...12/9/2013 Importance of mixing PHC 453 There are very few pharmaceutical products that contain Mixing f i ibl li id Mi i of miscible liquids and suspensions If, a pharmaceutical company wishes to produce a tablet NOR KHAIZAN BINTI ANUAR, PhD Whenever a product contains more than one component, a mixing or blending stage will be required in the manufacturing process. This is to ensure: • an even distribution of the active component • an even appearance • that the dosage form releases the drug at the correct site and at the desired rate The unit operation of mixing is therefore involved at some stage in the production of practically every pharmaceutical preparation. only one component. Generally, several ingredients are needed to ensure that the required dosage form functions as required. dosage form containing a drug which is active at a dose of 1 mg, other components (e.g. diluent, binder, disintegrant and lubricant) will be needed both to enable the product to be manufactured and for it to be handled by the patient. What is a unit operation? = A basic step in a process Various unit operation sequences in tablet manufacturing Definition and objectives of mixing Mixing may be defined as a unit operation that aims to treat two or more components, initially in an unmixed or partially mixed state, so that each unit (particle, molecule, etc.) of the components lies as nearly as possible in contact with a...
Words: 1104 - Pages: 5
...the jar will vary depending on the environmental conditions where the experiment is taking place. Observation At what point did you start to see water droplets? Can you explain what's happening? How could the water droplets be forming on the OUTSIDE of the jar when the ice is on the INSIDE of the jar, and the cap is screwed on tight? Where have you seen other natural occurrences of condensation? (here's a hint... think of what's on the ground on a cold morning). Result The salted ice quickly makes the sides of the glass jar very cold. As the water that exists in the air as a gas hits the cold sides of the jar, it changes into a liquid! This process is known as condensation, which is the opposite of evaporation. There is water in the air at all times, but we don't see it since it's in a gaseous state. Our experiment turns the gas into a liquid, allowing us to physically see the...
Words: 337 - Pages: 2
...LIQUID METAL EMBRITTLEMENT (LME) RAGHAV MOHAN Graduate Student M.S in Technical Entrepreneurship and Management University of Rochester INTRODUCTION Liquid metal embrittlement (LME) is a phenomenon of practical importance, where certain ductile metals experience drastic loss in tensile ductility or undergo brittle fracture when tested in the presence of specific liquid metals. Generally, a tensile stress or a residual stress is needed to induce embrittlement. Many mechanisms were proposed to explain the phenomenological characteristics of LME. The significance of liquid metal embrittlement is revealed by the practical observation of several structures experiencing ductility losses and cracking during hot dip galvanizing or during subsequent fabrication. Liquid metal embrittlement effects can be observed even in solid state, when one of the metals is brought close to its melting point (e.g. cadmium-coated parts operating at high temperature). This phenomenon is known as solid metal embrittlement. OBSERVATIONS OF LME Mechanical structures are typically a space frame fabricated from parallel large diameter tubes, called chords, cross braced by smaller diameter perpendicular and diagonal tubes(e.g. sign bridge structures over freeway) .After welding, the structure is hot dip galvanized. The hot dip galvanizing process consists of submerging the structure in a bath of molten zinc. This leaves a relatively uniform zinc coating over the entire structure upon...
Words: 2194 - Pages: 9
...Keep It Liquid Introduction: The objective of this lab was to witness the change in temperature of cyclohexane with different substances added. The process of phase change is usually being witnessed in the different weather changes we have. When snow begins to fall in the winter it falls as a liquid, starts to freeze from the atmosphere, then fully freezes when it is set on the ground from the winter temperature. It then begins to melt and turn back into a liquid as the temperature begins to heat up, then evaporates as the liquid starts to boil and steam up. (Phase Change, 17). In this experiment, we hypothesized that our trial three with 0.612 grams of benzoic acid would have the greatest effect on temperature change since it held the greatest...
