...After manometer 10, the gradient decreases, this is because the velocity of the fluid decreases. This also indicates the increase in losses. The hydraulic grade line increases until before manometer 13 where it suddenly drops where the losses are increased due to the Orifice Plate that significantly reduces the pipe diameter. Manometer 14 and 15 were very unstable as the head fluctuated, this was due to the extremely turbulent flow following the fitting between manometers 13 and 14 as well as the significant increase in the friction losses experienced by the fluid at this...
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...NE 402 Laboratory Pressure Losses in Pipes and Fittings Objective: The Cussons Hydraulic Bench is to be used to measure friction factors and local loss coefficients in selected piping arrangements. These include sudden expansions, sudden contractions and bends. Other flow components to be studied in this lab include a Venturi flow meter and an Orifice flow meter. The theory for using Venturi tubes and orifice plates for flow rate measurement will also be verified. The hydraulics bench can be operated in both the laminar flow (Re < 2300) and turbulent flow regimes by adjustment of the fluid velocity. At low flows, the velocity is controlled by maintaining level (and therefore pressure) in two constant head tanks. The flow rates are most easily measured in this arrangement by timing liquid accumulation in calibrated beakers. An alternative method (and likely more accurate) is to weigh the mass accumulated during a given time interval. This eliminates uncertainties in the calibration of the beaker. Higher mass flow rates can be obtained by pumping through a feed block and measuring the volume of liquid via the volume gauge mounted on the hydraulics bench. Care should be taken to take data at Reynolds numbers far from the Critical Region in both the laminar and turbulent flow regions. Theory: The frictional pressure drop in a straight pipe segment can be correlated in terms of the Darcy friction factor according to the equation ∆Pf = fL ρv 2 De 2 gc (1) where: f = L = De =...
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...3.4 Coolant Piping System The cooling water piping system was modelled by applying fluid dynamic principles. Figure 3.4 – Schematic of system 3.4.1 Coolant Piping, Fittings, Valves, and Surge Tank The resulting pressures are determined by using the modified Bernoulli’s equation, Equation (16). The dimensionless factors are used to determine the head losses within the piping system. The dimensionless friction factors used to develop the model, for 90 degree bends, 45 degree bends, valves, and the TCV are shown in Table 3.1. Table 3.2 – Dimensionless Friction Factors K90 K45 Kvalve KTCV 0.2 0.14 6.0 8.0 Along with the fitting friction factors, the friction factor due to the pipe roughness must be considered. The...
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...Appendix A…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..7 Appendix B 10 Introduction The objective of this lab is to calculate the mass flow rates across an annubar by measuring the pressure losses through the straight length of pipe and various fittings at different gas flow rates. The gas used in this experiment is air. The elbow meter was also calibrated and the fanning friction factor across the pipe was calculated. The friction loss due to the velocity head through the straight pipe and other fittings was also calculated. Theory and Nomenclature To measure the gas flow in a pipe, an annubar is used. An annubar is a set of Pitot tubes mounted across a pipe. It measures the differential pressure between the static pressure and the full pressure of the stream. The Pitot tube’s full pressure chamber opening is facing against the stream so that is allows for conical aerodynamics. Applying Bernoulli’s principle and varying the pressure difference calculated the volumetric flow. The following equations were used to calculate the answer for the experimental objectives: Mass flowrate is calculated using the calibration constant where is the mass flow rate (kg/s), ρ is density (kg/m3), and ΔP is the pressure drop in cm of water across the annubar. The velocity of the airflow in the pipe can be calculated as where u is the velocity (m/s), is the...
