...Case Study Three 1. What is the definition of ARDS? Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) occurs when fluid builds up in the tiny, elastic air sacs (alveoli) in your lungs. More fluid in your lungs means less oxygen can reach your bloodstream. This deprives your organs of the oxygen they need to function. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is also known as shock lung, wet lung, post perfusion lung and a variety of other names related to specific causes. What are the associated clinical indicators? The first signs and symptoms of ARDS are feeling like you can't get enough air into your lungs, rapid breathing, and a low blood oxygen level. Other signs and symptoms depend on the cause of the ARDS. They may occur before ARDS develops. Sometimes, people who have ARDS develop signs and symptoms such as low blood pressure, confusion, and extreme tiredness. This may mean that the body's organs, such as the kidneys and heart, aren't getting enough oxygen-rich blood. 2. What conditions did this patient experience that are common risk factors ssociated with ARDS? Brain present with near drowniess syndrome that lead to his diagnosis of ARDS. 3. Describe the major pathophysiological alterations in ARDS. Increased capillary permeability is the hallmark of ARDS. Damage of the capillary endothelium and alveolar epithelium in correlation to impaired fluid remove from the alveolar space result in accumulation of protein-rich fluid inside the...
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...Administrative Ethics: Advances in Lung Cancer Care HCS/335 Tuesday, March 20th, 2012 Administrative Ethics: Advances in Lung Cancer Care In this paper, there will be a description of what the newspaper article covers about Lung Cancer treatment plus the population this issue affects the most. Examples the article uses to argue or present facts supporting the treatment research of Lung Cancer Patients, explanation of ethical and legal issues do to the involvement this article is talking about, explanation of the managerial responsibilities related to administrative ethic issues, and identification of proposals to create solutions. Description of Newspaper Article and Those It Affects “More Americans die from lung cancer each year than from breast, colon and prostate cancers combined, according to the National Institutes of Health. But it has long suffered from a stigma because of its association with smoking, receiving far less research funding than other forms of cancer.” (Thoms, 2012, para. 5-6) In reading the above quote it should inspire some to promote more research completion in the area of Lung Cancer. Factual information such as this is what makes the medical professionals working in the area of Lung Cancer Treatment want to bring this awareness to the general public. Each day these professionals go to their careers and have to witness his or her patients suffering from this horrible disease. Their hands are tied on providing more...
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...Tuberculosis has long been a disease that the human culture has been dealing with which entails significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. With dealing with such a horrific disease over the years, discoveries and evolution on the appropriate ways to contain, diagnose, and challengingly treat the disease has changed. One of the most concerning complications of this worldwide public health issue is the ability for it to quickly spread in high populated areas while becoming ever more resistant to forms of treatment not available in all locations around the world. This is a serious public health concern and poses major implications for current and future treatment of the disease (Chan, B., Khadem, T., & Brown, J. 2013). With the help of the community and the leadership of strong, resourceful organizations, we can come together to overcoming such a hideous disease which affects the lives of millions annually. In this paper, the writer will discuss the incidence of Tuberculosis, treatment, social determinants, organizations involved, and the role public health nursing has on overcoming the presence of this disease. Tuberculosis is an airborne communicable disease which is rapidly spreading. Tuberculosis infection is the result of the exposure to the bacterium mycobacterium tuberculosis. This is the agent as it applies to the Epidemiologic Triangle. Once an individual is exposed to an individual with active TB, they become either latent or active TB hosts. It’s important to acknowledge...
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...SHS972 – Assignment 1 Question 1: Workplace exposure standards in Australia are currently recognised by Safe Work Australia (SWA). Safe Work Australia was formerly identified as: • The Australian Safety and Compensation Council (ASCC), 2005-2009 • The National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (NOHSC), 1985- 2005 NOHSC was initially assigned the task of assessing and setting workplace exposure limits for Australia. The exposure database NOHSC employed was originally obtained from: • The American Conference of Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) • The United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive (HSE) The initial exposure limits were acquired from these organisations because of the wealth of experience and research that both America and the UK had with occupational exposures. The ACGIH specified exposure limits as Threshold Limit Values (TLV). These values were derived from animal and human research as well as industry knowledge and epidemiology. Safe Work Australia creates exposure standards based on a range of information from work health and safety statistics to continuing formal research on exposures to substances found in the workplace. A significant increase in harmful health effects from a specific substance through statistical analysis prompts SWA to assess the current exposure limit to determine whether it needs to be controlled to protect the workforce. Proposed exposure limit changes are then put out into the community for feedback. Exposure...
