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M&M Pizza

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FINA 351 – Managerial Finance, Chapter 13, Capital Structure, Notes
1. What is Capital Structure (CS)?
It is the mix of debt and equity on the balance sheet. The basic capital structure question is: How much debt is right for this company? Contrary to what your momma may have taught you, according to the so-called finance experts too little debt may be just as costly as too much debt, because debt financing is usually the cheapest source. This is why it is often said that debt is a two-edged sword: too much is bad but so is too little.
2. Why is CS important?
It directly impacts the cost of capital and therefore directly affects the value and profitability of the company. For example, at one time Hershey Foods determined that its cost of capital was
13%, significantly more than the cost of capital of its competitors, which put Hershey at a significant competitive disadvantage. It might have even put Hershey out of business if steps were not taken to address this issue.
3. Can a company choose its
CS? If so, how?
Yes, within reasonable limits.
If it wants more equity, the company can issue stock and pay off debt. If it wants more debt, it can borrow and with the proceeds buy back stock. The last step was what Hershey
Foods did to raise its debt/equity ratio and thereby reduce its cost of capital from
13% to 11%. Because of aggressive cost of capital management, Hershey was able to reduce its
WACC from being one of the highest in its industry to being one of the lowest (see graph below).
4. Who were M&M?. Merton Miller and Franco
Modigliani (both deceased) were finance/econ professors at
U. of Chicago and MIT, respectively. They won a Nobel
Prize in Economics for their work on capital structure.
Merton was once asked by a news journalist to summarize the work he did which won a Nobel Prize. His answer was too long and complicated for an

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