...dramatise London so perpetually’ Woolf wondered in the final months of her life. This essay will seek to examine Woolf’s Mrs Dalloway and Eliot’s The Waste Land to observe their perpetual fascination with expressing metropolis as a vision of modernity. It will attempt to scrutinize the overwhelming nature of urban life, urban life’s effect on humanity, metropolis being the forefront of society, and also the depiction of a single urban consciousness. Through examining these depictions of urban life, this essay aims to observe the effects rapid urbanisation had on the modern movement and its respective authors. Woolf presents Mrs Dalloway’s consciousness as a vessel to voice the overwhelming nature of urban life and the problem of anxiety experienced in modern metropolis. Immediately in the first paragraph Clarissa’s anxieties are voiced as she embarks to the city to prepare for her party. Clarissa’s consciousness jumps to her memory of a ‘girl of eighteen’ and the solemn and ‘feeling that something awful was about to happen’. The contrast to her feeling of excitement to a feeling of anxiety is stark. The protagonist begins by exclaiming ‘how fresh how calm’ and then to experiencing feeling threatened as her attention reverts from the natural to the ‘uproar of the carriages, motor cars, omnibuses, vans… she loved; life; London’. Woolf plunges the reader into Mrs Dalloway’s consciousness, where the protagonist experiences both awe and anxiety at the spectacle of the metropolis. The...
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...strike on a metropolis setting. Jack the Ripper was in his prime at a time when the media had a strong control over society and society had as a whole was becoming much more literate. Jack started his killing campaign at a time of political controversy between the liberals and social reformers along with the Irish Home rule partisans. The reports of Jack the Ripper were collected and reported by the police, but then the different newspapers with their political influences slightly distorted the stories to give them their own effect. It has been more the one hundred years since the last murder and there is no longer any more original evidence, and the "facts" about the stories have changed over time due to different writers or differing sources. The press changed Jack the Ripper from being a depressed killer of prostitutes to one of the most romantic figures seen throughout history. One fact that most sources agreed upon was that the Ripper was a killer who wanted nothing more than to strike fear into the entire city by horribly mutilating his victims and then leaving them in locations where they were sure to be seen. Jack was the type of killer that wants fame and loved the fact that his "name" was on everyone's lips and was able to strike fear into anyone and everyone's heart. In the late 1800's "Jack the Ripper" began his rampage of killings. He was a serial killer who murdered several prostitutes in the East End of London in 1888. The people of London, mainly...
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...rebel or even initiate revolution. In Metropolis and Nineteen Eighty-Four we see depictions of dystopian societies that provoke rebellion or revolution, though as each text was produced during or shortly after significantly different periods of conflict and upheaval, we ultimately see two different attitudes presented, with very different expectations for the outcome of such actions. Throughout history, the most common social structure to provoke revolution is one with hierarchical social classes. Lang’s depiction of divided social classes in a film encouraging sympathy for the lower class, has parallels with its time, being produced shortly after the German revolution in which the imperial government was replaced by a form of democracy (the Weimar Republic). Lang uses expressionistic imagery, and the strong contrast of light and shade characteristic of German Expressionist Cinema to distinguish the two classes inhabiting the futuristic city. The workers are depicted in uniform black, trudging in synchronised columns into a dark tunnel to their work with the machines. Exiting, they walk at a slower pace suggesting work draws the life out of them, while montages of gears and heavy machinery construct them as part of the machine. This opening sequence is juxtaposed with the light shades and open spaces of the upper city, particularly the Eternal Garden. While workers trudge into dark tunnels, Freder, the protagonist and other sons of Metropolis’ elite run freely in leisure activities...
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...African Journal of History and Culture Vol. 3(5), pp. 65-72, June 2011 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJHC ISSN 2141-6672 ©2011 Academic Journals Review A critique of modernization and dependency theories in Africa: Critical assessment J. Matunhu Department of Development Studies, Midlands State University, Zimbabwe. E-mail: matunhuj@msu.ac.zw. Accepted 6 April, 2011 The way states and development specialists rationalize how to commit economic resources to development is influenced, to a greater extent by their level of persuasion towards specific development theories. The discourse assesses the influence of modernization and dependency theories on Africa’s development. The conclusion is that both theories have failed to help develop Africa. The discourse pins hope on the African Renaissance theory of development. Key words: Modernization, dependency, rural underdevelopment, African renaissance. INTRODUCTION Africa houses plentiful economic resources. Paradoxically, the continent languishes in poverty as evidenced by high prevalence of famine, disease and ignorance (Buthelezi, 2007). This presentation attributes the poverty to theories of development because the way society deals with underdevelopment is influenced by development theories. The presentation assesses the effect of modernity and dependency theories on Africa’s development and concludes by recommending the adoption of the African Renaissance theory to Africa’s development. In this presentation...