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...Geometry of a Scroll By definition, a volution is a turn or twist about a center. A volute is a spiral. A spiral is a circular curve: the locus of a point moving with an ever increasing radius about a fixed center. A spiral may have one or more volutions, as shown in Figure 1. There are many different kinds of spirals, each defined by variations of a basic mathematical equation. The fundamental spiral form is the Spiral of Archimedes, which is defined by the simple equation: r = a, where r is the radius from a fixed center, a is a constant and is the angle (in polar coordinates). Other variants include the hyperbolic spiral, parabolic spiral, logarithmic spiral and involute spiral. If we add a third dimension to a simple spiral, the result is a coiled plane similar in appearance to arolled strip of paper. Ancient scribes rolled written parchments onto wooden spools for storage and safekeeping, which is where we derive the term scroll. Of particular interest to scroll compressor design is the involute spiral, shown in Figure 2. An involute spiral is a spiral with a continuously variable radius measured from the circumference of a base circle centered on a fixed axis. The curve can be visualized as the end point of a tightly pulled cord unwinding from a cylinder. The shape of an involute permits opposing machine elements to mesh so that the bearing faces roll against one another rather than slide (e.g., gear teeth). This reduces friction and wear, and produces a constant...
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.................................... 2 3. Basic Components of IDEal Drip System................................................................. 3-5 4. Basic components of IDEal Sprinkler System.......................................................... 6-8 5. Types of IDEal Micro Irrigation System................................................................... 9 5.1 IDEal Drip Systems................................................................................................ 9-11 5.2 IDEal Sprinkler Systems........................................................................................ 12-14 6. Customization of IDEal Micro Irrigation System.................................................... 15 6.1 Adjusting Length of Lateral Pipe........................................................................... 15 6.2 Connecting Additional Drip Kits to the Same Source........................................... 15 6.3 Designing a Customized System Using Simple Rules.......................................... 16 6.3.1 Design Inputs............................................................................................... 16 6.3.2 Design Outputs............................................................................................. 16 6.3.3 Survey........................................................................................................... 16-17 6.3.4 Water Requirement.........................................................................................
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...RATES OF DEPRECIATION AS PER INCOME TAX ACT ‘APPENDIX I [Effective from assessment year 2006-2007] IT ACT [See rule 5] TABLE OF RATES AT WHICH DEPRECIATION IS ADMISSIBLE Block of Assets PART A TANGIBLE ASSETS I. BUILDING [See Notes 1 to 4 below this Table] 1 Buildings which are used mainly for residential purposes except hotels and 5 2 Buildings other than those used mainly for residential purposes and not 3 Buildings acquired on or after the 1st day of September, 2002 for installing 4 Purely temporary erections such as wooden structures 100 II. FURNITURE AND FITTINGS Furniture and fittings including electrical fittings 10 [See Note 5 below this Table] III. MCHINERY AND PLANT 1 Machinery and plant other than those covered by sub-items (2), (3) and (8) 2 Motor cars, other than those used in a business of running them on hire, 15 3 (i) Aeroplanes - Aeroengines 40 (ii) Motor buses, motor lorries and motor taxis used in a (iii) Commercial vehicle which is acquired by the assessee on (iv) New commercial vehicle which is acquired on or after the (v) New commercial vehicle which is acquired on or after the (vi) New commercial vehicle which is acquired on or after the (vii) Moulds used in rubber and plastic goods factories (viii) Air pollution control equipment, being(a) Electrostatic precipitation systems (b) Felt-filter systems (c) Dust collector systems (d) Scrubber-counter current/venturi/packed bed/cyclonic scrubbers Depreciation allowance as percentage of written down value...
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...Summary A solar powered pump is a pump running on electricity generated by photo voltaic. Unlike a normal pump, solar power pump being powered by the renewable electricity generated from the sun. Basically, a solar power pump consists of 4 parts which is the actual fluid pump, the controller, the engine which usually powered by electric motor and the energy source being powered by the sun. Dr. Mohd. Azree named this project as solar power pump and being assigned to all group leader of the class. The main objective of this project is to select a solar power pump by identifying whether the existing of pump is really ideal or need to be replaced. Actually, there is already had existing solar power pump build at BH building and in order to achieve our main objective, early research need to be done about the existing solar power pump which lead by Mr.Halil. Besides that, details calculation will be done in order to approve the existing pump suitable or not. Discussion about the project will also be done and some recommendation will be list out if the existing pump is not suitable. Lastly, I hope that this project will achieve the target and will bring benefit to the future research in solar power pump area. Abstract This project serves the purpose of being a validation to the existing solar powered water pumping system installed in Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN). The solar powered pump is an effort of UNITEN’s collaboration with an agency that are investing in providing...
