...Online First, published on March 25, 2013 as 10.1136/archdischild-2011-301508 Original article Do television and electronic games predict children’s psychosocial adjustment? Longitudinal research using the UK Millennium Cohort Study Alison Parkes, Helen Sweeting, Daniel Wight, Marion Henderson Medical Research Council/ CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK Correspondence to Dr Alison Parkes, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, 4 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK; Alison-p@sphsu.mrc.ac.uk Received 7 December 2011 Revised 15 October 2012 Accepted 7 December 2012 ABSTRACT Background Screen entertainment for young children has been associated with several aspects of psychosocial adjustment. Most research is from North America and focuses on television. Few longitudinal studies have compared the effects of TV and electronic games, or have investigated gender differences. Purpose To explore how time watching TV and playing electronic games at age 5 years each predicts change in psychosocial adjustment in a representative sample of 7 year-olds from the UK. Methods Typical daily hours viewing television and playing electronic games at age 5 years were reported by mothers of 11 014 children from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Conduct problems, emotional symptoms, peer relationship problems, hyperactivity/inattention and prosocial behaviour were reported by mothers using the Strengths and Difficulties...
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...Outline and evaluate research into privation Privation is the failure to develop an attachment bond in early childhood. This can result from losing a parent at child birth. Bowlby does not differentiate between deprivation and privation. Hodges and Tizard’s study was conducted as a longitudinal study in order to collect reliable information linking to early experiences to later outcomes for the same individuals. It was also a natural experiment. The independent variable was how the attachment experience varied naturally. The study consisted of 65 children who had been placed in an institution, where there was an explicit policy against caregivers forming attachments with the children since before they were less than 4 months old, suggesting early privation. By the age of 4, 24 of the children were adopted, 15 returned to their natural homes and the rest remained at the institution. At the ages of 8 and 16, the children who were adopted and those that returned home were interview including their families and friends. Hodges and Tizard found out that the adopted children generally had close attachments to their parents and good family relationships whereas the percentage of children with close attachment with their parent in the children that returned home was much less. However both groups of children were more likely to seek adult attention and approval than the controlled children, and both groups were less successful in peer relationships. This evidence does not support...
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...Does rumination hinder forgiveness in the context of an interpersonal transgression? Forgiveness theory has been widely researched in the social psychology arena in recent years. The role of rumination in forgiveness has received much attention, with several important studies by prominent researchers attempting to measure its effect. A dominant theoretical perspective on the relationship between rumination and forgiveness in the literature suggests that rumination is detrimental to forgiveness, and that changes in rumination are the antecedent to changes in forgiveness. This paper outlines the prevailing theoretical perspectives on this relationship and presents a critical analysis of a selection of influential studies and their conclusions. An alternative theoretical perspective is introduced and some limitations of the current studies, as well as suggestions for further research, are made. In order to understand the relationship between rumination and forgiveness, these terms need to be defined. Whilst no single agreed upon definition exists, there are a set of common elements that underlie these constructs. Rumination can be broadly described as a cognitive process involving conscious repetitive thoughts which revolve around a common theme, and are present even in the absence of immediate environmental demands requiring those thoughts (Martin & Tesser, 1996). Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco and Lyubomirsky (2008) conceptualise rumination as a way of responding to distress involving...
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...persist where others give up, and put work and accomplishment before many other things (right column, page 2). People high in Stress Reaction are nervous, vulnerable, sensitive, and prone to worry, and are likely to experience emotions without reason (right column, page 2). The researchers conducted longitudinal surveys drawn from Minnesota Twin Registry in testing their hypothesis. Their sample was 209 white males and the controlled variable was human capital, which was very large. After the survey, they found out that Social Potency and Achievement are positively correlated to earnings. Unfortunately, the survey failed to show significant relationship between Stress Reaction and earnings. There were 3 major limitations to this study. First, this study is only focused on white male employees due to lack of female samples with the same age. Second, their sample size (209 white males) was not ratio to their controlled variable (human capital). Third, the researchers still believe that there is a third variable that may impact both Achievement and Social Potency. They advise that further study must be conducted and the future researchers would conduct true longitudinal designs and measures. To conclude, Social Potency and Achievement positively affect earnings aside from traditional human...
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...September 7, 2011 Laurie Ryan Returning to School Continuing education is considered a positive investment for achieving stability and success in a chosen occupation. Today, job stability is on everyone’s mind. The pursuit of a Masters in Business Administration (MBA) was necessary to assist in the preparation of my future. Following are some of the reasons for returning to school and the objections voiced by others and sometimes from within. Career Investment The first reason for returning to school is for a career investment. A job is a valuable asset in life. According to a news release by the Bureau of Labor Statistics the average person changes jobs 11 times during the ages of 18 and 27 ("Number of Jobs Held – A Longitudinal Study," 2010). Unfortunately job stability is on everyone’s mind and the lack of necessary workplace skills can lessen the stability one has in an organization. Also, most corporations prefer to hire younger candidates over older candidates; by completing the MBA program at a younger age the opportunity for a long term career or investment is potentially stronger. An obstacle to overcome is when someone is just thinking about a career; the initial obstacle becomes reasons why the career choice will not happen. However, when planning a career the same obstacles become problems and situations to solve. Often the avoidance to commit to an idea is due to the thoughts of wasting time or not making the right choice and something going wrong...