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...Dealing With Traffic Jams in London Michael M. Reynolds Grantham University Abstract Traffic congestion is a growing problem in many metropolitan areas. Congestion increases travel time, air pollution, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and fuel because cannot run efficiently. London’s traffic at the turn of the millennium may have been far worse than that of the average metropolis. When driving in London’s downtown area, drivers spend around half their time waiting in traffic, incurring 2.3 minutes of delay every kilometer they traveled. Traffic congestion is a growing problem in many metropolitan areas. People waste a lot of time in traffic jams every day. Big cities are never good, and London’s downtown area’s traffic is to say unbelievable. Congestion increases travel time, air pollution, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and fuel because cannot run efficiently. London’s traffic at the turn of the millennium may have been far worse than that of the average metropolis. When driving in London’s downtown area, drivers spend around half their time waiting in traffic, incurring 2.3 minutes of delay every kilometer they traveled. In the case we are studying the government decided to use the information technology to help the city control the traffic jam situation. The government decided to use 699 cameras at 203 sites in the 8 square miles in the city. To do this would be a challenging project because the project has a very limited time and there is no other successful case...
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...of London in 1858? Social class dictated the solution to the so-called Great Stink of London in 1858 to a large extent. By 1858 the overwhelming smell arising from the Thames, which was used as a water source from medieval and Tudor periods, had affected most of London and became a pressing issue in the House of Parliament. London’s class system of the 1800s consisted of seven classes ,...
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...efficiently. London’s traffic at the turn of the millennium may have been far worse than that of the average metropolis. When driving in London’s downtown area, drivers spend around half their time waiting in traffic, incurring 2.3 minutes of delay every kilometer they traveled. Traffic congestion is a growing problem in many metropolitan areas. People waste a lot of time in traffic jams every day. Big cities are never good, and London’s downtown area’s traffic is to say unbelievable. Congestion increases travel time, air pollution, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and fuel because cannot run efficiently. London’s traffic at the turn of the millennium may have been far worse than that of the average metropolis. When driving in London’s downtown area, drivers spend around half their time waiting in traffic, incurring 2.3 minutes of delay every kilometer they traveled. In the case we are studying the government decided to use the information technology to help the city control the traffic jam situation. The government decided to use 699 cameras at 203 sites in the 8 square miles in the city. To do this would be a challenging project because the project has a very limited time and there is no other successful case to follow. A political risk is really high and a new transit authority working under a new major faced the challenge of integrating new technologies. London government decided to outscore the element for what they needed and they divided the project to five packages:...
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...Through the texts ‘Metropolis’ and ‘Nineteen Eighty Four’, Fritz Lang and George Orwell the composers both reflect as well as challenge the values within the times which they lived. The historical context of Metropolis challenges the values of the time in which Lang lived while the historical context of Nineteen Eight-Four reflects the values of the time Orwell lived. Values such as humanism, personal choice, liberty and family values are challenged through both Metropolis and Nineteen Eighty-Four. These are just some of the values of the time in which Lang and Orwell lived. Metropolis is a silent black-and-white film directed by Fritz Lang which challenged the values of humanity and personal choice through the historical context of the film. This film was made in a time which was ‘between the wars’, it was made in a time where German society was under the Weimar Republic, a system of parliamentary democracy formed after WWII. People residing in Germany would also go to the cinema to not only watch a film but to also escape from the hardships of their daily life. Within the era where Germany was under the Weimar Republic rule until Nazis rose to power, leading to the Treaty of Versailles where Germany agreed to be guilty of beginning the war and also to pay for all compensations. This agreement led to a Great Depression which hit the Republic hard and in the early 1930s allowed Hitler to rise up along with the Nazi party. Within Europe there was a period filled with uncertainty...
