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Teori kebijakan deviden
Brigham (1989), menyatakan bahwa dalam kebijakan deviden terdapat 3 teori : a) Deviden irrelevance theory, Teori ini menyatakan bahwa kebijakan dividen perusahaan tidak merupakan pengaruh terhadap nilai perusahaan maupun biaya modalnya. Pendukung utama teori ketidakrelevanan dividen (dividends irrelevance theory) ini adalah Merton Miller dan Franco Modigliani (2001). Mereka berpendapat bahwa nilai suatu perusahaan hanya ditentukan oleh kemampuan dasarnya untuk menghasilkan laba dan risiko bisnisnya. Dengan kata lain, nilai perusahaan tergantung hanya pada pendapatan yang dihasilkan oleh aktivanya, bukan pada bagaimana pendapatan tersebut dibagi antara dividen dan laba yang ditahan. Keon et. al (2000) menyatakan bahwa pada teori ketidakrelevanan dividen, tak ada hubungan antara kebijakan dividen dan nilai saham. Satu kebijakan dividen sama bagusnya dengan lainnya. Secara agregat investor hanya mementingkan pengembalian total keputusan investasi, tak peduli apakah pengembalian berasal dari perolehan modal atau pendapatan dividen.

b) Teori Bird in The Hand
Kebanyakan pemilik saham lebih menyukai pembayaran dividen saat ini daripada menundanya untuk direalisir dalam bentuk “capital gain” nanti. Tarif pajak untuk “capital gain” memang sering lebih rendah daripada untuk dividen, namun para pemilik saham banyak yang lebih menyukai dividen saat ini, karena dengan pembayaran dividen sekarang maka penerimaan uang tersebut sudah pasti, sedangkan apabila ditunda ada kemungkinan bahwa apa yang diharapkan meleset. Teori ini dianut oleh Myron Bordon dan John Lintner (Husnan, 1993).

c) Tax preference theory
Suatu teori yang menyatakan bahwa karena adanya pajak terhadap deviden dan capital gains maka para investor lebih menyukai capital gains karena dapat menunda pembayaran pajak dengan alasan :

a) Keuntungan modal dikenakan tarif pajak yang lebih rendah daripada untuk pembagian dividen, karena itu investor yang kaya mungkin lebih suka perusahaan menahan dan menanamkan kembali laba di dalam perusahaan. b) Pajak atas keuntungan tidak dibayarkan sampai saham terjual, karena adanya nilai efek waktu, satu dolar pajak yang dibayarkan di masa mendatang mempunyai biaya efektif yang lebih rendah daripada satu dolar yang dibayarkan hari ini. c) Jika selembar saham dimiliki oleh seseorang sampai ia meninggal, sama sekali tidak ada pajak keuntungan modal yang terutang, ahli waris dapat terhindar dari pajak keuntungan modal.

Berdasarkan ketiga konsep teori tersebut, perusahaan dapat melakukan hal-hal sebagai berikut : a) Jika manajemen percaya bahwa deviden irrelevence theori dari modigliani dan Miller ( M-M) itu benar maka perusahaan tidak perlu memperhatikan besarnya deviden yang harus dibagikan. b) Jika perusahaan menganut Bird In The Hand Theory, maka perusahaan harus membagi seluruh EAT ( Earning After Tax ), dalam bentuk deviden. c) Sedangkan jika perusahaan lebih cenderung mempercayai Tax Preference Theory , maka perusahaan harus menahan seluruh keuntungan.

Detail Tugas * Sumber : LQ45 ( Agustus 2012 – Januari 2013 ) * No. Urut : 08 * Nama Perusahaan : PT. Bank Negara Indonesia, Tbk * Rumusan Masalah : a) Teori kebijakan apa yang dilakukan oleh PT. Bank Negara Indonesia, Tbk ? b) Apa yang mendasari sehingga anda memilih teori tersebut ?

a) Teori yang digunakan adalah Teori Deviden irrelevance theory (MM) b) Ada beberapa alasan mengapa saya berpendapat bahwa PT, Bank Negara Indonesia, Tbk menggunakan kebijakan Deviden irrelevance theory (MM)

1. Berdasarkan data di atas, terlihat PT, Bank Negara Indonesia, Tbk membagikan deviden secara konsisten dari tahun ke tahun dengan besaran Deviden Pay Out Ratio 10% - 75%. Hal ini berarti perusahaan tidak menahan ataupun membagikan seluruh keuntungan bersih perusahaan. Tetapi sebagian digunakan untuk keperluan investasi perusahaan sesuai dengan ekspansi yang akan dilakukan di masa datang. 2. Bentuk pembagian deviden semua dalam bentuk Cash, yang berarti perusahaan sudah pasti tidak menganut teori Tax preference theory. Teori ini menganut paham untuk tidak membagikan deviden dalam bentuk Cash tetapi menggunakan saham bonus sebagai pengganti deviden agar tidak kena pajak.

3. “PT Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk (BNI) mengalokasikan dana investasi teknologi informasi sebesar Rp1 triliun, untuk pengembangan layanan dan peningkatan kepuasan pelanggan.” http://www.infobanknews.com/2012/08/bni-investasikan-rp1-triliun-dukung-layanan-cash-management/ “Untuk mendorong pertumbuhan bisnis kartu kredit yang ditargetkan bertambah sebanyak 200 ribu kartu pada 2016, PT Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk (BNI) berniat melakukan penambahan mesin EDC (electronic data capture) sebanyak 30 ribu sampai 40 ribu mesin. Penambahan mesin ini juga diharpakan memberikan kontribusi dari sisi fee based income” http://www.infobanknews.com/2013/05/bni-investasikan-usd700-ribu-untuk-tambah-40-ribu-mesin-edc/ Dari beberapa rangkuman berita yang saya dapatkan, PT Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk melakukan beberapa investasi untuk meningakatkan pelayanan. Hal ini sesuai dengan teori MM yang menyebutkan bahwa nilai suatu perusahaan hanya ditentukan oleh kemampuan dasarnya untuk menghasilkan laba. Perusahaan terus melakukan investasi untuk menghasilak laba yang lebih banyak yang dengan sedirinya kaan mendongkrak harga saham itu sendiri.

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