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...generations. Education is the process of imparting general knowledge. Longitudinal studies have shown some serious impacts on children who attend school at different ages. In this essay, I will compare and contrast the impacts of attending school at different ages in both UK and Finland. I tend to agree with the educational system of Finland that children should attend school between the age of 6 and 7. Children in the UK attend school at the early age of four. In contrast, delayed entry to school is common in Finland. Children start formal schooling at the age of seven. There are some advantages and disadvantages to the two different academic systems. Attending school earlier at age of four could be good for students’ experiences, students will explore the academic field earlier, which may help them understand the new step towards their future. Child protection is another advantage of starting school earlier (Sharp, 2002), working parents usually prefer to leave their children in pre-school while they are working, which is safer than leaving them in a household. In the academic concerns, Finland students have higher levels of...
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...1.1 1.2 Background and aims .................................................................................................... 1 The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) ...................................................................... 2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.3 Why use the Theory of Planned Behaviour? ............................................ 2 What is the Theory of Planned Behaviour? .............................................. 3 Strengths and weaknesses of the Theory of Planned Behaviour ............. 6 Outline of report .............................................................................................................. 6 2 Mapping existing survey questions to TPB constructs ....... 8 2.1 2.2 Review of longitudinal surveys ..................................................................................... 8 Review of ‘Food and You’ questions .......................................................................... 11 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 Attitudes towards a behaviour ................................................................ 12 Social norms...
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...Privation of attachment means failure to form an attachment. Privation usually occurs when children have been kept in extreme isolation and therefoe have never had the opppurtunity to form an attachment. There are 3 main types of evidence regarding privation and those are longitudinal studies of children in instituational care; case studies of children raised in extreme isolation; and studies of reactive attachment disorder which is a category of mental disorder attributed to a lack of early attachments. A longiudinal study of ex-institutional children was done by Hodges and Tizard in 1989, to investigate the effects of privation by following the same children over a long period of time to collect reliable information linking early experiences to later outcomes for the same individual. The participants were 65 children who had been placed in an instituation when they were less than 4 months old. There was an explicit policy in the institution against caregivers forming attachments with the children. This would suggest the children experienced early privation. By the age of 4, 24 of the institutionalized children had been adopted, 15 had returned to their natural homes and the rest remained in the institution. Assessment at the age of 8 and 16 years old involved interviewing those children who were adopted and those who had returned to their original homes. Their parents, their teachers and their peers were also interviewed. Data was also collected from a control group...
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...back and easy going and then Hardy personality. Friedman and Rosenman (1974) investigated the links between type A behaviour patterns and coronary heart disease. Using 3200 Californian man, categorised as either Type A, Type B or Type X (a combination). They found that that out of the 257 men who had developed CHD 70% were Type A, twice the amount of type B. Showing that Type A behaviours increase vulnerability to heart disease. There are many problems with the study, such as, it’s androcentric, as the study is only performed on men Also it is a longitudinal study, so participants may drop out throughout the study, making the results unreliable. Another problem, is that’s structured interviews were performed to find out if the man was either type A or type B, structured interviews could result in interviewer effect, social desirability bias and demand characteristics, which can all make the results unreliable. Also a study to go against Friedman and Rosenman is Ragland and Brand (1988), who found that in the study they performed, 15% died, and there was no relationship between type A and dying. Regarding, the Hardy personality, Kobasa and Maddi (1977) put forward that not everyone could fit into either Type A or Type B. They believed that some people are more ‘hardy’ and better at dealing with stressful situations and did not succumb to illness. After studying 800 American business men and evaluated their stress levels using the SRRS scale, around 150 of the participants...
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...Work & Stress Vol. 22, No. 3, JulyÁSeptember 2008, 224Á241 The Job Demands-Resources model: A three-year cross-lagged study of burnout, depression, commitment, and work engagement Jari J. Hakanena*, Wilmar B. Schaufelib and Kirsi Aholaa a Centre of Expertise for Work Organizations, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, and Research Institute of Psychology & Health, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands Downloaded By: [University Library Utrecht] At: 08:58 19 September 2008 b By using a full panel design in a representative sample of Finnish dentists (N 02555), the present study aimed to test longitudinally the motivational and health impairment processes as proposed in the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model. The second aim was to investigate whether home resources and home demands have an additional influence on both processes over time. The hypotheses were tested with cross-lagged analyses based on two waves over a 3-year period. The results supported both the motivational process and the health impairment process. Job resources influenced future work engagement, which, in turn, predicted organizational commitment, whereas job demands predicted burnout over time, which, in turn, predicted future depression. In addition, job resources had a weak negative impact on burnout. Home demands and home resources did not influence the motivational or health impairment process over...
