...CHAPTER 18 EXTERNALITIES AND PUBLIC GOODS TEACHING NOTES This chapter discusses the remaining types of market failure which were introduced at the end of Chapter 16, and which were not covered in Chapter 17. Section 18.1 defines the concept of externalities, both positive and negative. Section 18.2 discusses methods of correcting for the market failure that arises in the presence of externalities. These two sections give a good self-contained overview of externalities as a type of market failure. The next two sections, 18.3 and 18.4, explore the relationship between the existence of externalities and property rights. Section 18.5 discusses public goods and section 18.6 offers a brief discussion of determining the optimal level of the public good to provide. Overall the chapter provides a good solid overview of some very interesting problems. Any instructor who had the time and desire to expand upon the presentation in the chapter could find a wealth of information by consulting an environmental or resource economics textbook. There are an abundance of examples related to pollution or natural resource issues that you could choose to talk about. Check your local newspaper for ideas. The consumption of many goods involves the creation of externalities. Stress the divergence between social and private costs, and the difference between the private (industry competitive) equilibrium and the socially optimal (efficient) equilibrium. You can use the students’ knowledge...
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...Luxury Brand Strategy of Louis Vuitton Shin'ya NAGASAWA* * Graduate School of Commerce, Waseda University Tokyo, Japan, nagasawa@waseda.jp Abstract: By systematically breaking down th e strategy of the single Louis Vuitton luxury brand into the four Ps (Product, Price, Place, and Promotion), our aim in this paper is to extract the rules or principles of its brand marketing that differ from that of general consumer goods. In other words, the object is to distill the rules and principles of success strategies for l uxury brands as well as to derive a busi ness m odel for success. Showing that the current rise of Louis V uitton is not a coincidence but rath er so mething ach ieved th rough strat egy will su rely b e of in terest to firm s struggling with lack of brand power or those looking to boost brand power. Key words: luxury brand, brand management, Louis Vuitton. 1. Introduction Consumers like brand items, while researchers like brand theory. Although scholars also use the word “brand” to refer to the likes of Coca-Cola and McDonald’s, there is a vast gulf between these brands and the luxury brands we e xplored i n t he p revious b ook. I n researchers’ brand m anagement theories, one r arely fi nds m ention o f representative luxury brands like Louis Vuitton or Dior, or of LVMH. Based on this awareness, we carefully scrutinized the ecology of the unique LVMH firm, considering the nature of the brand as distinct from commodity markets, although...
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...Generally speaking a minor cannot enter into a legally binding contract. A contract with a minor is not enforceable (except when they are an emancipated minor). It can be voided. Someone who has not yet reached the age of majority cannot sign a legally binding contract. It is possible that they can 'affirm' or 'accept' the contract once they come of age, making it valid. Generally speaking no, not for the terms contained in the contract itself. However, if the minor deliberately perpetrated fraud in an attempt to gain services or products, (such as a credit card); he or she may be held liable for restitution and/or possibly face penalties both civil and criminal depending on the applicable laws of the state of jurisdiction. In cases involving credit card fraud there may have been federal violations as well. A minor can enter into a contract. However, most contracts cannot be enforced against minors. (They are voidable, at the request of the minor.) For that reason, most people are hesitant to enter into a contract with a minor. However, the minor can enter a contract, can choose not to void it, and can enforce it against the other party. In general, minors cannot enter into contracts. In most states, someone is a minor if he or she is under 18, though there may be variations. Therefore, if a minor signs a contract but later wants to get out of it, he or she can usually do so. For this reason, it is a good idea to have the minor's parents sign the agreement...
