

Corporate organizations as server platforms Started as volunteers (now Fedora) Uses RPM packaging system

♦ CentOS ► A derivation of the Red Hat Enterprise Linux ► Available at no charge (no support) ► Uses RPM packaging system

Popular Linux Distributions (cont’)
♦ The Fedora Project ► Jointly run by the community and Red Hat ► Provides a forward development platform for the product ► Uses RPM packaging system ♦ Debian Linux ► Free community-developed and community-managed ► The Debian distribution strives toward freedom, openness, and maintaining a focus on delivering what users want. ► Well known for the dpkg packaging system (deb) ♦ SuSE (Novell) ► Enterprise Server and Enterprise desktop ► Support similar to Red-Hat enterprise ► Free downloadable ► Uses rpm packaging system

Popular Linux Distributions (cont’)
♦ Ubuntu ► Free and based on the Debian Linux platform, community developed, and upgrades are released on a six-month cycle ► Support is also available from its coordinating organization and third party ► Server and desktop editions ► Some consider Ubuntu one of the easiest Linux platforms ► Uses dpkg packaging system (deb) ♦ Gentoo ► Community-developed platform ► Provides the option to compile the entire distribution from source code on your hardware ► Platform for MythTV (Media center Linux edition) ► Uses Portage packaging system

Other Linux distributions
♦ Currently (listed on
♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦

Multimedia MythTV Netbooks Old Computers Privacy Rescue Scientific Server Security Source-based Specialist Telephony Thin Client UNIX

distrowatch.com) there are:


325 Linux maintained distribtions (677 total) Beginners BSD Clusters Desktop Education Firewall Forensics Free Software Gaming High Performance Computing Live Medium

♦ Distributions are categorized in:
► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ►

Supported Hardware
♦ You can find the supported
► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ►

hardware platforms on each distribution home-page. ♦ Many large-scale hardware vendors that provide systems with OEM Linux software. ♦ A complete list can be found on www.distrowatch.com
► ► ► ► ► ► ►

alpha arm armel hppa i386 i486 i586

i686 ia64 ix86 m68010 m68k mips mipsel ns32k powerpc ppc64 ps2 ps3 sh3eb sh3el sh5

► ► ► ► ►

sparc32 sparc64 vax x86_64 xbox

Module 2. Linux basics
♦ Logging in ♦ Navigating the command line and the file system. ♦ We’re also going to introduce some basic Linux concepts: ► Users ► Groups ► Packages ► Services ► The file system ► Work with files and directories

Logging in
♦ At login prompt you need to supply your username and a password or

similar form of authentication. ♦ Use user created during installation ♦ If LiveCD – use the supplied default user/pass

Basics
♦ Like Windows, and Linux is an operating systems ♦ While different in many technical aspects, they share a lot of the same

concepts. ♦ They may use different names for some of these concepts


Windows calls a user’s personal information, configuration, and disk space a “profile”, while the Linux world has a similar concept referred to as a “home directory”.

Graphical User Interface (GUI)
♦ Linux can boot to either a GUI interface or the command line ♦ GUI interface is a combination of several applications ► X Window System (X11 or simply X) provides an underlying “windowing” environment.


Desktop environment to provide the “look and feel”
• Gnome • KDE

The Command Line Interface (CLI)
♦ One of the most powerful tools available ♦ If the system boots in command line you access it directly ♦ If the system boots in GUI ► Launch an terminal emulator program (Xterm or similar) or ► Open an virtual console that always runs in background
• Alt+Ctrl+(F1-F6) or once in virtual console only Alt+(F1-F6) • Alt+F7 returns you to the X Windows

♦ Shell ► Already familiar from OS course ► Shells are interfaces to the operating system and kernel of your host. ► contains a collection of built-in commands that allow you to interact with your host (these are supplemented by additional tools installed by your distribution) ► Bash is usually the default one

The Command Line Interface (CLI) (cont’)
♦ Prompt: ► user@host directory$ ► If directory is ~ symbol, it is an abbreviated method of referring to your home directory
• It an also used as an shortcut to the home directory of the current user
► ►

$ is the default prompt for regular users # is the default prompt for super user (root)

♦ Sometimes root is not accessible directly under some distributions but

this will be covered in the next lesson

Remote Access
♦ Both in GUI and CLI, we’ve assumed that you are logged on to your

host locally ♦ But in a lot of cases, people access Linux hosts remotely.


Especially servers hosted in datacenters

♦ In Linux, you can use a number of different methods to do this remote

connection.
► ► ►

Desktop sharing protocol like Virtual Network Computing (VNC) Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) Secure Shell (SSH)

Secure Shell (SSH)
♦ SSH provides remote command-line access to a Linux ► But can be also used for remote access of GUI desktop. ♦ Both an application and a secure protocol ► Application is provided by OpenSSH ► TCP on port 22 ♦ Remote connections using SSH are encrypted and require

authentication, either a password or public key cryptography. ♦ Usually Secure Shell is installed as one of the default applications.


a server is started by default (servers are usually called deamons).

♦ Client application ► In Linux is invoked using ssh command
• ssh user@host-fqdn • user@ can be omitted and the client uses the current username


In Windows the most common client is a free client called Putty

Getting Help
♦ Can you use F1? ► Yes under GUI ♦ CLI programs that provide access to help are ► man
• man ls • man -K user (searches for keyword)
► ►

info command -h (or --help)
• ls -h

► ►

whatis apropos

Users and Groups
♦ Already familiar from OS course ♦ Provides access control ► Using the file system ♦ Users can be real users and service users ♦ Maintained in /etc/passwd and /etc/group ♦ More in the next lecture

Services and Processes
♦ A lot of background activities and server applications run as services

(deamons)
$ ps -A PID TTY TIME CMD 1 ? 00:00:07 init 2 ? 00:00:10 migration/0 3 ? 00:00:00 ksoftirqd/0 4 ? 00:00:00 watchdog/0 5 ? 00:00:03 migration/1 6 ? 00:00:00 ksoftirqd/1 7 ? 00:00:00 watchdog/1 8 ? 00:00:00 events/0 9 ? 00:00:00 events/1 10 ? 00:00:00 khelper 11 ? 00:00:00 kthread ....

Services and Processes

♦ The most important process on your host is called init ♦ There is another useful command that can tell you which processes are running on your host and which are consuming the most CPU and memory
► top

Files and File Systems
♦ Linux drives and devices are mounted in the only file system (this can ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦

occur automatically when you boot, or you can do it manually). These mounted drives and devices appear in the file system as subdirectories. / is the top (root) file system All other partitions, network storage, removable media, … are mounted under different directories in the / file system Eg. /mnt/cdrom is empty directory until you mount the /dev/cdrom (or /dev/sdb) on that directory
► ►

mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom umount /mnt/cdrom

♦ EVERYTHING IS A FILE ► There are file handles for all hardware and software components

Linux directory structure

File types and security
♦ There are several file types that are available under Linux and

supported by Linux file systems

♦ Default file security ► umask ♦ Setuid/setgid ► passwd is a good example

Literature
♦ Reading ► Pro Linux System Administration
• Chapter 1 – Introducing Linux • Chapter 3 – Linux Basics

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