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...development. CORE VALUES These include Integrity of the person, dignity of work, pride in excellence, concern for others and commitment to national development. * Integrity and Primacy of Persons We are a company of professionals whose unique roles and individual contributions towards corporate goals provide us with concrete opportunities to develop character and purpose in personal lives. * Dignity of Work Our Company engenders in us a sense of pride and satisfaction in the fruits of our talents and efforts, which we place at Manila Water’s service, as part of a dynamic and well-knit team. * Pride in Excellence We strive for excellence because turning out the highest quality products and services is the most fitting tribute to our customers and to society at large, to our company, to our colleagues and to ourselves. * Concern for Others We support...
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...sustained growth is vital given the cascading impact it has on the economic development in many sectors such as oil and gas, electrical and electronics, transport, shipbuilding, building and construction, fabrication, machinery and equipment as well as the national trade balance 2. Overview Malaysian steel industry contributes ~ 4% to the economy, employing ~150,000 people •There’s a ~ 22.4 MTA demand in ASEAN - 18.3 MTA for flat products. •A fully developed steel industry could contribute up to ~6.5% to the Malaysian economy by 2020. •Malaysia steel demand is the 4th largest in ASEAN (Thailand, Viet Nam, Indonesia) and growing at 6% for past 20 years. MITI presentation, SECOND NATIONAL MARINE INDUSTRIES FORUM 2012 (2NMIF) Production: Losses: The Economic Transformation Programme (ETP) initiated by the Malaysian Government has begun to show some positive results. As the ETP is rolled out in stages, the significant impact on steel demand will not be shown until after the full implementation of all these infrastructure and construction projects. However, the Economic Stimulus measures put in place by the Malaysian Government during the global financial crisis continued to stabilise the economy, helping businesses in the country to recover from the downturn. The Group has also benefited from the impressive performance of the Ringgit Malaysia against the Greenback (US Dollar).The costs of our imported raw materials were significantly lowered due to the stronger exchange...
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...to sustain the mammary supply during lactation. In other words, an osteoporotic skeleton is not an obligatory consequence of lactation in this species at least. Considerable difficulties exist in the determination of these requirements by the metabolic balance technique, since this method does not indicate when mobilization of minerals from the spongiosa is accompanied by mobilization from the shaft. Further, the balance over a whole lactation is often small in relation to the total quantities of materials analyzed and may be close to the analytical errors of the methods when the diet given is rich in minerals. The present observations may find some application in the determination of certain mineral requirements of lactation. Because the losses of Ca and P are unavoidable, involving the gradual liberation of reserves laid down at an earlier peripd, it has been difficult to estimate the requirements for lactation on the bafsis ofthe negative values obtained by the balance technique. Since the present study shows that, in the rat, it is possible to restrict the withdrawal of bone salt to the spongiosa, leaving the shaft unaffected, it seems reasonable to suggest that lactation requirements could be defined as those intakes which, for a given output of minerals in milk, will restrict the withdrawals to the spongiosa. Thus, using a similar technique, the problem ofthe mineral requirements for lactation in domestic aniimals might become more amenable to experimental attack. This preservation...
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...were periodically re-examined and modified to cope with the complex problems that accompany growth. The company developed, manufactured, and sold metering and flow control devices used in the chemical industry. Recently, as a result of declining profits, management was considering the advisability of installing a more formal system for controlling its cost of materials. The company’s product line contained about forty items, ranging in size from gauges and simple fittings to large flow meters weighing up to 150 kilogram. Most of these were made in a number of different models and sizes, so that the total number of separate products was about 300. About half were standard models whose design had not changed greatly in the last ten years; others were subject to considerable technological change; a few involved special features for different customers, sometimes being made of special alloys to resist corrosive action of certain chemicals. Some of the more complex items were supplied with or without certain fittings and refinements. The company’s position in the industry depended on its ability to keep ahead of its competitors in design, quality of product, customer service, and price—roughly in that order. It was the responsibility of the supply manager to obtain the castings, materials, and parts indicated. Castings were purchased in the exact quantity required for the manufacturing order. For the most part, the same was true as to bar stock, plate, and similar materials. On...
