HIUS 221 Exam 3 Review Sheet:
This exam will be a combination of multiple choice, true or false, and matching questions. There will also be a couple of essay questions. For best results in preparing for the upcoming exam, focus your studies on the following historical items, events and individuals. Your textbook may help with some of the things listed, but this exam is more so drawn from class lectures and power point presentations.
Embargo of 1807-Britian and France imposed trade restriction in order to weaken each other’s economies. Resulting in testing the Americas Neutrality and hurting their trading. Jefferson passed this document restricting neutral trade to the U.S. docs
Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists (1780). Stronger central government, state representation from states each 2 representatives, no Bill of Rights, Articles of Confederation useless, because states had more power, wanted larger public, and they believed in large farming and industrialization,.. antif federalist, wanted state rights, wanted add the House of Represeantives, Bill of Rights, they thought the aritcles needed to be ratified not taken away completely, smaller public, believed Americas future is small farming
Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans (1790s) – Hamiltonians (known as federalist party) vs. the Jeffersonians (Democratic Party)

Differences between Federalist stances (1780s) vs. Federalist Party stances (1790s)-
Federalist of 1780-Stronger central government, state representation from states each 2 representatives, no Bill of Rights, Articles of Confederation useless, because states had more power, wanted larger public, and they believed in large farming and industrialization.. Federalist Party Stances of (1790)- Led by Alexander Hamilton strong central government led by the wealthy and industry, emphasis on manufacturing ,trading, and shipping.. loose interpretation of the Constitution, favored the National bank, and favored Tariffs, they were pro-British.

Differences between Anti-Federalists (1780s) vs. Jeffersonians (1790s) - ,.. anti federalist, wanted state rights, wanted add the House of Represeantives, Bill of Rights, they thought the aritcles needed to be ratified not taken away completely, smaller public, believed Americas future is small farming.. Jeffersonians led by Thomas Jefferson, believed strong state governents led by the “comman man”..emphaiss on agriculture “ cultivators of the earth are the most valuable citizens”.. strict interpretations of the constitution opposed the national bank, and opposed protective tarrifs, pro-French.
Marbury v. Madison
At the very end of his term, President John Adams had made many federal appointments, including William Marbury (a Federalist) as justice of the peace in the District of Columbia. Thomas Jefferson, the new president, refused to recognize the appointment of Marbury. The normal practice of making such appointments was to deliver a "commission," or notice, of appointment. This was normally done by the Secretary of State. Jefferson's Secretary of State at the time was James Madison (Democratic-Republican). At the direction of Jefferson, Madison refused to deliver Marbury's commission. Marbury sued Madison, and the Supreme Court took the case. Chief Justice John Marshall wrote that the Judiciary Act of 1789, which spelled out the practice of delivering such commissions for judges and justices of the peace, was unconstitutional because it gave the Supreme Court authority that was denied it by Article III of the Constitution. Thus, the Supreme Court said, the Judiciary Act of 1789 was illegal and not to be followed. *This was the first time the Supreme Court struck down a law because it was unconstitutional. It was the beginning of the practice of "judicial review."

Martin Van Buren-Jacksons Secretary of State.. Was one of the mend of the “yes men” buruaucrats and were all products of the “spoil system”. Only one to rise to prominence.
Van Buren: President (1837-1841)
Part of the “kitchen Cabinet”
Blamed for the panic of 1837 and Jackson problems
First president not from a British background
He was Democratic.
Alien and Sedition Acts and potential penalties- Passed in Congress(slightly controlled by Federalist) and technically were designed to impose sever penalties on those who criticized the standing govt. and those in top leadership.
It threatened fundamental American rights/ and Freedom of Speech
Penalties: Arrest, Incarcerations and Deportations//
These policies were never seriously enfored.. but the damage was done. Democratic Republicans cried out that he acts were in violation fo the ‘Bill of Rights’ and gave leadership dictatorial powers.
