Task 1

In ancient civilizations it was believed that the Earth was the center of the Universe (Geocentric model). This was the accepted belief at the time. Many philosophers and scientists wrote works based on the Geocentric model.

The understanding that the Earth being the center of the universe began to change as scientists (Copernicus, Galileo and Kepler) researched, used mathematics and physics. The findings of there work led to the belief that the Sun was the center of the Universe (Heliocentric model).

Copernicus used mathematics (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres) to form the Heliocentric model of the universe. Galileo used physics (Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems) to support Copernicus’ Heliocentric theory. Kepler mathematics (laws of planetary motion) and his expertise in optics (inventing an improved version of the refracting telescope (Keplerian Telescope) and gave credit to Galileo for his telescopic discoveries) to support the Heliocentric model. The Heliocentric model was accepted as the structure of the Solar System because of the work of these ancient scientists and the work of those that came after them.

In the mid-to-late 20th century supremacy in space exploration between the Soviet Union and United States began. This is now known as the “Space Race”. During this tense time known as the “Cold War” both the Soviet Union and the United States felt that being first in space exploration was necessary for national security and a symbol of their superiority. The Space Race let to the launching of artificial satellites and the race to put a manned spacecraft on the moon.

On July 20, 1969 the United States landed the first humans on the moon. This accomplishment effectively ended the Space Race. The Space Race resulted in increased spending in research and education; resulting in great scientific advancements and technologies. Our understanding of the natural world has changed significantly because of this.

As an example, satellites orbit the Earth and provide data on weather. We better understand its impact on the world and its effects on science, research and technology. Technology that drives scientific research and our everyday lives can be traced back to the research initially involved in the Space Race.

The Space Race also helped propel the environmental movement. It gave society a unique view of the Earth and how fragile it appeared in the context of outer space. This helped fuel the call for better stewardship of our planet. A better understanding of the effects research has on the environment and a more responsible way to conduct science, experiments etc. have benefited us as we understand and learn more about the natural world.