Words: 1094 - Pages: 5
...Liquid Crystal Display The LCD is used for the purpose of displaying the words which we are given in the program code. This code will be executed on microcontroller chip. By following the instructions in code the LCD display the related words. Fig.5.6 shows the LCD display. 5.3.1 Introduction [pic] Fig. 5.6: LCD Display The LCD display consists of two lines, 20 characters per line that is interfaced with the PIC16F73.The protocol (handshaking) for the display is as shown in Fig. The display contains two internal byte-wide registers, one for commands (RS=0) and the second for characters to be displayed (RS=1). It also contains a user-programmed RAM area (the character RAM) that can be programmed to generate any desired character that can be formed using a dot matrix. To distinguish between these two data areas, the hex command byte 80 will be used to signify that the display RAM address 00h will be chosen Port1 is used to furnish the command or data type, and ports 3.2 to 3.4 furnish register select and read/write levels. Theory A liquid crystal is a material (normally organic for LCDs) that will flow like a liquid but whose molecular structure has some properties normally associated with solids. The Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is a low power device. The power requirement is typically in the order of microwatts for the LCD. However, an LCD requires an external or internal light source. It is limited to a temperature range of about 0°C to 60°C and lifetime...
Words: 1355 - Pages: 6
...Do all liquids evaporate at the same rate? Evaporation is when a liquid turns into a gas. The molecules move and vibrate so fast that they go into the atmosphere as molecules of water vapor. Evaporation is very crucial in the water cycle. The hotness from the sun powers the evaporation procedure. Water starts to evaporate at about 32 degrees Fahrenheit but it occurs gradually. As the temperature rises, the evaporation starts happening quicker. So the warmer it is the faster evaporation happens. Evaporation rates also depend on the quantity of liquid there is. If there is little water in a place than less water is going to be evaporated from that area. If there are large amount of liquids in an area, a lot of water is going to be evaporated....
Words: 326 - Pages: 2
...Liquid Crystal Display PHY 101: Mechanics Topic: -LIQUID CRUSTAL DISPLAY DOA: 28/08/2010 DOR: 28/09/2010 DOS: 10/11/2010 Submitted to: Submitted By: Ms. Neeti Walia Deptt. of Physics Roll. No. A13 Sec: E4001 Reg. No: 11007103 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I take this opportunity to present my votes of thanks to all those guidepost who really acted as lightening pillars to enlighten our way throughout this project that has led to successful and satisfactory completion of This study. We are highly thankful to Miss NEETI WALIA for her active support, valuable time and advice, whole-hearted guidance, sincere cooperation and pains-taking involvement during the study and in completing the assignment of preparing the said project within the time stipulated. Lastly, We are thankful to all those, particularly the various friends , who have been instrumental in creating proper, healthy and conductive environment and including new and fresh innovative ideas for us during the project, their help, it would have been extremely difficult for us to prepare the project in a time bound framework. TABLE OF CONTENTS:- INTRODUCTION WHAT IS LCD THEORY OF LCD TYPES OF LCD PASSIVE-MATRIX ADDRESSED LCD ACTIVE-MATRIX ADDRESED LCD ADVANTAGE N DISADVANTAGE COLOUR DISPLAY APPLICATIONS OF LCD BIBLIOGRAPHY LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY INTRODUCTION:- LCDs are super-thin displays that are...