Jackson's view of the 1st National Bank- Jackson viewed the bank as too Monopolizing of U.S. finances and businesses as well as autocratic and tyrannical
Hartford Convention outcome- delegates from various New England’s meet at Hartford, Connecticut to discuss regional relations and how to handle “Mr. Madison’s war”. RESULT: a lot of official talk occurred during the convention and a lot of unofficial ideas were lifted up (entertained)
Louisiana Purchase- bought for $15 million. Doubling the size of the young United States. Spain gave land that had previously belonged to France back and Napoleon Bonaparte was needing quick cash to finance his war ambitions. He saw no value in Louisiana. Sold it for 15milllion around 3 cents per acre
XYZ Affair-Key problem in Adams Administration. The XYZ was when a U.S. peace envoy went to France to talk to the interim govt, in order to improve relations. The French then insulted the envoy by demanding 250,000 in order to speak with them. Adams built a U.S. Navy in case war came particular with France as a result of the XYZ affair.
Missouri Compromise results-Decided what states would be slave and free in the new western territories.. Henry Clay was the chief.. Avoided civil war for over 40 years. Missouri was admitted in the Union as a slave state resulting in a unbalance of free slave states and slaves states resulting in bringing main into he union as a free slave state to neutralize this
Eli Whitney- invented the Cotton Gin in 1793.
Santa Ana-Mexican dictator president.. marched in 1836 to Texas to put down a rebellion.
Key British or American battle victories during the War of 1812. Defeated the resisting the forces at the Alamo and Goliad Sam Houston marched onto his weakened army and defeated him making him sign a treaty acknowledging Texas Independence
Monroe Doctrine of 1823- was signed by James Monroe. Doctrine of non-colonization and was directed at the European imperialistic leader of the day that had intentions of continuing the subjugation and exploitation of North and South American (western Hemisphere). Also, meant to counteract European Empires that at the very least wanted to play a powerful influential political/ economic role in the Western Hemisphere nations. Basically stated that United States would not tolerate and further colonization of other states or monarchy puppets and would result in war or aggression towards them.
James Madison-Jefferson Secretary of State.. President from 1809-1817.. was a compatriot of Jefferson and devout member of the Democratic-Republic party, he was pro france… during the development of Constitution he was leading the “Federalist”. War of 1812 marred Madison’s Administration. June 1, 1812 he sent to Congress a special decleration of war against Great britian
Panic of 1837 causes 1. Results of the “bank War”. 2. Failed western land prospects. 3. Failed “Get Rich Quick” schemes/ventures. 4. Western settlers opening banks and conducting loans on borrowed capital. 5. Failed wheat crops in the Midwest
Reasons for the Texas War for Independence 1. Customs duties 2. Mexican attempts to limit the institution of slaver 3. Violations (of the 1824 Mexican Constitution) made by dictator president Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana.
Brought on by social, religious, economic and political differences between the new Mexican nation and the Anglo-American settlers of Texas.
Abigail Adams- John Adams wife who helped him make important decisions in the era of “male domination within the American society”
John Quincy Adams- President from (1825-1829).. lived in the shadows of his shady election victory and because of this Jackson remained more popular among the commoners.. Shady alliance formed between clay and Adams. Shortly after he won his presidency he appoint clay as his Secretary of State.
Tariff of Abominations- Established in 1828 one of the last acts put into effect under J.Q. Adams. Many “Jacksonians such as Calhoun supported the act. But this act pushed trade rates up to 45% on certain manufacture goods coming in from Europe. Southerners dependent on European finished products thant eh North. And resulting this Tariff being negative on the south… Raised import duties by around 45% helping NOrthe economing but damaging the Southern economy due to trade relation problems with European countries… mainly used to protect industires of the Northern united states being driven out of business by low-priced imported goods by taxing them.
??Nationalism v. State's Rights- nationalist believe that the Constitution is the supreme law of the land and also, belived that the new government represent allt eh people. State Rights people belived that one can only use delegated powers.
