...Running head: THE NORM Supervision for Successful Schools: The Norm Grand Canyon University: EDA 551 June 15th, 2011 Supervision for Successful Schools: The Norm The perceived effectiveness of public education in the United States has suffered a steady decline since the middle 1960’s. Perhaps only coincidently, President Lyndon B. Johnson enact the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 which for the first time set high standards for all public schools in order to hold educators accountable for student performance. The concept, or course, is extremely worthwhile. However, the reality of the thing is that this piece of legislation marked the beginning of a quagmire in which educators currently find themselves. This piece of legislation represents the first dabbling(s) on the part of the (federal) government in controlling what goes on in the classroom. Teachers, after continued re-workings of state and federal standards, are now no longer worried about educating students (I realize I am overstating here, but being a teacher I do not feel as if this statement falls too far from the truth). Instead, they are concerned with how their students have fared in the most recent battery of standardized assessment. Assessments used to determine the effectiveness of the classroom teacher and his or her methods for meeting those standards which were first legally set forth in 1965. In light of this conundrum, the practicing administrator finds himself/herself (said with...
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...Studies suggest that the federal school accountability policy did improve the math achievement of elementary students, particularly among socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. Comparable evidence that NCLB generated meaningful improvements in reading achievement continued to fail. Research was conducted by Dee and Jacob (2010). To isolate the causal effects of NCLB, they made use of the fact that some states had introduced their own accountability systems in various years prior to the introduction of the national program. They viewed states that had no prior accountability system as the group that was treated by the federal law, with the others serving as the control group. The authors then estimated interrupted time series models that allow them to test for changes in the trend...
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...such implementation of affirmative action has been ruled unconstitutional by the majority opinion of Gratz v. Bollinger. Affirmative action as a practice was upheld by the court's decision in Grutter v. Bollinger.[10] Affirmative action in the United States began as a tool to address the persisting inequalities for African Americans in the 1960s. This specific term was first used to describe US government policy in 1961. Directed to all government contracting agencies, President John F. Kennedy's Executive Order 10925 mandated "affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin."[11] Four years later, President Lyndon B. Johnson elaborated on the importance of affirmative action to achieving true...
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...insurance and healthcare came about during the time of the Great Depression. There are currently two main methods of providing healthcare: public and private. Public healthcare provides universal access and is funded through the government. Two forms of public healthcare are Medicare and Medicaid which President Johnson signed into law in 1965. Medicare, or public healthcare, was first enacted by the U.S. government to provide healthcare to the elderly. Medicaid provides insurance to anyone who has a disability or is in poverty. Private insurers are funded by premiums and cover clients while also making a profit. The first private insurer was the Baylor Hospital in the 1930s, which later became Blue Cross Blue Shield Health Insurance. The purpose of this report is to determine whether private healthcare coverage, as it currently exists in the United States, is more or less effective than a single payer system according to three criteria: cost, availability, and quality. Method: The Commonwealth Fund supports research on healthcare issues and helps to improve healthcare policies. It is made up of a Board of Directors that all share the common purpose to improve high performance health systems. The Fund is led by a Chairman, James Tallon, and a Vice Chairman, Cristine Russell. These two highly influential people are the leaders of a team of medical doctors that research healthcare improvements. The Urban...
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...MANAGEMENT PRACTICE S.A.I.M. S.A.I.M. CASE-STUDY WORKBOOK Prepared by Dr Norris W Dalton. Copyright 2002 SAIM Management Practice 1 Copyright @ 2002 - South African Institute of Management All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from SAIM. Copyright @ 2002 Copyright 2002 SAIM First Edition (2002) Management Practice 2 MANAGEMENT PRACTICE CASE-STUDY WORKBOOK CONTENTS Page 1. Introduction. 5 2. Management in Context. 7 3. Learning to be a manager. 9 4. Case-study analysis. 11 5. Problem-solving and decision-making. 14 6. Caselets: First-line and Middle-management (Tactical/operational levels). 21 7. Case-studies: Executive / Senior management (transitional / strategic level). 119 8. Case-studies: Management failures (Reference studies). 173 9. Lessons: 201 Business {Managerial) Failure. 10. References and Further Reading. Copyright 2002 SAIM 207 Management Practice 3 Copyright 2002 SAIM Management Practice 4 MANAGEMENT PRACTICE Management Principles are easy; Management Practice is difficult. 1. Introduction The Theory of Management (20%) is easy and can be learnt in a classroom setting, since it relates to knowledge acquisition and book-learning...
