...Literature Review Handout Liberty University Online Writing Center Handout Description A review of literature is a critical analysis of a portion of the published body of knowledge available through the use of summary, classification, and comparison of previous research studies, reviews of literature, and journal articles (“How to Write a Literature Review”, 2012). This handout discusses the reasons for writing a literature review and presents its various requirements. It examines what a literature review is, as well as what it is not; it distinguishes between the literature review and the annotated bibliography. Like many academic writing assignments, there is not one universal standard for writing a literature review. Its format can differ from discipline to discipline and from assignment to assignment. There is, however, an overall structure that is commonly used across various disciplines, and this format is examined in more detail. The handout concludes with some helpful “tips and tricks” for preparing a literature review. Disclaimer: The content of a literature review may vary from discipline to discipline and from assignment to assignment. The literature review content recommended in this handout is that which is most commonly included. If in doubt about what you should include in your literature review, please consult your professor. Literature Review Handout Defining a Literature Review ...
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...Global Conference for Wikimedia 6 - 10 August 2014 · London FIND OUT MORE Close Literature review From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For a focused scientific review, see Systematic review. [hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. (November 2010) This article needs attention from an expert on the subject. (May 2014) A literature review is a text of a scholarly paper, which includes the current knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. Literature reviews use secondary sources, and do not report new or original experimental work.[1] Contents [hide] 1 Types of Literature Reviews 2 Distinguishing between Process and Product 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading Types of Literature Reviews[edit] Most often associated with academic-oriented literature, such as a thesis or peer-reviewed article, a literature review usually precedes a research proposal and results section. Its main goals are to situate the current study within the body of literature and to provide context for the particular reader. Literature reviews are a staple for research in nearly every academic field.[2] A systematic review is a literature review focused on a research question, trying to identify, appraise, select and synthesize...
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...What is a literature review? Put simply, it is an analysis of prior academic research so as to identify the who, what, where, and whys’ of the chosen topic area. You may or may not have conducted what some academics call a preliminary study – a brief search into the existing academic work in your chosen topic. After all, for some students carrying out primary research it’s vital that their work has never been carried out before and these initial studies are crucial when identifying a unique topic for research. In some subject areas, it may be difficult, if not impossible to identify areas for primary research and therefore a preliminary study may not be necessary (secondary research is usually carried out as a result). Whatever the starting point, the literature review forms one of the first major pieces of work in a dissertation. There are several main reasons why you would undertake a literature review. The first is to enable you, the author, to become absolutely clear on what it is you have chosen to research and study. By understanding other academic literature you can gain an understanding of what has been and is currently being researched. This will help with your own work by identifying windows of opportunity and helping to cement your research questions. For some subjects you may find there has not been much prior research in your field of study, in which case your literature review will have to be less specific and the academic net in which you search will have to be...
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...Caring for Inmate-Patients: A Review of the Literature Caring for Inmate-Patients In 2010, approximately one in every 27 adults (2.8 million) in the United States was behind bars according to a report from the National Commission on Correctional Health Care (NCCHC), 2012. Maintaining a safe and secure environment is the most important mission of correctional facilities - not healthcare. Correctional nurses are challenged to provide inmate healthcare services in a caring relationship that promotes wellness, restores health, and facilitates healing. A great deal has been written by nursing theorists regarding a caring attitude, and that it is fundamental to the nurse’s role. No other health care setting presents such limitations to nurses’ free expression of caring. The purpose of this paper is to conduct a review of the literature on how nurses balance the culture of security and the culture of care while delivering health care to inmate-patients in a correctional setting. Analysis It is well documented in the nursing literature that nursing care for prisoners is both complicated and conflicting. These findings clearly stated that the experiences of caring for inmate-patients vary greatly from that of any other health care setting. Both the infrastructure of a prison coupled with its restrictive security element, directly affects how the health care of inmate-patients is delivered. This is in direct correlation with the findings of Mathis & Schoenly, 2008; Muse...
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...How to improve efficiency of organization Literature Review Tanshu Song BUS 551 University of La Verne The effective of an organization is concern by every managers. It was an important innovation in business management. Organizational effectiveness considers how well an organization performs business. In the present prospectus, the research will focus on effective management style and individuals behaviour which will impact on the efficiency of organization. The following literature reviews will attempt to show the information related to prospectus and demonstrate the analysis. In the research article by William Clark and Ray Wright (2009), they mentions the challenge which organizations will face in next several years. Increasing pressure to do more with fewer workers, growing demand for strategic new services, expected loss of legacy management skills and need for automated solutions. Then they provide a solution which can capture the knowledge of retiring workers and perform many tasks necessary to manage both legacy and distributed systems. This wide range of solutions that enable knowledge retention and automate the process workflow to provision and maintain IT services specifically. “By taking advantage of the wide range of solutions for automating management tasks, the agency can benefit from the ability to create automated, repeatable processes, reduce the need to replace retiring workers, improve ability to recruit new employees...
