...Landscape Ecol (2009) 24:375–390 DOI 10.1007/s10980-008-9312-x RESEARCH ARTICLE Effects of macro and micro-environmental factors on the species richness of terrestrial tardigrade assemblages in an Iberian mountain environment ´ ´ Noemı Guil Æ Joaquın Hortal Æ ´ nchez-Moreno Æ Annie Machordom Sara Sa Received: 1 November 2007 / Accepted: 20 November 2008 / Published online: 4 December 2008 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008 Abstract Tardigrade communities are affected by micro and macro-environmental conditions but only micro-environmental variables, and altitudinal gradients have been studied. We review previous reports of altitudinal effects and evaluate the influence by interacting macro- (climate, soils, biome, and others) and micro-environmental (vegetation, moss and leaf litter) factors on tardigrade assemblages at the Sierra de Guadarrama mountain range (Iberian Central System Mountains, Spain). Terrestrial tardigrade assemblages were sampled using standard cores to N. Guil (&) Zoological Museum, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen DK-2100, OE, Denmark e-mail: nguillopez@gmail.com J. Hortal NERC Centre for Population Biology, Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK J. Hortal Á A. Machordom ´ Departmento de Biodiversidad y Biologıa Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain ´ S. Sanchez-Moreno ´ Departamento de Proteccion...
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...Macro and Specific Environment Macro and Specific Environment 2011 Mohd Haizam Bin Idris (ZP00942) Masters of Business Administration 5/1/2011 2011 Mohd Haizam Bin Idris (ZP00942) Masters of Business Administration 5/1/2011 1.0 Introduction In today’s organisation, responding accurately to the factors that may affect the organisational performance. In this case, analysis on macro and specific environment has been analysed to identify the elements of the macro and specific environment that may have an impact to the organisations. Examples of how an organisation responding to the environment has been put together to distinguished from the two environmental factors. Literature review have been made through text book, online portal and journals as well account of company’s experience in responding to such environments. 2.0 Specific Environment Specific Environment refers to forces or institutions outside the organisation in which that the organisation interfaces in the course of conducting its business. In other words, specific environment refers to elements outside the organisation that have direct impact to an organisation. Such forces or institutions are directly relevant to the organisational goals because they have direct and immediate impact to the decision and actions of the managers. The specific environment in each organisation is unique and changes with conditions. The common elements are customers, suppliers, competitors and pressure groups. ...
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...A – Micro business Environment: This is also known as internal business environment because business has power to control them. In this environment, factors can be divided with following way. 1st Supplier A supplier provides raw material to business. This is also main factor of business environment because, it affects business very closely. If supplier delay to supply raw material or stop to supply. At this time production of business can be stopped due to not getting raw material. So, for controlling this factor, it is the duty of businessman to make good relation with more than one supplier so that, if one stop or delay at this time, goods can be purchased from other supplier. 2nd Customers Customers are those people or companies which buy goods from our business. Business sells them his finished product. But time to time tastes of customers also change. So, according to the taste of business customers, new products must be supplied by business. That is the formula for living long life of business. 3rd Market Intermediaries For promoting sale, it is required to ads by different way, so market intermediaries include sales man and middle man. This environment is under control of business because, if business starts selling with more ads, his selling will surely increase. 4thCompetitors Competitors of business also create internal business environment. According to competitors, policies, business changes his policies for winning in competition. 5thFinancial-Intermediaries ...
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...1) A Public limited company is runned by a board of directors who are appointed by the shareholders of the company. This is done during the general meeting through voting by each shareholder. The average members of board of directors are 9 in most of the companies. They are legally responsible for company’s record accounts and performance. They also can hire other people to manage the day-to-day activities of the company. They can however be disqualified from being accompany director if they don’t meet the legal responsibilities such as keeping proper company accounting records. 2) Management is the coordination of the business activities in order to meet the objectives set by the shareholders of the company. The public limited companies are managed in two ways: I. The traditional management system with the board of directors. The board of directors is the executive organ carrying out the management and administrative duties of the company. II. The dual management system. It is divided into two that is: * The management board which is in charge of managing the company. * The supervisory board that is permanently monitoring e management of the company work. Board of Directors Public limited company has a minimum of three directors. The board of directors are appointed in the general meeting by the shareholders for a maximum term of 6 years as stated in the articles of association. A director can resign on his or her own free will but will be required...
