...Long-Term Financing Long- term financing strategies are used by financial managers to insure that funds invested today will increase in value or stay the same over a stated period of time. This document will compare and contrast the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) and discounted cash flow method (DCF). The debt and equity mix are intended to enable an organization to capitalize on investments. The debt and equity mix will be reviewed as will the characteristics of the financial market and debt and equity instruments. Long-term finance options will be analyzed. Valuation Models The Discounted Cash Flows Model (DCFM) and the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) are examples of estimation tools used to determine present securities values through the time value of money. DFCM uses simple discounting of projected cash flows over the life of the security, while CAPM uses a more complicated formula. Both methods apply to individual securities and help investors to decide investment risk choices; however, CAPM also "turns finding the efficient frontier into a doable task, because you only have to calculate the co-variances of every pair of classes, instead of every pair of everything" (Moneychimp, n.d.). The CAPM thereby gains the investor more information about a wider range of securities than the DCFM provides. DFCM uses either the internal rate of return (IRR) or the net present value (NPV) method to calculate present values of future cash flows. Both these methods use standard...
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...Long-term Investment Decisions Introduction Investment is the process of creating or purchasing possessions with the aim of gaining benefits in future. Therefore, making long-term objectives or decisions is necessary for any business that relates to investment. For the organization to yield returns and gain good performance in the market it must make good use of the financial resources available to acquire buildings, machines, or other assets that will enable smooth operation within the organization for a long period. A planning that the management needs to consider involves accessing many issues that face the business, and finally decide which issue to invest on depending on its urgency in the business. The issues that are encountered in the business vary depending on attitude, circumstances to risk, and particular age. Therefore, the management must take time to think about the issues before making decisions to avoid possibly costly mistakes. A Plan Used By Managers When Selecting Pricing Strategies In Order To Attain Inelastic In Their Products. It’s very crucial for managers to price their product in order to attain the potential or current customers in the market. As a result, the decision made by the management will determine the future progress or success of the business. For that reason, major strategies like employing pricing, safeguarding inelasticity in products, and many other strategies need to be established to ensure that products are retained by customers...
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...Running head: LONG-TERM INVESTMENT DECISIONS 1 Long-Term Investment Decisions Juanita Bates Professor: Mohammad Sumadi ECO 550 Managerial Economics and Globalization December 5, 2015 Long-Term Investment Decisions 2 Abstract Microwave food have taken place of the traditional family-styled dining in today’s fast-paced society. There are a variety of microwavable food for consumers to choice from. With today’s health conscious society, the microwave food industry have adapted to meet the preferences of the consumers by producing low calorie frozen microwavable foods. With the growth of this market, it is important that companies in this market have a good marketing plan along with a good strategic business plan. An important long-term decision a business can make is whether or not to invest. The process of evaluating the sustainability of long-term investments with a view of distributing financial resources to investments that are profitable is known as capital budgeting. Capital budgeting focuses on investment costs related to the benefits generated during their economic life. This is one of the most important decisions for a company because it helps with the appraisal and selection of investments that are most feasible. It also helps with the decision of accepting or rejecting investment proposals. Evaluating...
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...Long-Term Investment Decisions Government Regulations Government regulation borders within the mandated needs in the economy to strike a balance between the market activities and social welfare of the people. The role of government in the market has been seen as one that is indispensable in an economy where this balance is needful. Contrary to this argument, it has also been observed that government involvement in the market economy can to a large extent lead to sub-optimal results. It is agreeable however, that government intervention guarantee the social welfare and production of public goods. These are aspects that are not possible to achieve through the market system (Smith, 2012). The main reasons for government regulation are to provide public goods such as security and public health and lighting. The production of certain necessary goods in the economy cannot be achieved through the market system owing to lack of a proper measure for payment. Some public necessary goods have a feature of non-excludability. It is impossible to provide these goods excluding those who have not paid from using them. The government regulation mechanism comes in to collectively provide the goods and create a payment mechanism that market cannot sustain (Eidenmüller, 2011). Redistribution of income in the economy is also a function achieved through government intervention. The national role of the government is to ensure welfare to all and, where there is an imbalance, the government...