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...medications. She always tries to follow a strict diabetic diet and take her medications exactly as prescribed, however, when her daughter stops by to see her she is shocked to find her mother confused and having difficulty breathing. She immediately calls 911 and Mrs. Jenkins is brought to the hospital. The emergency room doctor is informed of her medical history that includes insulin dependent diabetes, congestive heart failure, hypertension, osteoarthritis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Further diagnostic testing reveals Mrs. Jenkins has pneumonia and needs to be admitted for antibiotic treatment. b. Primary diagnosis is pneumonia which is an infection of the lungs caused by bacteria, virus, and sometimes fungus, characterized by inflammation of the lungs, congestion, shortness of breath, cough and fever. Symptoms may vary. Secondary diagnoses COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease which is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema in the lungs that allow the lungs to become narrow and inflamed. The result is shortness that progressively worsens over time. Mrs. Jenkins’ COPD is exacerbated by her pneumonia infection. CHF Congested heart failure is chacterized by the inability of the heart to effectively pump blood throughout the body. Hypertension which is when the systemic arterial...
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...Question 1.1 Identify two (2) likely medical diagnoses for his presenting condition. Provide a rationale for your answer including the underlying pathophysiology and presenting clinical symptoms. 1. Congestive Heart Failure, (CHF) occurs when the heart cannot pump sufficient blood to meet the body’s demands where weakened chambers allow blood to pool triggering fluid retention in lungs, legs and abdomen (Figueroa & Peters, 2006). The patient has left sided congestive heart failure where left ventricle is not pumping blood sufficient blood out of the lungs/pulmonary vein sufficiently. The lungs become over saturated with blood and the pressure from the right side causes a shift of fluid from the intravascular space into the lungs causing increased respiratory rate and impaired gas exchange. The patient’s symptoms are shortness of breath and cough, swollen ankles due to the excess fluid build up and fatigue. X-ray shows congestion in the middle and lower lungs. The patient was also taking digoxin on admission which is a drug commonly used for treating patients with CHF (Figueroa & Peters, 2006). 2. Digoxin toxicity, Digoxin toxicity is caused by high levels of digoxin in the body a drug Mr Marshall is currently prescribed. His digoxin levels are 2.4 ng/mL and the therapeutic range is 0.6 to 1.3 ng/mL showing increased levels beyond the therapeutic range (Chan, Bradley & Harrigan, 2002). Mr Marshall’s irregular pulse as well as his nausea and vomiting are clinical symptoms...
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...Pg. 83 2. Describe the impact of visible versus invisible related to health impairments. * When an impairment is visible there are more precautions and adaptions made. Pg. 84 * The people that interact with the person with a visible health impairment would know and not be surprised when something happens. Pg 84 * Although when health impairments are invisible some people may not be known as really ill and get the treatment and excess aid they need. Pg. 84 * They also may interact in activities that could be dangerous to them. Pg. 84 Asthma 3. Define Asthma and provide 4 facts about it. * Definition * Asthma is the most common pulmonary disease of childhood. Pg. 84 * 4 Facts * Asthma can begin in infancy or develop later in life. Pg. 84 * Asthma is a disease in result of many factors in that genetic predisposition interacts with circumstances in the environment. Pg. 85 * It develops beginning with allergen-induced inflammation followed by a consolidation phase characterized by increased allergen responsiveness and structural changes. Pg. 85 * Asthma occurs as a result of the body’s immune system and is diagnosed through physical examination. Pg. 85 3A. List 4 symptoms of asthma * Wheezing Pg. 85 * Difficulty breathing Pg. 85 * Chest constrictions Pg. 85 * Sweating Pg. 85 4. Explain why it is important to treat asthma promptly....