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...link macro-environment (noun) DEFINITION OF MACRO-ENVIRONMENT Larger societal forces that affect the micro-environment. EXAMPLES OF MACRO-ENVIRONMENT IN THE FOLLOWING TOPICS: Scanning and Analysis All organizations should continuously appraise their situation and adjust their strategy to adapt to the environment. One technique used by organizations to monitor the environment is known as environmental scanning. It allows marketers to understand the current state of the environment, so that the organization can predict trends. The Macro Environment There are a number of common approaches for how the external factors, which describe the macro environment, can be identified and examined. The segmentation of the macro environment according to the six presented factors of the PESTEL analysis is the starting point of the global environmental analysis. Environmental scanning is one technique used by organizations to monitor the environment. The Dynamic Environment It is important to place equal emphasis on both the macro and micro-environment and to react accordingly to changes within them. The Marketing Environment Two key levels of the marketing environment are the micro-environment and the macro-environment. The Micro-environment The micro-environment includes the company itself, its suppliers, marketing intermediaries, customer markets, and competitors. The company aspect of micro-environment refers to the internal environment of the company. The Macro-environment...
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...our new product Apple Watch we should make a study about its internal (micro) and external (macro) enviroment. First of all, we will describe what is the micro and macro enviroment analysis. The micro environment, as the name suggests, is the immediate environment that impacts a business. The micro environment includes considerations related to suppliers, customers and local stakeholders, including local government agencies or regulatory bodies. The micro environment can generally be considered the local environment where the business Macro Environment The macro-environment includes those things that may impact small businesses but which are outside of their control. It is the larger, external environment within which businesses operate from an industry or economic standpoint. For describing and analyzing the enviroment that involves our new product Apple Watch we should make a study about its internal (micro) and external (macro) enviroment. First of all, we will describe what is the micro and macro enviroment analysis. The micro environment, as the name suggests, is the immediate environment that impacts a business. The micro environment includes considerations related to suppliers, customers and local stakeholders, including local government agencies or regulatory bodies. The micro environment can generally be considered the local environment where the business Macro Environment The macro-environment includes those things that may impact small businesses but which are...
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...Macro Systems Angelica Bever BSHS 325 June 18, 2015 Maria Perrotta Macro Systems According to Netting, Kettner, McMurtry, & Thomas (2012), “macro practice is a professionally guided intervention designed to bring about planned change in organizations and communities.” This paper will be discussing the concept of personal, interpersonal, and political, the ways individuals react in a macro, mezzo, and micro environment. As well as the macro system in response to child maltreatment, sexual abuse, crime and delinquency. The paper will also compare and contrast the functionalism and interactionist theory to poverty. Lastly, the role and responsibility of the human service worker in the macro environment will be discussed. Personal, Interpersonal, and Political Empowerment “…Personal, interpersonal, and political power enables individuals to gain greater control over their environments and attain their aspirations to enable them to gain greater control over their environments and attain their aspirations” (Gutierrez & Lewis, 1999). The concept of personal empowerment comes within you. It is self-reliance and making your own decisions, following responsibilities. You understand and know where you are headed. It is coming to the realization that something must change. An example of personal empowerment is a wife leaving her abusive husband because she is tired of being abused. She has come to the realization that something must be changed. Interpersonal empowerment...
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...marketing environment? In: Marketing Advertising and Sales, Environmental Issues [Edit categories] View Slide Show * View Slide Show Related Questions * What is the difference between flyers and brochures? * Coca cola mission statement? * What is duplicate content? * The Difference Between Selling and Marketing? Answer: Marketing environment refers to the external factors that may affect a company. These can usually be split up into macro and micro analyses, where macro focuses on factors that affect the economy and industries as a whole, while micro focuses on factors within an industry, such as competition. Several tools are used to make sense of a company's business environment, such as PESTEL, SWOT, Market Life Cycle and Porters 5 forces. Market environment The market environment is a marketing term and refers to factors and forces that affect a firm’s ability to build and maintain successful relationships with customers.Three levels of the environmment are: Micro (internal) environment - small forces within the company that affect its ability to serve its customers. Meso environment – the industry in which a company operates and the industry’s market(s). Macro (national) environment - larger societal forces that affect the microenvironment.[1] Contents [hide] * 1 Micro-Environment (internal environment) * 2 Macro-Environment (external environment) * 3 Meso-Environment * 4 References * 5 External Resource Micro-Environment...