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...2. LITERATURE REVIEW. In the context of India’s tea export, there exists vast literatures .But for this study we have included some of the important empirical works which are matched with our objectives. Chand and Tiwari,(1991),analyzead growth and instability of India’s export and import of agricultural commodities. Jaganathan , (1992) , in his paper examined the instabilities of export earnings of selected groups and selected commodities and all the commodities from the period 1974-75 to 1989-1990. Pal , (1992) , analyzed the magnitude , causes and effects of instability of agricultural export earnings of India for the period 1979 to 1989.Subramaniam , (1995) , analyzed the impact of fluctuations in tea production and exports on international tea trade .He articulated that India plays a significant role in world tea trade , being the world’s largest producer , consumer , and exporter . Therefore , fluctuations in India’s tea production , consumption and exports are enough to disturb international tea trade . Aiello , (1999) , analyzed that the effects of export earnings instability on economic growth of developing countries has long interested economists for several reasons . Reddy , (2001) , examined global demand for and supply of tea by estimating semi – log trends separately using data of the recent past , 1974 to 1988 , on the area under cultivation of tea , production , export and retention of tea for domestic consumption . Debraj , (2003) , in a column...
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...Nursing http://jsn.sagepub.com/ Literature Reviews as a Research Strategy Julia Muennich Cowell The Journal of School Nursing 2012 28: 326 DOI: 10.1177/1059840512458666 The online version of this article can be found at: http://jsn.sagepub.com/content/28/5/326 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: National Association of School Nurses Additional services and information for The Journal of School Nursing can be found at: Email Alerts: http://jsn.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://jsn.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav >> Version of Record - Sep 25, 2012 What is This? Downloaded from jsn.sagepub.com by guest on August 26, 2013 Editorial The Journal of School Nursing 28(5) 326-327 ª The Author(s) 2012 Reprints and permission: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/1059840512458666 http://jsn.sagepub.com Literature Reviews as a Research Strategy Literature reviews have long been important strategies to assess the state of the science. As early as 1993, Broome (1993) recommended literature reviews as a strategy to assist in the development of concepts. Many graduate students in nursing and other sciences learn about synthesizing literature throughout their academic programs using a variety of guides including Cooper’s (1998) Synthesizing Research: A Guide for Literature Reviews as a common reference or Fink’s...
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...Health Promotion 1 Literature Review Bressy Thomas Grand Canyon University Health Promotion 2 Health promotion involves motivation and improvement in someone’s health and identifies their potential health problems. From the literature reviews, Health promotion defined in different ways. Literature, Worldviews on Evidence-base nursing, explains health promotion as, Etiologically –driven socio-political-economic determinants of health are addressed. This serves to counter social inaction and social division/inequality. It is an inherently political process…that leads to community coalitions through shared radical consciousness. Health promotion looks to develop and reform social structures…between representative stakeholders in different sectors and agencies. (Whitehead 2004b) Looking after community, looking after their lifestyles and advising them really on their needs and how...
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...Review of Literature Grand Canyon University: Family Centered Health Promotion NRS-429V September 8, 2013 Review of Literature Health Promotion is the concern with physical, social, and mental wellbeing that strives to help people take control over the matters that influence their life. In addition, to enable people to increase control of their health, improve their health, and optimize their quality of life. The concept of health promotion was developed to emphasize the community-based practice of health promotion, community participant and health promotion practice. Health promotion can be encompassed with any disease either acute or chronic. When underlining the definition health promotion in relationship to hypertension it is defined as “effect of anti-hypertensive patient-oriented education and in-home monitoring for medication adherence and management of hypertension, by providing education of healthy lifestyle behaviors and medication adherence”(Hacihasanoglu & Gozum, 2011, p. 692). This means to change the behaviors to one’s lifestyle along with medication compliance an individual can achieve control of and a better well-being while living with hypertension. Nurses’ purpose to health promotion is to assist in education, promotion, planning, implementation, and goal setting to patient, groups, and communities. We are the largest group of health professional, we have the potential to contribute substantially in the area of health promotion. The nurses’...
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...Discussion on the literature review: The literature review was done keeping in order have an extensive research already published on the topic of strategic flexibility. The planned Adaptive model has been stressed upon as being central to an organisation’s stability and long term survival. It however, says very less about quick fix solutions against the uncertainties. Volberda attacks the impossible paradox of managing two contradictory priorities in the dynamic environment. The first requires managing for change flexibility and innovation and the second one demands evolutionary stability of the organisation and efficiency. His approach and research seems to be quite a wholesome approach towards the concern of strategic flexibility. The organisational flexibility model provides a robust theoretical foundation and describes how management can successfully build and sustain a flexible firm. The model can be effectively applied where coherent priority setting is necessary to adjusting the potential flexibility mix. Instead of finding a quick fix and temporary solution to establish a temporary defensive position, it focuses on reinventing the organisation again and again which would prove to be of greater value of the time and resources put by the management in the whole process. The scope model is broad and can fit any kind of firm across industries. The model proposes a cyclical process where firms migrate from one form to another between the planned and flexible form....