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...NRS-427V-0102 Epidemiology The communicable disease that I have selected is Tuberculosis (TB). The purpose of my paper in to describe, in detail the communicable disease and its impact on the global nations over time. It also addresses the role of a community health nurse in breaking the chain of infection and preventing the spread of the deadly disease. On March 24, 1882, Dr. Robert Koch announced the discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that cause tuberculosis (TB). During this time, TB killed one out of every seven people living in the United States and Europe. Dr. Koch’s discovery was the most important step taken toward the control and elimination of this deadly disease. The world health organization has set this day aside for remembering the great discovery that won a noble prize as well a day of global awareness. There were 1.5 million reported deaths related to TB in 2010, an astounding statistic. The bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is responsible for causing the disease. It is a Highly infectious disease that primarily affects the lung. It’s mode of transmission is Airborne, meaning it is spread through the air when someone coughs, sneezes or even talks. The bacteria can also affect other parts of the body including lymph nodes, kidneys, urinary tract and bones. Latent TB occurs when the bacteria is present but the person does not have symptoms. If the disease becomes active symptoms appear. They include, coughing...
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...Abstract Pneumonia Introduction: I will not be looking too deep into this severe case of Community Acquired Pneumonia. My objectives in this case study will basically be to determine whether hospital admission for intravenous antibiotics are necessary. This will be done by using clinical scores and other in-hospital diagnostic criteria to determine prognosis and severity. The relevance to this case study with be treatment regime and a ventilator strategy you may not have heard of. Case study: 67 year old female of colored ethnicity from wellington, transferred from Paarl hospital intubated, ventilated will host of problems including Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease grade ii , Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) , Gastro Intestinal Tract bleed which occurred just before transferring from Paarl, also history of smoking, one packet year, and ethanol (ETOH) abuser. Conclusion: Diagnostic criteria, is clinical presentation and chest x-ray. The simplest of all clinical scoring system is CURB-65 using 5 prognostic variables to determine the severity of Pneumonia, instead of 20. Much easier and practical can be applied at patient bedside. Inverse ratio ventilation to aid and improve filling of non-compliant...
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...Derek’s ABGs. Derek’s blood gases are as follows PaO2 80mm/Hg PaCO2 52mm/Hg PH 7.25 HCO3 30 The results show that Derek has respiratory acidosis. According to Porth and Matfin, (2009) respiratory acidosis is a condition was an acid imbalance occurs in the body. During gas exchange, the exchange of gas is impaired and results in excess carbon dioxide (CO2) being absorbed into the blood stream, initiating the formation of an acid, making the blood more acidic (Porth & Matfin, 2009). The PH drops as there is little ventilation of the alveolar, and compensation results in the production of hydro carbon dioxide (HCO2) (Farrell & Dempsey 2005). Respiratory acidosis may be caused by injury to the respiratory centres, diseases of the lungs, blockage of the airway and respiratory disorders (Porth & Matfin, 2009). b.) Provide two possible reasons for the ABG’s based on Derek’s history and presentation. The cause for Respiratory acidosis in Derek could have been caused by a respiratory disorder such as COPD which he has been diagnosed with since 1997, and was asked to cease smoking but up to date he has continued to smoke 20-30 cigarettes per day. Porth and Matfin, (2009) explain that conditions of the respiratory system may cause impairment of gas exchange. Respiratory acidosis could also have been caused by poor diet intake. Derek has hypercholesterolemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus, he lives close to convenience stores and often consumes take away foods...
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...Congestive Heart Failure FC IV Valvular Heart Disease Secondary to Rheumatic Heart Disease A case Presentation A Presented to: The Faculty College of Nursing Adventist University of the Philippines In Partial fulfillment Of the Course N303 Curative and Rehabilitative Nursing Care 1st Semester By: Tha Hnem Section F Presentation Date: September, 4, 2007 I. Introduction Heart failure, also called congestive heart failure (CHF), is a life-threatening condition in which the heart can no longer pump enough blood to the rest of the body. Heart failure is almost always a chronic, long-term condition, although it can sometimes develop suddenly. Rheumatic fever and Valvular Heart Disease also contributed to Heart Failure. This condition may affect the right side, the left side, or both sides of the heart. Rheumatic heart disease refers to the cardiac manifestations of rheumatic fever, including pancarditis (myocarditis, pericarditis, and endocarditis) during the early acute phase and chronic valvular disease later. Long-term antibiotic therapy can minimize recurrence of rheumatic fever, reducing the risk of permanent cardiac damage and eventual valvular deformity. In valvular heart disease, three types of mechanical disruption can occur; stenosis, or narrowing, of the valve opening: incomplete closure of the valve; or prolepses of the valve. They can result from such disorders as endocarditis (most common), congenital defects, and inflammation, and they...