The Virginia Plan-Catered more largely to the populated states.. Would later be broad outlines of the U.S. Constitution. A national government consisting of three branches with checks and blackness to prevent the abuse of power. Describes 2 houses one with members elected by people for 3 year terms and other elected by state legislatures for 7 years terms. Use pop for dividing seats
Impressment- impressment of the American Sailors to force them into the Royal Naval ships army making them part of the crew.
Trail of Tears in 1830- would primarily effect the Native American population primarily in the southern states. Resulting in Native Americans sueing the feeral governemtn claiming they had legal rights to these lands. Resulted in failure. Forced the native Indians to a designated indian territory across the Mississippi river from the Indian Removal Act
John C. Calhoun-stirred the Deep South against the new “Yankee “ Aboloitinoist-leaning” president.. American Whigs headed up by John C. Calhoun
Key reasons why the Constitution was eventually ratified. When the Federalist promised to add a Bill of Rights and the small states learned more about the details of the Connectticut Compromise, the battle over ratification was over.
States added to the Union between 1790-1812—Rhode Island (1790)// Vermont (1791)// Kentucky (1792)// Tennessee (1796)// Ohio (1803)// Louisiana (1812)
Whiskey Rebellion-Occurred in 1794. Insurrection in the Western Pennsylvania over excise taxes est. in 1791 ( items such as liquore.)President Washignton put on his old Army Uniform and headed out to confront the Whiskey Rebellion
John Marshall- Supreme Court Chief Justice and Staunch Federalist// was a enemy of Thomas Jefferson and was leader of Federalist Party
Fort McHenry The defense of Baltimore’s Fort McHenry inspired Francis Scott key to compose the Star Bangled Banner.. key vicotre on Aug 1814 turnign point that allowed the U.S. Military repulsed sea and land invasions of the port city of Baltimore, Maryland and killed the commander of the invading British army forces
John Adams-(Pres form 1797-1801) Vice President for Washington. Was a devout Federalist (Hamiltonian). March of 1917 he took office and tried bringing a unity between Hamiltonians and jeffersonains resulting in a polarization withing the country.
Judicial Review- was brough in play as result of the Marbury vs Madison (1803) case. Doctrine under which legislative and executive acctions are subject to review by judiciary. A court with judicial review power may invalidate government laws and decesision that are incompatible with a higher authority, such as terms of a written constitution
Aaron Burr- Dueled with Alexander Hamilton.. Bur blamed Hamilton for ruining his reputation and turning voters against him. Facoff between Hamilton and burr took play on July 11, 1804 ending with Burr shoting Hamilton to death.
The American invasion of Florida- Spain sold Florida to the U.S. for $5 Million. Jackson wanted the Indians gone so resulting in Spain selling Florida to U.S>
Key battles with the Amer-Indians
Key weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation system.. could not for the states to obey ists laws// had no strong and steady leadership/ nor a army or navy… each state could issure its own money resulting in no one know currency
Loose Constructionism v. Strict Constructionism
Hamilton and Jefferson's views on politics, govt., strength & strict or loose constructionism
Reasons for the War of 1812
Election of 1824
San Jacinto
American relations with Britain and France 1790-1815
The reasons for the demise of the Federalist Party
South Carolina and Nullification
Francis Scott Key
First National Bank
Demise of the Anti-Slavery Movement
Sam Houston
Bank War
Reasons and events that caused division in Jackson's Cabinet
2nd Great Awakening impact
Cotton Gin and impact on society and slaves
Whigs who resisted Jackson
Chief criticisms of Mormons in the 1800s
Davy Crocket
Charles Finney
Battle of New Orleans
George Washington
Washington on foreign policy
Specific compromise plans (during the Constitutional debate)
Key successes of the Articles of Confederation system
Importance of the War of 1812 results for America
Era of Good Feelings
Treaty of Ghent results
Judicial Review
The Alamo
Jefferson's presidential leadership
Henry Clay
Alexander Hamilton