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...Outline a plan that managers in the low-calories, frozen microwaveable food company could follow in anticipation of raising prices when selecting pricing strategies for making their products response to a change in price less elastic. Provide a rationale for your response. To outline a plan that managers in the low-calories, frozen microwaveable food company could follow in anticipation of raising prices when selecting pricing strategies for making their products response to a change in price less elastic would detail a pricing strategy that would have no impact on the way consumers perceive and buy these products. Generally we see such demand only in situations in which the good or services are indispensable and the consumers cannot do without those, but not in the case of the microwaveable food products. The demand function for low calorie microwaveable food largely depends on the price of the product, its relative (substitute) product, advertisement overheads and consumer income. From the demand function and the elasticity considered, it is established that the market for the low calorie microwaveable foodstuff fit in to a market of monopolistic competitive manner. A monopolistic competitive is distinguished by a reasonable number of buyers and sellers. As a result people can change to another brand if a specific brand charges a soaring price. However monopolistic competitive suppliers carry out product differentiation. Profit (NP) = Total Revenue (TR) Total Cost...
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...operating margins, New England Healthcare struggled to receive reasonable reimbursements from managed-care organizations, government financed, and third-party payers. Along with these market factors came additional margin pressures “… due to increased labor costs, rising unemployment”, shortage of professionals, “and government cost-control efforts” (Light, 2005, p.298). A meeting conducted by the Investment Committee of New England Health Care, in January 2003, focused on the target asset allocations of its three long-term investment funds. Which include the Long-Term Pool of endowment-like funds, the assets of a final-salary pension plan, and the assets of a cash balance pension plan. The Investment Committee is responsible for tasks related to funds performance evaluations, formulating each funds target, benchmarks (corporate discount rates), and “… tactical asset allocation portfolios; and selecting and monitoring the various external investment firms that manage a large fraction of each fund’s assets” (Light, 2005, p.296). Within 2003, “… an Executive Committee of the Investment Committee met monthly to monitor tactical allocations and changing market valuations” (Light, 2005, p.298). According to Investopedia (2008), “This strategy allows portfolio managers to create extra value by taking advantage of certain situations in the marketplace. It is a moderately active strategy since managers return to...
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...LONG TERM INVESTMENT DECISION BY A COMPANY The producers of low calorie microwavable food have been expecting a change in price and they want to choose the price strategy which would make their product less elastic and responsive to changes in the prices, then the company should make careful analysis of the entire market situation. The company should look for the substitute goods in the market and their pricing strategy. Higher the number of substitutes are available, higher will be the chance of rise in elasticity of our low calorie microwavable food. The buyers should not have many options to buy from the market. However, if there are only few substitutes available, then the producers may keep the price high in the market of their product. It is also determined by the market power of the producer. Market power is determined by the elasticity of demand of the product. The firm can set higher mark-up over their marginal cost if they know that customers will not shift to another product in case of price increase. Hence, the firm or the producer should consider the cross price elasticity of demand of their product. Another factor to be considered while setting up prices of their product in the market is that of government policies in the economy. Fiscal policy would determine the taxes and other components of aggregate demand. If the firms have set higher taxes, then people would have less disposable income available with them and they would like to spend less on such less calorie...
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...A long term value opportunity BAT Bangladesh overview (Ticker: BATBC BD BDT) BAT Bangladesh (“BATBC”), which is a 65.9% owned subsidiary of British American Tobacco and has a market cap of $431m, is the leading tobacco company in Bangladesh, with 50% market share, dominating the premium and medium price segments of the tobacco market (where it holds 75% market share). The brand portfolio of BAT Bangladesh includes Benson & Hedges, John Player Gold Leaf, Pall Mall, Capstan, Star, Scissors, Bristol, Pilot and Hollywood. BATBC engages in the production and distribution of cigarettes (89% of sales) and in tobacco leaf export (11% of sales). Interestingly Bangladesh is among the 20 largest global producers of tobacco with c. $1.8bn of production in 2011. BATBC plays a key role in the economy since it is the largest private sector tax payer of the country, collecting ~$650m for the government in 2011 (including supplementary duty, value added tax and other taxes). This represents 2/3 of total tax collections from cigarettes industry in Bangladesh). In 2011 BATBC achieved $329m of net sales and $36m of net income. The company has no debt and holds $10m of cash. BATBC employs ~1,200 people directly and about 50,000 people indirectly as farmers, distributors and local suppliers. BATBC production capacity has recently been increased to 30bn sticks. Tobacco Market in Bangladesh According to the Global Adult Tobacco Survey: Bangladesh 2009, 23.0% of adult aged 15 years or above...
