1. The Emergence of Civilization, How many aspects are defining the concept of Civilization?
Early human beings formed small groups and developed a simple culture that enabled them to survive. As human societies grew and developed greater complexity, civilization came into being. A civilization is a complex culture in which large numbers of people share a variety of common elements. Concepts of civilization :
1. Urban focus
2. New political and military structures
3. A new social structure based on economic power 4.The development of more complexity in a material sense. 5. A distinct religious structure 6. The development of writing. 7. New and significant artistic and intellectual activity
The first civilization were developed in Mesopotamia and Egypt.

2. What does mean “The Neolithic Revolution” and when does it started and where spread?
The end of the last ice age around 10,000 B.C.E. was followed by what is called the Neolithic Revolution, a significant change in living patterns that occurred in the New Stone Age (the word Neolithic is Greek for ‘‘new stone’’). The biggest change was the shift from hunting animals and gathering plants for sustenance (food gathering) to producing food by systematic agriculture (food production). Systematic agriculture developed independently in different areas of the world between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E. From the Middle East, farming spread into southeastern Europe and by 4000 B.C.E. was well established in central Europe and the coastal regions of the Mediterranean. The cultivation of wheat and barley also spread from western Asia into the Nile valley of Egypt by 6000 B.C.E. and soon spread up the Nile to other areas of Africa. By 5000 B.C.E., rice was being cultivated in Southeast Asia, and it soon spread into southern China. In northern China, the cultivation of millet and the domestication of pigs and dogs seem well established by 6000 B.C.E. In the Western Hemisphere, Mesoamericans. Although Neolithic villages appeared in Europe, India, Egypt, China, and Mesoamerica, the oldest and most extensive ones were located in the Middle East. C﹐ atal Hu‥yu‥k, located in modern Turkey,the last place was north Europe.