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...Crime is as American as credit cards, the NFL, Hollywood, and airbrushed magazine covers. However, crime has been around much longer than America has existed in the eyes of the world. The word crime is a pretty simple word to define. Yet, one crime is not the same as another crime. You cannot define theft the same as you could arson. You could not define assault the same as you could jay walking. There are many crimes that exist in society. These crimes range from almost insignificant to horrible to tragic. The same can be said for a person who breaks the law. It would be hard to call someone arrested for jay walking a criminal in the same context as someone arrested for murder. In life, there are many types of people. There are people who have never broken the law and have never had any sort of dealings with law enforcement. There are people that have broken the law and have had unfortunate dealings with law enforcement, yet those people are not criminals and just made a mistake. Then, you have the people that are true criminals. The true criminals of society are the people that hone their “talents and skills.” The true criminals of society are the ones that scheme elaborate plans to steal millions of dollars, the people that hide in the dark waiting for an innocent person to walk by so the criminal can rob them at gunpoint, the people that enjoy raping women or molesting children, and the people that kill other people out of jealousy, greed, or just plain enjoyment. Criminal...
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...to keep yourself engaged and productive during a work life that may span some 50 years. To do all of these things well, you’ll need to cultivate a deep understanding of yourself. What are your most valuable strengths and most dangerous weaknesses? Equally important, how do you learn and work with others? What are your most deeply held values? And in what type of work environment can you make the greatest contribution? The implication is clear: Only when you operate from a combination of your strengths and self-knowledge can you achieve true— and lasting—excellence. The Idea in Practice To build a life of excellence, begin by asking yourself these questions: “What are my strengths?” To accurately identify your strengths, use feedback analysis. Every time you make a key decision, write down the outcome you expect. Several...
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...No Child Left Behind and its Effects on City School Districts Abstract The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) is a federal law that mandates a number of programs aimed at improving U.S. education in elementary, middle, and high school by increasing accountability standards. The aproach of NCLB is based on theories in education that high expectations and goal setting will result in greater educational achievement for most students. High standards for all students as well as educators are quality goals, however, using standardized tests to measure success is not the most effective method. Having high standards is a necessary part of our nation's success, it sets a high level of accountability and provides benchmarks for both the student and educators. Those schools that are categorized as performing poor are required to have supplemental asistance like tutoring, after school programs or even replacing teacher completely. Schools risk being restructured or even taken over by the state is after five years of not making adequate yearly progress. But standardized testing is an ineffective way of assessing individual student performance. This type of test gives reason to teach according to what is on the test, rather than for authentic learning. When using standardized tests there is no room to account for differennt learning styles and strengths of each student. Everyone learns differenntly but with this type of test doesn't allow for...
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...Individuals with Disability History of Special Education In the early 18th century, people with disability were often ignored, obscured, or put to death. First efforts to provide education for disabled students were focused on students with sensory problems such as the deaf and blind. During the 19 and early 20th century, schools that were specialized in providing education to students with disability emerged in United States and Europe. The extremely published story of Helen Keller influenced the introduction of education for disabled people in America. In 1887, Anne Sullivan who was Helen’s teacher said that he will not give up in offering education to the deaf and the blind, and she succeeded in teaching a five year old Helen how to communicate (Ashbaker, 2011, p. 25). Prior to 1965, there were no free education services provided to students with serious disabilities. These students were barred from attending school. Most of the students with severe disabilities used to put up in institutions. Many students who had mild disabilities and were not in a position to complete high school without any help did not have any other alternative other than dropping out of school. To appreciate developments that have placed disabled students in normal learning classroom, it is important to understand the legislative history that led to this move. Back in 1954, there was a civil rights case that involving Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education. In this case, parents of black students wanted their...
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...The Civil Rights Movement Sharon L. Jordan HUM410 Contemporary History Instructor: Lila Griffin-Brown October 16, 2011 African Americans’ efforts to stop the segregation of trains and streetcars, the organizations created to contest Jim Crow laws, and segregationists’ attempts to silence the protests all provide rich testimony to the spirit of agitation present even in this bleak time in American history (Kelley, 2010, p.5). The Civil Rights Movement was a struggle by African Americans in the mid-1950s to late 1960s to achieve civil rights equal to those of whites, including equal opportunity in employment, housing, and education, as well as the right to vote, the right of equal access to public facilities, and the right to be free of racial discrimination (Law, 2005). This movement sought to restore to African Americans the rights of citizenship guaranteed by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. The words civil rights often raise images of Martin Luther King Jr. delivering his soul-stirring “I Have a Dream” speech before the nation’s capital. "The practical cost of change for the nation up to this point has been cheap," Martin Luther King Jr. conceded “(LITWACK, 2009). Martin Luther King Jr., and other leaders of the movement anticipated, the movement provoked gains not only for African Americans but also for women, persons with disabilities, and many others. Organized efforts by an African American, W.E.B. Du Bois, who exhorted blacks to fight for the rights was...