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...Assignment 3: Long-Term Investment Decisions-Low Calorie Microwavable Food Company Name: Professor: Course title: Institution: Date: Outline of plan for pricing strategies to reduce products price elasticity Low calorie Microwavable Food Company should consider the following pricing strategies to reduce price elasticity to achieve maximum profits. 1. Branding: This strategy involves creating a unique product identity, which customers can easily relate with and attach high quality. Branding is the process of creating an image or idea of a product or service in the market arena, which increases the demand for such product. It may include changing the packaging, creating brand names and improving the quality of a product. Once a brand is build, a firm succeeds in creating a major difference in the minds of customers between their product and those of competitors. Once a product attains a positive outlook in the mindset of consumers, the organization attains brand equity, which brings competitive advantage for the firm as customers view the products as unique or superior, which effectively reduces the pricing elasticity as substitute products become less close to their product. 2. Product differentiation: In this pricing strategy, the firm should seek to identify and highlight the differences between its products and those of competitors. This allows the firm to make their product unique and more attractive to customers, contrasting...
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...Assignment 2: Operations and Long –Term Investment Decision Joanne T. Johnson Eco 550 March 20, 2014 Professor Jae – Kwang Hwang Operations and Long –Term Investment Decision Introduction The grocery market is filled with various options for microwavable food depending on the preferences of the consumers. Instead of the traditional use of the oven many families now use the microwave because of their busy lifestyles. The variety of healthy low calorie -microwave food has made shopping much easier for today’s busy consumer. Low calorie labels are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and require food “labels claiming low-calories must not have more than 40 calories for a given reference amount (except sugar substitutes)”. (The Calorie Control Council, 2014) Healthy low-calorie microwave foods have come a long way since the first Swanson pre-packaged TV dinner in the 1950’s. The meal tray was heated in the oven and consisted of a small portion of meat, two vegetables and dessert. The top two competing manufacturers of microwavable low-calorie foods are Lean Cuisine owned by Nestle and Healthy Choice owned by ConAgra. Both leaders in the frozen food market began in the 80’s. Healthy Choice works rigorously with the FDA to assure foods qualify under government health standards for healthy low calorie foods. Like all businesses these two businesses need a financial business plan that allows them to assess the company’s results and set targets for future...
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...NEW TAX INCENTIVE FOR LONG-TERM EQUITY INVESTMENTS There has been a great deal of public discussion about the increased individual and corporate income tax rates and general harsh treatment of upper income taxpayers under the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993. However. there has been scant attention to what may, in fact, prove to be a silver lining in that tax cloud - the newly authorized capital gains exclusion for the stock of certain companies. Under the Act. non-corporate holders of stock in "qualified small businesses" can escape tax on up to one-half of any gain from the sale of that stock which they have held for at least five years. 1. Qualified Small Businesses The new tax benefit is only available if the issuing corporation ("Issuer") is a qualified small business on the date of the stock issuance and during "substantially" all of the period that an investor holds its stock. In order to qualify as a small business. an Issuer must satisfy the following requirements: A. Non-Qualifying Corporations: The corporation cannot be an S corporation; a domestic international sales corporation that has made an IRC section 936 election: a regulated investment company: a real estate investment trust. a real estate mortgage investment conduit or a cooperative. B. Conduct of Active Business: It must use at least 80% (by value) of its assets (including intangible assets) in the actual conduct of a "qualified trade or business...