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...childhood obesity has doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents over the past 30 years. One of the main dilemmas in childhood obesity is the risk factor of comorbidities leading to adult hypertension, otherwise known as high blood pressure (CDC, 2014). A European longitudinal research study, focusing on childhood body mass index and its associations with adult hypertension, discovered a direct correlation between obesity and blood pressure. Results indicated that child participants with a high body mass index were more likely to develop high blood pressure in adulthood (Sabo, Lu, Daniels, and Sun, 2012). The study’s participants consisted of adult men and women and researchers concluded that based on the number of participants it was unclear whether or not the correlation was similar across genders (Sabo, Lu, Daniels, and Sun, 2012). Since previous studies have indicated a greater increase in hypertension in women, researchers claimed further testing was needed. The previous work by Sabo, Lu, Daniels, and Sun (2012) has led researchers of the current study to ask questions regarding the correlation between childhood obesity and adult hypertension. For example, researchers in the current study asked the following questions: Is childhood obesity a common indicator of adult hypertension, specifically in the United States? Are these results equal among men and women? These questions led to the following hypothesis: Female adults in the United States with a previous history...
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...Pressure Ulcers Donna Long Grand Canyon University NRS 433V Introduction to Nursing Research February 11, 2012 Shahin E. S. M., Dassen T., & Halfens R. J. G. (2009). Incidence, prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers in intensive care patients: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Nursing Studies 46: 413–421 Introduction Pressure ulcers refer to damage that occurs to the skin of a patient. Pressure, shear and friction are among the known causes (Shahin, Dassen & Halfens, 2009). Pressure ulcers mostly affect the lower part of the body, the elderly and patients with spinal injuries (Shahin et al, 2009). They are expensive to treat, require long periods of time and numerous treatments to heal. As a result, the cost incurred is very high and ranks among one of the most expensive ailments in the world to treat (Shahin et al, 2009). Background of the Study It is estimated that around 13% of patients in the ICU develop pressure ulcers (Shahin et al, 2009). “Pressure ulcers are the third most expensive disorder after cancer and cardiovascular diseases” (Shahin et al, 2009, p.414). This study looks into the prevalence of pressure ulcers in ICU patients, the factors related to it, and the treatment measures. Overcoming the problem of pressure ulcers is vital especially among critically ill patients who are at the most risk of developing pressure ulcers (Shahin et al, 2009). Educating nurses can reduce the occurrence of pressure ulcers...
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...ADOLESCENT ALCOHOL USE AND DATING VIOLENCE PERPETRATION: THREE STUDIES EXAMINING CONCURRENT AND LONGITUDINAL RELATIONS ACROSS GRADES 8 THROUGH 12 Heathe Luz McNaughton Reyes A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education Chapel Hill 2009 Approved by Vangie A. Foshee, PhD Susan T. Ennett, PhD Daniel J. Bauer, PhD Carolyn T. Halpern, PhD J. Michael Bowling, PhD UMI Number: 3387971 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI 3387971 Copyright 2010 by ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This edition of the work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 © 2009 Heathe Luz McNaughton Reyes ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Heathe Luz McNaughton Reyes—Adolescent alcohol use and dating violence perpetration: Three studies examining concurrent and longitudinal relations across grades 8 through 12 (Under the direction of Vangie A. Foshee, Susan T. Ennett,...
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...society. 1. What is a primary research question? A research question is the fundamental core of a research project, study or review of literature. It focuses the study, determines the methodology and guides all stages of inquiry, analysis, and reporting. A primary question is the one driving thought behind a research project. It should represent the entire reason for the study. Primary questions are important because how well a researcher meets the goals of the primary question will often be the criteria by which the research will be evaluated. The primary question should be a carefully worded phrase that states exactly the focus of the study. Under the case being study, the primary research question for this case study is:- Does Thai culture have direct influence towards employee involvement in Management? . 2. Frame few research objectives for this study? Research objective are the results sought by the researcher at the end of the research process, i.e. what the researcher will be able to achieve at the end of the research study. Research objective is a clear, concise, declarative statement which provides direction to investigate the variables. It focus on the ways to measure the variables such as to identify them and identifying the relationship or difference between two variables. The research objectives for this study are:- a. To examine the assumptions behind the...
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...Week 6 Discussion 3: Discuss different types of observational and intervention studies, compare the common and different characteristics of different intervention studies, and discuss reliability and validity issues related to intervention studies: Observational (non-experimental) studies are where the investigators are monitoring the relationships between influences and outcomes (Thiese, 2014). The most common types of observational studies include: Correlational Correlational studies determines whether there is a relationship or association between two or more variables (Melynk, Morrison-Beedy, & Cole, 2015). There is no manipulation of any of the variables and the participants are not placed in groups( Polit & Beck, 2014). Data is...
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