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...Analysis of Funding Levels for the U.S. Government And Department of Education Week 4: Case Analysis: U.S. Budget Public Administration 581: Governmental Budgeting and Finance Introduction In 2009, Barack Obama took office as the 44th President of the United States. In February that same year, President Obama signed a stimulus bill into law that included tax cuts and a safety net of spending and appropriations for projects in our nation. When President Obama took office, he was faced with experts stating that this is the “worst U.S. economy since the Great Depression” (CNN U.S. 2009). Several documents that incorporate 2009 funding levels for the U.S. Government and the Department of Education, will attempt to identify trends for the years 2009 to 2011 in regards to outlays and receipts along with the GDP relationship. The following articles will be analyzed; The Budget Message of the President, Restoring Responsibility, Rescuing the Economy and Reviving Job Creation and Laying A New Foundation For Economic Growth. When analyzing this articles, we will look at what progress has the country made during this past year, what issues are we facing as we move forward, what is the economic situation and what significant issues and initiatives are discussed in these articles. One other piece of document that will be analyzed is the Department of Education. When we look at the Department of Education, we need to know what departments mission...
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...place in the work world and know when to change course. And it’s up to you to keep yourself engaged and productive during a work life that may span some 50 years. To do all of these things well, you’ll need to cultivate a deep understanding of yourself. What are your most valuable strengths and most dangerous weaknesses? Equally important, how do you learn and work with others? What are your most deeply held values? And in what type of work environment can you make the greatest contribution? The implication is clear: Only when you operate from a combination of your strengths and self-knowledge can you achieve true— and lasting—excellence. The Idea in Practice “What are my strengths?” To accurately identify your strengths, use feedback analysis....
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...victimization is related to fear of crime but the extent of this relationship needs to be established, Gender, fear of crime and prior victimization .(Babbie,2005) It should be noted that various methods of asking one question are possible and each approach would result in totally different responses thus different analyses and results. This research questions may be asked in such way that they give open ended responses. For instance, the respondents may be asked what their fear of crime is in relation to their community. Then responses will be evaluated on the basis of gender. This is called the nominal approach. On the other hand, one can evaluate level of crime by asking respondents to answer yes or no with if their fear of crime of a high or low degree respectively. This is what is called the ordinal level of setting research questions. (Meyers et al, 2005) Literature Review...
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...Houston Community College Homework 1-5 Presented To: Lloyd W. Gaddis By Yushana Ford Government 2305 8:00A.M- 9:30A.M Mon/Wed 09/20/2015 Chapter 1: The More Things Change…The More They Stay the Same 1. Analyze current problems and issues in American Government by applying Historical perspectives: -History Repeats Itself +A new Communication medium paves the way to Electoral Victory- Meaning the internet and social media have revolutionized American politics. Campaign advertising is the use of an advertising campaign through the media to influence political debate and ultimately voters. Political advertising has changed drastically over the last several decades. Harry S. Truman was proud of his accomplishment of shaking approximately 500,000 hands but his accomplishment was soon pale compared to the next presidential election with the advent of television, war hero and presidential candidate D.W Eisenhower created commercials to get votes and so on and it different with different elections and different decades. +The Power of Incumbency- It is usually used in reference to elections where races can often be defined as being between an incumbent and non-incumbents. Incumbents have easier access to campaign finance and government resources that can be indirectly used to boost a campaign. Incumbency is any elected official who is already in office and seeking re-election. 2. Explain the Philosophical underpinnings of American Political System through...
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...decision-making ability and day to day operations of an agency to be executed effectively in our environment. The reader becomes familiar with the historical and social aspects pertaining to the evolving field. Public administration does not have a definite age of existence but has been recognized as reliable tool used to perform public service in the United States for the past century. Following the overview of public administration, an example of a public agency is illustrated to further acquaint the reader to the practice of public administration and how it operates to service the public. Table of Contents I. Introduction – Brief Overview of Public Administration II. Body A. Woodrow Wilson B. Principles behind Public Administration C. Public Administration in the United States D. Luther Gulick and Functions in Management E. POSDCORB III. Community Action Agency- Brief Overview IV. Conclusion V. Bibliography Introduction Public administration is encompasses the management of public agencies, organizations, associations, nonprofit and social services as well as various programs. The field is applied to all levels of...
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