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...Introduction Every department and or University face several problem like the scarcity of the faculty, improving of facilities and the inevitable school competition where most of the parents and also their kids prefer to enroll their child or even the children themselves prefer to attend in a well-popular university because of its name, facilities and even their graduates or alumni students who became their proud products. Also, one of the main reason why the incoming freshmen prefer to enroll to other school is the financial matters that their parents are unable to sustain their needs in terms of school projects, tour and other related subjects that entails money to spend as well as daily allowances. These are the reasons why they have a limited number of enrollees or even experiencing the ups and downs in terms of enrollment. The Department of College of Business and Commerce in Arellano University Pasay branch and even in the other branches are also faced this kind of dilemma. Now, the department head, staff and the faculty enhance a strategies based on the concerns of the student and even the number address its problems increase of new enrollees. In this way, the Department will promote their courses in order to capture and persuade more enrollees to enroll to in AU-Pasay Campus. The enhancement of existing promotional strategies would be a basic of increasing number of enrollees that would realize the profit in the year to come. The company image and reputation of the school...
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...Introduction to 1 Educational inequity is a pervasive problem. Just 16 percent of children who are eligible for free school meals in the U.K. attend university, in comparison to 96 percent of children educated in independent schools In Brazil, the poorest children have on average 7 fewer years of schooling than their wealthier counterparts In Peru, children in the poorest 20 percent of households receive 5 fewer years of education than children from the wealthiest Socioeconomic background predicts educational outcomes. In India, there is a 40 percent gap in secondary enrollment rates between children from the highest and lowest expenditure quintile groups In Ghana, children from the highest household wealth quintile have almost twice as many average years of schooling as those from the lowest, and even the highest quintile is four years less than the U.S. average In New Zealand, children from lowincome households are half as likely to achieve university entrance standard as those from high-income households 2 Transformational teachers show us we can solve it. Gaurav Singh, Teach For India Gaurav Singh left a successful career at Accenture to join Teach for India’s inaugural cohort of teaching fellows. Assigned to teach 50 second graders (ranging in age from 6-14,) all of whom were significantly behind grade level, Gaurav quickly decided that he needed a huge and visible goal for his class. He decided on “4” —students would grow to four times their current level in the...
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...[ROCKET LAUNCHER] [A C++ coding] Tenzin Kunsel T.C.V SCHOOL SELAQUI P.O-SELAQUI DEHRADUN [ROCKET LAUNCHER] [A C++ coding] Tenzin Kunsel T.C.V SCHOOL SELAQUI P.O-SELAQUI DEHRADUN Contents DEDICATION 1 ACKNOWLEDGEME ___________________________________________________________________2 CERTIFICATES 3 CODES 4 PHOTO 5 BIBLOGRAPHY _______________________________________________________________________6 This project is dedicated to all those digital world revolutionist and for my beloved country and the country man who is under the reign of the P.R.C govt ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher B.tech Palden Tsewang as well as our principal Mr. Duke Tsering who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the Rocket Launcher, which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and I came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to them. Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame. CERTIFICATE This is to certify that master Tenzin Kunsel of Class XII A has completed his project on time and Put a great effort in making this a successful one. Teacher sign. Invigilator sign. //KUNSEL & TSUNDUE //TERMINAL PROJECT //Username:foreverknight //pswd:rocket123 #include<iostream.h> #include<conio.h> #include<dos.h> ...
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...RISK MA~AG¡MINT: ASSEI-lIABIUIY MANAGIMINI AND INIIRISI ~AII ~ISK i LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. To understand risk management as driven by risk exposure, the R in TRICl( To understand asset-liability management (ALM) as the coordinated management of a bank's on- and off-balance sheet activities driven by interest rate risk and its two components: priee risk and reinvestment risk To undersland accounting and economic measures of ALM performance To understand the duration or maturity imbalance (gap) in banks' balance sheets in terms of rate-sensitive assets (RSAs) and rate-sensitive liabilities (RSLs) To understand ALM risk profiles as pictures of banks' exposure to interest rale risk and how to hedge that risk using on- and off-balance sheet methods CHAPTER THEME The business of banking involves the measuring, managing, and accepting of risk, which means the heart of bank financial management is risk managemcnt. One of the most important risk management functions in banking is asset-liability management or ALM, broadly defined as the coordinated management of a bank's balance sheet to allow for alternative interest rate, liquidity, and prepayment scenarios. Three techniques of ALM are (1) on-balance sheet matching of the repricing o[ assets and liabilities, (2) off-balance shcet hedging of on-balance sheet risks, and (3) securitization, which removes risk from the balance sheet. The key variables of ALM inelude accounling measures such as net interest...