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...business centers and have beautiful scenic skylines, but both these cities are different in the laws they follow as well as religious freedom in both these cities. 2)Point1 Similarities Main cities in Saudi and in the United States and are business` centers. 3)Point2 Similarities Both the cities have beautiful scenic skylines. 4)Point3 Differences Laws they follow as well as religious freedom in both these cities are different. 5) Conclusion New York and Ar Riyadh are two cities miles apart, but have sharp differences and striking similarities that would make anyone confused. What remains fact, however, is that the two cities have a lot to be admired. Ar Riyadh is the Capital city of Saudi Arabia, the biggest metropolis in the region. New York is also a metropolis in America and is the heart of the New York Metropolitan in New York State.Both New York and Riyadh are similar in many ways as both are main cities in Saudi and in the United States,business centers and have beautiful scenic skylines, but both these cities are different in the laws they follow as well as religious freedom in both these cities. The most notable similarity between the two cities is that they both are hubs and focal places of interaction. New York is the centre of the New York municipal while Ar Riyadh is a capital city. In both cities, the infrastructure is well established to facilitate efficient communication in the area. New York has a welllinked network of roads and subway trains. Ar Riyadh also has the same features...
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...through the eyes of the present. But this is not true and it’s actually the opposite looking at the ideological forces that have shaped North (First World) and South (Third World) countries relations for half a century. In this essay one will be looking at the question of to what extend can the process of colonialism be blamed for the problems being experienced by developing countries today? Also matters pertaining to African migration, the spread of Islam, gold and slaves will be included in this essay as they are central to the process of colonialism. Towards the end of the last century, with a long history already behind it European colonization branched out in quite different forms according to the place and the interests of the metropolis. According to Thirlwell (1994:60) it was “a transitional period in which brutal power relations existed alongside paternalist feelings of responsibility towards natives who needed to be civilised” thus, great powers put the then dominant ideas into practice opening up the way to the so called “development” (Thirlwell, 1994). According to Rist (1997:100) “colonialism is a practice of domination, which involves the subjugation of one people to another”. The term colony comes from the Latin word colonus, meaning farmer. Thus, one believes that this root reminds us that the practice of colonialism usually involved the transfer of population to a new territory, where the arrivals lived as permanent settlers while maintaining political allegiance...
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...Sean Buckley Art Timeline ART/101 August 12, 2012 1. Metropolis (1927). The film created by Fritz Lang is set in the future which has two separate classes of people the thinkers and the workers. The film describes the struggles of each as the workers are depicted as human cattle being assigned to complete mundane tasks in an underground machine that can be related to the Bull of the Sun or Moloch the God Balaal from Carthaginian culture. The workers live above in a ever evolving world that is testament to mans achievements. The opposites rely on each other as the city could not function without the workers and without the thinkers creating an utopia they workers would not be needed. 2. Top Hat (1935). The film by Mark Sandrich and starring Fred Astaire was about an American dancer who goes to London to star in a show. Dancer played by Astaire meets and attempts to impress the woman in the hotel room below his. The film is sometimes called a glorified remake of The Gay Divorcee (1934). This was the fourth film by Astaire and lead lady Ginger Rogers and was specifically written for both parties to play their respective parts. Though the movie had a simple plot the dances helped to naturally develop the plot. 3. The Big Sleep (1946). The film by Howard Hawks is the first film version of the novel by the same name. The films plot is somewhat hazy as it revolves around a wealthy general who wants to resolve the gambling debts of his daughter. The film is best...
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...Virginia’s London Complex in Mrs. Dalloway Fang Yuling Introduction Virginia Woolf (1882-1941), an experimental novelist, critic and essayist of the 20th century, has been regarded as a major modernist writer, whose great contribution to the innovative techniques is undeniable. Susan squire once said: “Whether she thought it "the most beautiful place on the face of the earth" or "the very devil," to Virginia Woolf the city of London was the focus for an intense, often ambivalent, lifelong scrutiny.” (488) Ever since Woolf was born in London in 1882, not only did she make her home there for nearly all of her fifty-nine years-first in the narrow streets of Kensington and then in the spacious square of Bloomsbury-but she found it a powerfully evocative figure in the literary tradition within which she wrote. In her novel Mrs. Dalloway, we can clearly see that Woolf elaborately arranges Clarissa Dalloway’s one-day life in the City of London. By a simple description of Mrs. Dalloway’s buying flower for an evening party, the reader has been actually taken around London, a city etched in Woolf’s memory. Woolf makes repeated mention of the landmarks or detailed street names in the City of London such as Oxford Street, Bond Street, the Regent’s Park, St. James Street, the Abbey, and the Big Ben, which are all quite familiar to readers. This article is attempting to, under the guidance of the cultural symbol of London itself and several major landmarks in the novel, figure out Woolf's...