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...the more the engine is being over fueled. Therefore, increasing the fuel delivery beyond the air/fuel ratio limit, results in excessive fuel consumption, pollution, high exhaust temperature (diesel) or low exhaust temperature (gasoline), and shortened engine life. If however, the engine is supercharged, then a greater supply of air will be available, enabling more fuel to be burnt; this will result in the engine producing more power. (Supercharging is the introduction of air to an engine at higher than atmospheric pressure). Mechanical Supercharging With mechanical supercharging, the combustion air is compressed by a compressor driven directly by the engine. However, the power output increase is partly lost due to the parasitic losses from driving the compressor. The power to drive a mechanical turbocharger is up to 15 % of the engine output. Therefore, fuel consumption is higher when compared with a naturally aspirated engine with the same power output. [pic] Fig. 1 Schematic of a mechanically supercharged four-cylinder engine Exhaust Gas Supercharging (Turbocharging) In exhaust gas turbocharging, some of the exhaust gas energy, which would normally be wasted, is used to drive a turbine. Mounted on the same shaft as the turbine is a compressor which draws in the combustion air, compresses it, and then supplies it to the engine. There is no mechanical coupling to the engine. [pic] Fig. 2 Schematic of an exhaust gas turbocharged four-cylinder engine...
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... Assignment 3Parviz Raminzad | Contents Q2) Relevance of System Engineering to bulk materials handling and this project 3 Q3) Alternative Systems 4 Rail and Road 4 Aerial Ropeway 4 Building the Cement Plant near the Mine Site 4 Pipeline 4 Q4) Discuss the purpose of the items in Figure1 5 Q5) Discuss the purpose of Rheological and Flow test 15 Purpose of Rheological and Flow Tests. 15 Importance of Pilot Plant Tests 16 Q6) Design Selection 17 a. Delivery Pipeline 17 Quantity to Be Pumped 18 Size of Pipeline 19 Friction Head Hf for the Pipeline 19 Loss in Discharge Pipe Enlargement 20 Loss at Pipe Discharge 20 Loss of Head at Entrance to Suction Pipe 20 Total Dynamic Head on the Pump [Hm] 21 Equivalent Water Total Dynamic Head [Hw] 21 b. Warman Pump Selection 21 Piston Pumps and Pipe Validation 22 a. Piston Pumps 22 b. Pipe Design Parameters 23 8) Design Parameters of the main pipeline 23 Q9) Alternative Systems 26 References: 27 Q2) Relevance of System Engineering to bulk materials handling and this project Systems engineering is a methodical, disciplined approach for the design, realization, technical management, operations, and retirement of a system. A “system” is a construct or collection of different elements that together produce results not obtainable by the elements alone. The...
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...1 1.1 CARROT AND BABY CORN - COLD STORAGE Introduction The proposed project details about a cold storage facility to set up for carrots and baby corn. Nantes (variety of carrot) also known as English carrot requires high humidity and low temperature, thus special cold storage is proposed with controlled temperature and humidity conditions. Post harvest losses in the carrots is very high at 40-50 per cent during storage, hence to prevent these heavy losses it is very important to set up a high humidity cold store. 1.2 Objective The primary objective of the model report is to facilitate the entrepreneurs in understanding the importance of setting up cold storage for carrots and other vegetables, technology and financial parameters of various components for preparation and submission of project proposal to bank for sanction of long term loan. This model report will serve as guidance to the entrepreneurs on starting up such a new project and basic technical knowledge for setting up such a facility. 1.3 Raw Material Availability The maize is grown in MP with total production of 12.53 Mt (year 2004-05). The state stands at third position in the country with 12.39% of the India’s total production. 1.4 Market Opportunities The storage period of Nantes in the cold store lasts only for six to seven months i.e. March to August-September; hence for rest of the six months it is empty. However the proposed cold store because of adjustable systems of temperature and humidity control...
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