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...226 IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING, VOL. 9, NO. 3, JUNE 2001 Network Support for IP Traceback Stefan Savage, David Wetherall, Member, IEEE, Anna Karlin, and Tom Anderson Abstract--This paper describes a technique for tracing anonymous packet flooding attacks in the Internet back toward their source. This work is motivated by the increased frequency and sophistication of denial-of-service attacks and by the difficulty in tracing packets with incorrect, or "spoofed," source addresses. In this paper, we describe a general purpose traceback mechanism based on probabilistic packet marking in the network. Our approach allows a victim to identify the network path(s) traversed by attack traffic without requiring interactive operational support from Internet Service Providers (ISPs). Moreover, this traceback can be performed "post mortem"--after an attack has completed. We present an implementation of this technology that is incrementally deployable, (mostly) backward compatible, and can be efficiently implemented using conventional technology. Index Terms--Computer network management, computer network security, network servers, stochastic approximation, wide-area networks. I. INTRODUCTION D ENIAL-OF-SERVICE attacks consume the resources of a remote host or network, thereby denying or degrading service to legitimate users. Such attacks are among the hardest security problems to address because they are simple to implement, difficult to prevent, and very difficult...
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...FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION: COST AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF LARGE SCALE PROVEN PLANTS by Mr. Jean Tilly ,..Sc. Thesis, Chemical Engineering Dept. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 and Energy Laboratory Report No. MIT-EL 33-006 June 1983 - 01110 1, *II 111114111E10, 11 I ,1I IEY9 1 1 1,iiiii1mlonl -2- FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION: COST AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF LARGE - SCALE AND PROVEN PLANTS by Jean Tilly Submitted to the Department of Chemical Engineering on May 6, 1983 in partial fullfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Technology and Policy ABSTRACT Flue Gas Desulfurization is a method of controlling the emission of sulfurs, which causes the acid rain. The following study is based on 26 utilities which burn coal, have a generating capacity of at least 50 Megawatts (MW) and whose Flue Gas Desulfurization devices have been operating for at least 5 years. An analysis is made of the capital and annual costs of these systems using a comparison of four main processes: lime, limestone, dual alkali and sodium carbonate scrubbing. The functional analysis, based on operability, allows a readjustment of the annual costs and a determination of the main reasons for failure. Finally four detailed case studies are analyzed and show the evolution of cost and operability along the years. Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Dan Golomb Title: Visiting Scientist -3- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT a I would like to express...
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...Acknowledgments ix Acknowledgments This book owes a great deal to the mental energy of several generations of scholars. As an undergraduate at the University of Cape Town, Francis Wilson made me aware of the importance of migrant labour and Robin Hallett inspired me, and a generation of students, to study the African past. At the School of Oriental and African Studies in London I was fortunate enough to have David Birmingham as a thesis supervisor. I hope that some of his knowledge and understanding of Lusophone Africa has found its way into this book. I owe an equal debt to Shula Marks who, over the years, has provided me with criticism and inspiration. In the United States I learnt a great deal from ]eanne Penvenne, Marcia Wright and, especially, Leroy Vail. In Switzerland I benefitted from the friendship and assistance of Laurent Monier of the IUED in Geneva, Francois Iecquier of the University of Lausanne and Mariette Ouwerhand of the dépurtement évangélrlyue (the former Swiss Mission). In South Africa, Patricia Davison of the South African Museum introduced me to material culture and made me aware of the richness of difference; the late Monica Wilson taught me the fundamentals of anthropology and Andrew Spiegel and Robert Thornton struggled to keep me abreast of changes in the discipline; Sue Newton-King and Nigel Penn brought shafts of light from the eighteenthcentury to bear on early industrialism. Charles van Onselen laid a major part of the intellectual foundations on...
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