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...Literature review In today’s world of modern technology our growing up generation become addicted of such things like video games. Now it is a problem for young people, because uncontrolled way of playing leads to unexpected and sad consequences. In May 2013, video game addiction was added to the “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders” in the Conditions for Further Study section as "Internet Gaming Disorder" (Petry, 2013), this information confirms that problem is existing and need an investigation. The following several literature reviews presented main information about reasons and effects of video game addiction among adolescents. In the article written by Kimberly Young (2009), in details described the consequences of video game addiction and some therapies and methods to avoid this problem. Author briefly shows impacts of gaming and life of addicted person. There are a lot of accidents when people suffer or even died from many hours playing. Online gaming is an emotionally draining and time-consuming activity. To create more time for the computer, gaming addicts neglect sleep, diet, exercise, hobbies, and socializing (Young, 2004). Author claims that because of addiction, they have several serious problems like health: stress, eye strain, back strain, loosing or vice versa gaining weight; and social: bad relationships with family and friends. Article called “Video Game addiction and social responsibility” written by Mark Griffiths...
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...Writing a Literature Review What is a Literature Review? A literature review is a survey and discussion of the literature in a given area of study. It is a concise overview of what has been studied, argued, and established about a topic, and it is usually organized chronologically or thematically. A literature review is written in essay format. It is not an annotated bibliography, because it groups related works together and discusses trends and developments rather than focusing on one item at a time. It is not a summary; rather, it evaluates previous and current research. Purpose A literature review is written to highlight specific arguments and ideas in a field of study. By highlighting these arguments, the writer attempts to show what has been studied in the field, and also where the weaknesses, gaps, or areas needing further study are. The review should therefore also demonstrate to the reader why the writer’s research is useful, necessary, important, and valid. Audience Literature reviews can have different types of audiences, so consider why and for whom you are writing your review. For example, a lot of literature reviews are written as a chapter for a thesis or dissertation, so the audience will want to know in what way your research is important and original. Highlighting the gap in knowledge which your research aims to fill is particularly important in this instance because you need to convince the reader that there is an opening in the area of study. A literature review...
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...Doing a literature review This Advice Sheet introduces you to the basics of compiling a Literature review. What is a literature review? 1 What it is not …. 1 Approaches needed …. 1 Approaching your review …. 2 Writing the review …. 3 What is a literature review? • • • Further reading …. 4 • It is a critical and evaluative account of what has been published on a chosen research topic. Its purpose is to summarise, synthesise and analyse the arguments of others. (It is not an academic research paper, the main purpose of which is to support your own argument.) You should describe and analyse the knowledge that exists and what gaps occur in research related to your field of interest. (This should clarify the relationship between your own research and the work that has previously been done.) It should reveal similarities and differences, consistencies and inconsistencies and controversies in previous research. What it is not It is not primarily an argument for the importance of what it is you are researching. While it is necessary to explain what is the primary purpose of your research, the reader of a literature review will assume that the need for undertaking the research has already been established. It is not a descriptive list of papers or summaries. You must not just list your sources and describe them in detail one at a time. A literature review is organised around ideas, not the sources themselves as an annotated bibliography would be organised. You should...
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...Disclosures About CSR Practices: A Literature Review Kavitha W * and Anita P ** Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is now prominent and evident more than ever due to the emphasis laid on businesses regarding environmental, social and ethical issues. The level of CSR activities of the firms is made known to public only through the disclosures. This paper reviews the literature on CSR disclosures and the effect of these disclosures. There are various factors which determine the extent of disclosures like the size of the firm, industry, high visibility, etc. Introduction Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is now prominent and evident more than ever due to the emphasis laid on businesses regarding environmental, social and ethical issues. This is because over the recent years, there have been social, political and economic pressures on corporate management to pay attention on social and environmental consequences of corporate activities. These pressures motivated the corporate management to actively participate in a wide range of social welfare activities. CSR now-a-days covers almost all issues like the use of child labor; inequality of employment; environmental impact; involvement in local community; products’ safety; company cultures; brand image and reputation. Apart from this, companies are now disclosing these activities in their annual reports, and one of the parameters to judge the performance of a company is CSR reporting. Corporate Social Responsibility ...
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...Literature Review The determination of this literature review is to find and review research and studies that illustrate how Principals can train educators to become enthusiastic communicators in their classrooms so they will be able to influence each and every one of their students. Improving students' relationships with teachers “has significant, encouraging effects for students' academic and social growth”. (National Commission on Teaching and America’s Future, 1996). If a student feels a special connection with their teacher their everyday communication will increase with more guidance and praise than criticism from the teacher, the student most likely will become more trustful and also will show more engagement in the academics and show better classroom behavior. Encouraging teacher-student relationships “pull students into the method of learning and help their desire to learn. (Odden et al. 2002). Encouraging teacher-student relationships showed by teachers' reports of little or none low self-esteem support, and little dependency have been shown to support students' change to school, contribute to their social skills, help academic performance, and foster students' resiliency in academic performance”.(Odden et al. 2002). These findings were visible even after taking into thought the level to which students' behavior difficulties related to problematic teacher-child relationships. (Hamre & Pianta, 2001). In which case were larger for boys than for girls .(Hamre...
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