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...HNC BusinessUnit 4 Marketing Principles Learning outcome 2 Micro & Macro Environment Objectives of presentation • Discover the micro marketing environment (internal) • Discover the macro marketing environment (PEST FACTORS-external) • Explain ‘The Marketing Audit’ and how the elements influence marketing decisions Integrated Marketing Integrated marketing strategies take advantage of a combination of communication tools and media to spread a message such as one-to-one marketing, mass marketing and direct marketing. The strategy is developed to ensure the company will deliver the intended value to those customers through a blend of marketing mix tools. Example of an Integrated Marketing Plan Environmental Analysis Environmental analysis is a vital exercise to complete by any company that will explore and understand the external local, national or international forces that might affect your business. The factors are largely outside the direct control of any company and can sometimes have a negative impact on their plans. Equally this can be very important as it will support the business and marketing strategy allowing the company to take advantage of potential opportunities whilst minimising the potential threats to the company. The Marketing Environment According to Philip Kotler, “A company’s marketing environment consists of the internal factors & forces, which affect the company’s ability to develop & maintain successful...
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...Macro Systems The concept of personal empowerment is drawn within each individual. Personal empowerment is the ability to have influence on events and those individuals who surround themselves at an intimate level. It is a place in time when an individual knows and understands his or her goal and where they are headed. It is also when an individual that they are ready for change. An example of personal empowerment is a wife and mother who have decided that a change is necessary for her and children and makes the necessary steps to leave her abusive husband who has physically and verbally and abused herself and children. At this point of time the wife has determined that positive change is in order for the safety of her and her children. As it relates to interpersonal empowerment is when one or more persons collaborate to make decisions to follow through with a plan. Last, political empowerment is the government working to help the community and promoting political participation on specific issues for the community population (Zastrow & Krist-Ashman, 2010). Social work is viewed in three categories: macro, mezzo, and micro. These three categories at times have a tendency to coincide and influence each other. The practice of macro social work is the effort to help clients by intervening in a larger system, such as at the neighborhood, institution, or at a smaller group level (Zastrow & Krist-Ashman, 2010). Macro practice empowers clients by involving them in systematic change...
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...CHAPTER 3: THE MICRO ENVIRONMENT MGMT 488 – STRATEGY AND POLICY OVERVIEW The micro environmental analysis is the second step in creating the Environmental Analysis. The micro environment examines the general business climate as it relates to the organization within its industry. The micro environment is also known as Porter’s Five Forces of Competition. The macro environment is primarily concerned with major issues and upcoming changes in the environment. The analysis looks at five areas of interest, which are 1) Power of the Buyers; 2) Power of the Suppliers; 3) Threat of Substitute Products; 4) Threat of New Entrants; and 5) Intensity of Rivalry. Notice in the following diagram, how these interact and influence each other. MGMT 488 Chapter 3 – Macro Environment POWER OF BUYERS STRONGER WHEN • • • • • • • • • • Buyers have low switching costs Buyers are large; large volume sales are important Large number of small buyers can band together Buyer demand is weak or declining Buyer demand dramatically slows (aka “a buyer’s market”) Buyer identity is important Quality and quantity of information to buyers is high Buyers can postpone purchase until a later date Product is a commodity Threat of substitute products is high WEAKER WHEN • • • • • • • Buyers purchase infrequently or in small quantities Many buyers Buyer switching costs are high Buyer demand surges (aka “a seller’s market”) Brand reputation is important Highly...