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...E A D E C I S I O N G U I D E M A K E R ’ S U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Office on Smoking and Health Wellness Councils of America American Cancer Society PREFACE As scientific evidence documenting the health hazards posed by environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) continues to mount, workplace decision makers have more reason than ever to protect employees from exposure to ETS on the job. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency concluded in January 1993 that each year ETS kills an estimated 3,000 adult nonsmokers from lung cancer and that the workplace is a significant source of ETS. In a recent study, nonsmoking employees exposed to ETS at work but not at home had significantly higher levels of a nicotine metabolite in their blood than did nonsmoking workers with no work or home exposure to ETS. Levels of exposure to ETS are lowest in smokefree workplaces. Even before these recent studies were available, the U.S. Surgeon General had determined in 1986 that ETS is a cause of disease, including lung cancer, in otherwise healthy nonsmokers. The Surgeon General also reported that the simple separation of smokers and nonsmokers within the same airspace may reduce, but does not eliminate, the exposure of nonsmokers to ETS. In 1991, the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended that “all available preventive measures should be used to minimize occupational...
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...“Multiple sources contribute; farming and oil drilling; traffic on Interstate 5 and Highway 99; winds blowing contaminants from the bay area, Los Angeles, and even Asia” (Carroll, 2016). All of these contributors paired with the geography and topography of the area create pollutant ratings that are above acceptable, according to state and federal laws. The poor air quality has proven to be extremely detrimental to a person’s health and can cause many long-term diseases and illnesses for those residing in the Central Valley. In order to improve the air quality and reduce the amounts of pollutants, various standards and policies have been created. While there has been some reduction in the amount of air pollution nestled in the Central Valley, there is still much that can and needs to be done. Continuing to educate those who are living in the Central Valley as well as in the state and around the world, on the effects of air pollution and how they can reduce it, is...
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...Demographics The exact number of people in any country with anemia is difficult to determine because the disorder often goes undiagnosed. According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), anemia affects more than 3 million Americans. Other sources estimate that 4% of men and 8% of women in the general populations of Canada, the United States, and Western Europe have mild anemia. It is thought that the rates of anemia are 2-5 times higher in the developing countries. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), iron deficiency is the most important nutritional disorder in the world. WHO, estimates that 80% of the world's population may be iron deficient. The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency among the geriatric population is estimated at 5-15%. Although the prevalence of anemia is greater in women than men aged less than 75, by age 75, male prevalence surpasses female prevalence by about 5%. Anemia can be mild, moderate, or severe enough to lead to life-threatening complications. More than 400 different types of anemia have been identified, many of which are rare. Iron deficiency anemia The onset of iron deficiency anemia is gradual and, at first, there may not be any symptoms. The deficiency begins when the body loses more iron than it derives from food and other sources. Because depleted iron stores cannot meet the red blood cell's needs, fewer red blood cells develop. In this early stage of anemia, the red blood cells look normal but they are...
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...were current drinkers. Short term effects of alcohol include: * Slurred speech * Drowsiness * Relaxation * Feelings of pleasure * Distorted vision * Impaired judgment and slowed thinking * Decreased perception and coordination * Unconsciousness * Blackouts (memory lapses where the drinker cannot remember events that occurred while under the influence) Long term effects of alcohol include: * Liver failure * Brain damage * Sexual dysfunction * Fetal alcohol syndrome and other birth defects during pregnancy * Stomach ulcers * Malnutrition * Weight gain * Risk of cancer in the mouth and throat * High blood pressure * Increased risk for stroke and heart-related diseases * Tolerance and physical dependence * Addiction 2. Tobacco- In 2012, an estimated 69.5 million Americans over age 12 were current users of a tobacco product. Across age groups, current cigarette use was highest among people aged 21 to 25. Among youths aged 12 to 17 who smoked cigarettes in the past month, over half (54.6) percent also used an illicit drug, compared with 6.4 percent of youths who did not smoke cigarettes. Short-term effects of...
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