Local landline phone systems consist of several different components. The following are what makes it all up. 1. The local loop is the link between a customer and the telephone company’s central office, often called “the last mile”. The local loop uses copper-based telephone wire. 2. The central office is a local telephone company switching center. There are 2 types of central offices, the first is end office (EO) or local exchange (LE) and connects directly to the outside plant. The second type is the Tandem office; this is a central office that is not connected directly to the customer. 3. Point of presence (POP) is the point at which a line from a long distance carrier (IXC) connects to a local telephone company or to the user if the local company is not involved. In dial up the POP is the local telephone exchanged that the modem dials into to log in. 4. Long Distance service is made by an interexchange (IXC). This component is used to connect LEC’s together in different LATA’s. 5. The fixed line refers to devices connected by cable. A fixed line phone is wired to a telephone jack on the wall.
Cellular Telephones are a lot like a two way radio that carries a full-duplex conversation. These components that make this up are; 1. Voice, transmitted information in a format similar to a fixed line, when it first came out. There were a lot of lost calls when it was implemented. Now that is very rare. 2. Data, started out at 2g, and now we are using 4g, making our cell phones more and more like computers.
Telephone Network Topology consists of the following components 1. The demarcation point is the location within a home or office where the line from a telephone company enters the building. This point is also known as the minimum point of entry (MPOE)

2. The access network connects directly to the end user, and also connects to the backbone. The switching points in the backbone could be buildings on a campus or cities in a country.

3. Equipment includes all the wires, fiber-optic or copper, that connect a few different components together. This also includes Switches.

4. Regional/Metro Networks are a communication network that covers a geographical area such as a town, city, or suburb.

Cable TV 1. Broadcast TV is broadcasted from radio wave, which sends a signal from one antenna to another. It has a limitation flaw of going in and out of range. 2. Community antennas have come from being a copper cable on the highest point, to a very complex combination of cabling and electronics. This antenna consists of the following cables, and components, the Head end, Trunk cables, feeder cables, and drop cables. 3. Network access point is located close to the homes of buildings it services. The NAP is a terminal that serves as a connection point for drop cables. 4. From the NAP a cable runs to the Network Interface Device. The NID is typically mounted outside of the house or building. It is an all-plastic enclosure designed to house the electronics that support the network.

Telecommunication services 1. RBOCs are Regional Bell Operating Company. Since the lawsuit in 1984 AT&t divested its local 2. Unbundling is a regulatory requirement that enables a competing service provider to purchase parts of the local exchange carrier’s network in order to provide a service to its customers. Exchange carriers into seven RBOCs. 3. MSO is a multiple system operator which operates multiple cable TV systems, like Comcast, Time Warner Cable, and Cablevision. 4. ISP stands for internet service provider, and this is a company that provides access to the internet. Consumers are mostly using an ISP to access the internet. ISP’s are connected using copper cables, or fiber-optic cables, or through a wireless connection. 5. Triple Play is an offer of data, voice and video to a subscriber through one company like Comcast and Verizon Fios 6. Cloud Computing is hardware and software services from a provider on the Internet.