Words: 295 - Pages: 2
...PHY 101: Mechanics Topic: -LIQUID CRUSTAL DISPLAY DOA: 28/08/2010 DOR: 28/09/2010 DOS: 10/11/2010 Submitted to: Submitted By: Ms. Neeti Walia Deptt. of Physics Roll. No. A13 Sec: E4001 Reg. No: 11007103 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I take this opportunity to present my votes of thanks to all those guidepost who really acted as lightening pillars to enlighten our way throughout this project that has led to successful and satisfactory completion of This study. We are highly thankful to Miss NEETI WALIA for her active support, valuable time and advice, whole-hearted guidance, sincere cooperation and pains-taking involvement during the study and in completing the assignment of preparing the said project within the time stipulated. Lastly, We are thankful to all those, particularly the various friends , who have been instrumental in creating proper, healthy and conductive environment and including new and fresh innovative ideas for us during the project, their help, it would have been extremely difficult for us to prepare the project in a time bound framework. TABLE OF CONTENTS:- INTRODUCTION WHAT IS LCD THEORY OF LCD TYPES OF LCD PASSIVE-MATRIX ADDRESSED LCD ACTIVE-MATRIX ADDRESED LCD ADVANTAGE N DISADVANTAGE COLOUR DISPLAY APPLICATIONS OF LCD BIBLIOGRAPHY LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY INTRODUCTION:- LCDs are super-thin displays that are used...
Words: 2251 - Pages: 10
...TERM PAPER Topic:LCD (LIQUED CRYSTAL DISPLAY) DOA: 22/02/2010 DOS: 06/05/2010 Submitted to: Submitted by: Bindu ABSTRACT LCD projectors are becoming smaller and less expensive, and are starting to incorporate built-in light sources and speakers. LCD panels are also improving in resolution and response. An LCD panel is fairly light and thin, but require a separate overhead projector. The LCD projector contains its own light source, so no overhead projector is required. These have more multimedia features than LCD panels, and usually include speakers and multiple inputs and outputs. Polysilicone LCDs are smaller, and allow more light to pass through than thin-film transistor LCDs. LCD projectors typically weigh between 10 to 50 pounds. Heavier ones are also available that can achieve movie screen quality, although these are more costly, and better suited to permanent installations. Most LCD panel devices have a screen of between 8.4 and 10.4 inches diagonally. A good panel or projector will also provide on-screen adjustment, remote control and a hard shell carrying case. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I take this opportunity to present my votes of thanks to all those guidepost who really acted as lightening pillars to enlighten our way throughout this project that has led to successful and satisfactory completion of this study. Name-Rahul Rawat ...
Words: 3771 - Pages: 16
...Introduction to graphics and LCD technologies NXP Product Line Microcontrollers Business Line Standard ICs Agenda Passive and active LCD technologies – How LCDs work, STN and TFT differences – How data is converted to colors on the LCD LCD signal interface and timing parameters – LCD signals and timing – Controlling the backlight Introduction to frame buffers with the LPC32x0 MCU – How graphics data is stored in memory – Color depth and lookup tables System considerations for LCD based systems – Mapping LCD data signals to the LCD controller signals – LCD data bandwidth Examples Passive and active LCD technologies How an LCD works An array of Liquid Crystal segments – When not in an electrical field, crystals are organized in a random pattern – When an electric field is applied, the crystals align to the field – The crystals themselves do not emit light, but ‘gate’ the amount of light that can pass through them • Crystals aligned perpendicular to a light source will prevent light from passing through them Each LCD segment is aligned with an electric field A light source (backlight) is needed to drive light through the aligned crystal field Courtesy of Sharp Passive displays Passive LCD panels – Consists of a grid of row and columns electrical signals – Columns and rows connect perpendicularly to every segment in the LCD • Columns and rows are multiplexed to many different segments – An IC controls which column and row are selected...
Words: 2211 - Pages: 9
...Analysis of Case Liquid Chemical Company Include a Brief Summary of Case Study ….. Questions and Problems for Consideration 1. Given the two alternatives do the work inside or subcontract it to Packages Ltd? 2. What are the advantages of one alternative over the other? 3. Which action would you favor? 1. Given the two alternatives do the work inside or subcontract it to Packages Ltd.? Two alternatives for Liquid Chemical Company to decide are keeping the container department of its company and signing the contract with Packages, Ltd. With helping Walsh to make an efficient decision, we’ll try to eliminate all sunk costs and costs that don’t differ between alternatives. |Cost of Operating the Container Dept. |Cost of Contract with Packages. Ltd. | | | | |Labor $100,000 |Contract--New $250,000 | |Rent: Plant 90,000 |Contr.--Maint. 75,000 | |Rent: Warehouse 170,000 | | |Other expenses 15,000 | | |Part...