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...macro environment macro data market environment Definitions (2)Add to FlashcardsSave to FavoritesSee Examples 1. The major external and uncontrollable factors that influence an organization's decision making, and affect its performance and strategies. These factors include the economic factors; demographics; legal, political, and social conditions; technological changes; and natural forces. 2. Specific examples of macro environment influences include competitors, changes in interest rates, changes in cultural tastes, disastrous weather, or government regulations. Macroeconomic Factors and the Management Environment by Leo Sun As a new business manager, the first thing you must be in tune with is the state of microeconomics and macroeconomics. While we are trained to pay attention to the former, the latter can often catch us by surprise and sink our business instantly. Microeconomic factors are company-specific trends. These are the factors in your business that keep it afloat. Revenue, earnings and margin are the key micro factors at your company. The size of your workforce, the production volume of your products and your advertising campaigns are all micro factors as well. In short, micro factors are parts of your business that can be fine-tuned and changed by the management. Macroeconomic factors are national and global events which are out of your control. The September 11th terrorist attacks, the financial meltdown of 2008-2009 and the European sovereign debt crisis...
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...To begin, the micro environment cost of those elements which are controllable by management. Normally, the micro environment does not affect all the Companies in an industry in the same way. This is largely because of the size, capacity, capabilities and strategies which each Company use differently. For example, the raw material suppliers are given more concession to large size Companies. However, they may not give the same to small size Companies. Like the same, Companies will not mind if its closest rival is relatively small. But if the rival is large he will tend to be more conscious. Sometimes, the micro environment of various in an industry is almost the same. In such case, response to these firms to their micro environment may differ as each firm will seek to achieve a different success level. The most important factors of micro environment of business consist of competitors, suppliers, customers, public, marketing intermediaries and employees. On the other hand, macro environment is defined as the as major external factors that can influence an organization’s decision and affect its performance and strategies, (Business dictionary). These factors include political, economic, legal, technological, social, cultural and demographic. Managerial decisions are influenced by events that occur in the larger economic environment in which a Company operates. Changes in the overall level of economic activity, interest rate, unemployment rate, exchange...
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...Macro System Paper Mike Jones June 7, 2015 BSHS 325 The macro system is the culture of an individual and relates to a person surroundings. In this paper will discuss the concepts of personal, interpersonal, and political empowerment, the way individuals are involved in multiple social systems. I will also discussing the macro systems response to child maltreatment sexual abuse and delinquency and compare and contrast the application of functionalism and interactionist theory to poverty. Lastly, I will discuss the role and responsibility of the human service worker in the macro environment. Personal empowerment can be defined as the power within a person. It consequences in self-confidence, which means an individual is assuming his or her responsibilities; you have enough confidence to make decisions, and you realizes that you are in a position to change. The change could be anything, it could be to seek career advancement, work on a failing relationship or to become a better parent. Personal empowerment gives a person a better sense of responsibility and holds ourselves more accountable for the things we do. It is meant to make us better individuals. Interpersonal empowerment is when a organization or a person work together to meet their targets. The combined power of the group will help all of the members to achieve their goals. Each member will contribute, understand, and support their other group members to increase their collective empowerment. Empowerment can...
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...important role inthe growth process of an economy. Various FDI theories provide the motivations and determinants ofFDI. Economists broadly classified the FDI theories into macro-level and micro-level FDI theories. Themacro-level FDI theories give the macroeconomic factors that determine the FDI and micro-leveltheories discuss the motivation of FDI associated with the firm level. Besides these two categories,the development theories of FDI also discussed the motivation of FDI flows. JEL Classification : F21, F23. Key words: FDI theories, macro-level FDI theories, Micro-level FDI theories, DevelopmentFDI theories.The Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) theories can be classified broadly into twocategories. One is at the macro level and the other is at the micro level. Again at the macro-level, we have capital market theory, Dynamic macroeconomic theory, FDI theories based onexchange rates, FDI theories based on economic geography, gravity approach to FDI and FDItheories based on institutional analysis. At the micro-level, we have the theories likeExistence of firm specific advantages (Hymer), FDI and oligopolistic markets, Theory ofinternalization, and Electic FDI theory (John Dunning). Recently another type of FDIcategories discussed by the economists is the development theories which combine both themicro level and macro-level FDI theories. The development theories are Life cycle theory,Japanese FDI theories and five stage theories (John Dunning). What are the factors thatattract FDI...
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