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...Simmel, G, (1964) "The metropolis and mental life" from Wolff, Kurt H, The sociology of Georg Simmel pp.409-424, New York, Macmillan © THE DEEPEST PROBLEMS OF modern life derive from the claim of the individual to preserve the autonomy and individuality of his existence in the face of overwhelming social forces, of historical heritage, of external culture, and of the technique of life. The fight with nature which primitive man has to wage for his bodily existence attains in this modern form its latest transformation. The eighteenth century called upon man to free himself of all the historical bonds in the state and in religion, in morals and in economics. Man’s nature, originally good and common to all, should develop unhampered. In addition to more liberty, the nineteenth century demanded the functional specialization of man and his work; this specialization makes one individual incomparable to another, and each of them indispensable to the highest possible extent. However, this specialization makes each man the more directly dependent upon the supplementary activities of all others. Nietzsche sees the full development of the individual conditioned by the most ruthless struggle of individuals; socialism believes in the suppression of all competition for the same reason. Be that as it may, in all these positions the same basic motive is at work: the person resists to being leveled down and worn out by a social-technological mechanism. An inquiry into the inner meaning of specifically...
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...Nestled within suburban London is a picturesque necropolis housing the graves of both the famous and the forgotten. Spanning over 12 acres and containing thousands of graves, Highgate Cemetery is perhaps most popular for its celebrity residents, such as philosopher Karl Marx and novelist Douglas Adams. The cemetery has wormed its way into pop culture with rumors that the recently deceased George Michael will be buried there alongside his mother. However, the park itself boasts a rich history, and has been a striking piece of London for nearly two centuries. Highgate Cemetery’s overgrown flora, beautiful graves, and thriving wildlife makes it a breathtaking destination for anyone interested in rethinking their relationship with death. London in the 19th century was a minefield of dead cholera patients and plague victims. After a population boom in the early 1800’s, an already corpse-ridden London faced a dilemma: more living residents means more dead bodies. As a result, “Graveyards and burial grounds were crammed in between shops, houses and taverns — wherever there was space.” (“History,” Highgate Cemetery) Eventually, the stench became so unbearable and the health risks became so great that Parliament...
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...Project in Soc.Sci 1BsCriminology-C Arthur B. Libradilla Jasper Junedee Lidasan Chapter 14 RIZAL IN LONDON (1888-1889) Chapter 14:RIZAL IN LONDON (1888-1889) TRIP ACROSS THE ATLANTIC >He won many of friends of different nationalities on board the palatial City of Rome because of his friendly nature and ability as a linguist. >Amazed some American and European passengers with his marvelous skill with the Yo-Yo as an offensive weapon. >Arrived on Liverpool, England, on May 24, 1888 and stayed for one day. >He wrote to his family about: “Liverpool is a big and beautiful city and its celebrated port is worthy of its great fame. The entrance is magnificent and the custom house is quite good.” LIFE IN LONDON >Went to London May 25, 1888 and stayed as a guest at Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor’s home >Became a boarder at the Beckett’s by the end of May were he meet the Beckett’s family. >He was called “Pearl of Man” by Dr. Reinhold Rost, a librarian of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and an authority of Malayan languages and customs. >Played Cricket (a popular English game) and Boxing with Dr. Rost’s sons. GOOD AND BAD NEWS FROM HOME Bad News 1.) Persecution of the Filipino patriots who signed the “Anti-friar Petition of 1888”. - this petition has signed by 800 patriots and written by M.H Jose Del Pillar - addressed to the Queen Regent of Spain for the expulsion of friars, including Archbishop Pedro Payo of Manila. 2.) Persecution...
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