Words: 539 - Pages: 3
...Liquid Density Frances Pauline U. Onting Department of Chemistry Xavier University-Ateneo de Cagayan Corrales Avenue, Cagayan de Oro, Philippines Abstract — Liquid density is the mass per unit volume, whereas specific gravity is the density relative to water. The present study was conducted to determine the liquid density of water and the unknown sample. The experiment also aimed to calculate the specific gravity given the densities. The first part of the experiment aimed to determine the density of the liquid by using the Westphal Balance. The average liquid densities of water and the unknown were 1.1433 and 0.9313 respectively. The relative density of the unknown was then calculated to be 0.8146, given the average densities. The second part utilized the hydrometer to determine the specific gravity directly. The specific gravity values of water and the unknown were 1.009 and 0.8157 respectively. The unknown compound was found to be butanol, with a specific gravity of 0.810. Based on the experimental results, the percentage error were 2.2324% for the Westphal balance and 2.5684% for the hydrometer. Keywords- specific gravity, density, Westphal balance, hydrometer, unknown Introduction Density is a physical property unique to each substance. The density of a liquid is a measure of the mass of the substance in a standard unit of volume[1]. Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume: [pic] (1) where ρ is the density, m is...
Words: 1821 - Pages: 8
...the intermolecular forces of the liquids. INTRODUCTION Evaporation is the process whereby atoms or molecules in a liquid state gain sufficient energy to enter the gaseous state. The thermal motion of a molecule must be sufficient to overcome the surface tension of the liquid in order for it to evaporate, that is, its kinetic energy must exceed the work function of cohesion at the surface. Evaporation therefore proceeds more quickly at higher temperature and in liquids with lower surface tension. Since only a small proportion of the molecules are located near the surface and are moving in the proper direction to escape at any given instant, the rate of evaporation is limited. Also, as the faster-moving molecules escape, the remaining molecules have lower average kinetic energy, and the temperature of the liquid thus decreases. In this project, we will focus on the rate of evaporation of water, acetone and diethyl ether. We can determine the major factor that cause the difference of the rate of evaporation between them. Most liquids are made up of molecules, and the levels of mutual attraction among different molecules help explain why some liquids evaporate faster than others. Intermolecular attractions that exist between the molecule of the water, acetone and diethyl ether affect the rate of evaporation. This is because liquids that have stronger intermolecular attractions evaporate more slowly than liquids that have weaker intermolecular...
Words: 545 - Pages: 3
...After recording the mass and volume of four types of liquids and an unknown liquid, one must find the density of the samples by graphing the data found. One must also identify the unknown concentration of a saltwater solution by using their graph. Finally, the percent error of the unknown concentration will be calculated where one will evaluate the precision and accuracy of the experiment. Materials: balance, 10.0 mL graduated cylinder, liquid samples: A, B, C, D, and unknown, plastic pipit, safety goggles, computer to record data, paper towels, and water to rinse. Procedure: Put safety goggles on and gather materials listed above. Find the mass of the graduated cylinder alone Choose a sample to start with: A, B, C, D, or unknown, (recommend...
Words: 751 - Pages: 4
...The purpose is to find which liquid would be the most effective in dissolving blow pops. In the previous year, research has shown that the two different type of substances, polar and nonpolar affects whether something would dissolve. In this lab, we will test Blow-Pops into 4 different liquids, water, oil, soda, and vinegar to see which would be the most effective. First, we put the Blow-Pops into the different cups provided with the different liquids, then, we observe and check after every five minutes to see if the liquids have any effects on the Blow-Pop. Lastly, we concluded that out of the four different liquids we used, vinegar was the liquid that Blow-Pop would dissolve the fastest in. It has long be considered that sugar can...
Words: 389 - Pages: 2