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...MFIN7014 Fund Management and Alternative Investments Section 2A, 2015 Discussion paper I What macro information leads to long-term investment strategy? Shuqin Zhao Stu.ID: 3035236775 Canada Pension Plan Investment Board (CPPIB) as a professional investment management organization, it focuses on long investment horizon which gives it advantages on risk control and long-term opportunities over competitors. Longterm investment requires asset managers to be more sensitive to future economy trend. Ted Lee pointed out that for long-term view, US market continues to shrink, while the future three group countries will be China, India and Brazil, due to their low correlation with international capital which benefits the portfolio. While India and Brazil are respectively going through political change and recession, opportunities could be largely obsessed in the future, as seen by professionals. In 2015, most of money actually came from Asia, but this is not the only macroeconomy signals that lead to such certainty about future market segments. Based on conversation with Ted, I conclude another strong macro-economy signal as business development. On September 19th 2014, Alibaba IPO ranked as biggest IPO in the world after additional shares sold, which surpassed a previous global record set by Agricultural Bank of China Ltd in 2010. Looking through past five years, largest IPOs includes a lot of Chinese company, which indicates strong signal of fast development...
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...ACCOUNTING II SYLLABUS - Fall 2014 Instructor: Dr. N.J. Kim, CPA Office: ST 612 Office Hours: TR 8:35 – 9:40 am & R 4:00 – 6:00 pm Phone: (323) 343-2840 Email: nkim2@calstatela.edu Instructional Web site: http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/nkim2/ Connect URL: http://connect.mcgraw-hill.com/class/sec-3 Textbook: Intermediate Accounting, 7th Edition, Spiceland, Sepe and Nelson, McGraw-Hill, ISBN-9780078025327 (Hard copy, Volume II, or e-book with CONNECT available) Course Objectives and Description: Intermediate Accounting is designed to acquaint the student with current accounting theories and practices. In this second part of intermediate accounting, we will learn accounting for fixed assets, intangibles, long-term liabilities, investments, and stockholders’ equity. Statement of cash flows and accounting issues related with accounting changes and error correction are also covered in this class. Prerequisite: ACCT 320A or equivalent with a grade C or better Grading: Points are distributed as follows. Accounting majors must earn a grade of “C” or better in each accounting class taken to graduate. Midterms 100 250-300 A Final 130 210-249 B Participation & Attendance 10 180-209 C Comprehensive test 20 150-179 D Homework 40 Below 150 F Total 300 points A modified curve may be applied at the end of the quarter if necessary. Withdrawal Policy: The dropping policies...
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...Liabilities The role of a liability and what it means to the business as a whole is different for every business. What remains the same is the definition. A liability is a company’s legal debts or obligations that arise during the course of business operations and is recorded on the balance sheet. Liabilities can include many things to a business, such as, loans, accounts payable, mortgages, accrued expenses, etc. All the named liability accounts are just fancy for any money or service that is owed to another party. There are two types of liabilities, current liability and long term liability. Current liability is debt payable within one year and long-term liability is debt payable over more than a year. Current liability includes payables such as wages, accounts, taxes, and accounts payable. Long term liability includes long term bonds, notes payables, and long term leases. It is important that every business knows the concept of extinguishing liabilities. To extinguish liabilities means to satisfy the obligation and or payment to the creditor. Another way to extinguish liabilities is to transfer assets. This idea of extinguishing liabilities is meant for use by the SEC. There are many different industries that consider industry guidance in the FASB, Financial Accounting Standards Board, Codification and they include agriculture, contractors, entertainment, financial services and health care entities. The agriculture industry has many different characteristics represented...
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...owned by the company. Assets can be tangible i.e. those which have some physical existence or can be intangible i.e. which do not exist in physical form but can be held in the form of contracts or rights. Assets are usually grouped in order of liquidity (ease of conversion to cash) on the balance sheet. Cash is therefore the most liquid of all assets. Assets can be classified as: 1.) Current Assets – Those assets that are expected to be converted to cash in 12 months or less. This can be in the form of cash, accounts receivables, inventory for producing goods etc. 2.) Investments – These are the investments which the company make in other companies in the form of equity purchase, bonds etc. 3.) Fixed Assets – A fixed asset is one that is held for the purpose of producing or supplying goods or services and not for sale in the normal course of business. They are also referred to as long lived/ long term assets and are sub-classified as following: a. Property, Plant & Equipment – These are tangible items having physical existence and can be seen and felt. b. Intangible Assets – They have no physical existence and rather represent legal rights with associated economic benefits. c. Natural Resources – These include oil, natural gas, minerals and forests. Liability is something which a company owns to people or businesses other than its owners. Liability is a present obligation arising due to some past transactions and settlement of which is expected...
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