...Introduction Bangladesh is a country of more than 140 million people, and it is one of South Asia’s least developed countries. The country has under gone a major shift in its economic philosophy and management in recent years. At Bangladesh’s birth, the country embraced socialism as the economic ideology with a dominant role for the public sector. But, since the mid-seventies, it undertook a major restructuring towards establishing a market economy with emphasis on private sector-led economic growth. Bangladesh achieved good economic progress during the 1990s by adopting a series of structural and economic reform measures. The stabilization program reduced inflation as well as fiscal and current accounts deficit and established a healthy foreign exchange reserve position. Economic performance improved with gross domestic product (GDP) growth averaging 5 percent in the 1990s compared with 4 percent in the preceding decade. The acceleration in economic growth was accompanied by decreased incidence of poverty and a distinct improvement of some key social indicators. Rapid growth in food grain production has been a remarkable feature of the country’s economic performance in recent years. In FY2000, Bangladesh reached self-sufficiency in food grain production. A combination of factors accounts for the robust growth of the agriculture sector, and in particular of food grains. According to a World Bank estimate, Bangladesh has the 36th largest economy in the world in terms of GNP based...
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...every nation might acknowledge the economic role of the environment in its income accounts is neither a hasty shift nor a quick practice; it has been under discussion globally since the 1960s. Unfortunately in Bangladesh the contribution of the environmental goods and services in the national economy has been ignored for a long time. In the changing circumstances of global climate it is high time that we wake up and recognize the contribution of the environment to sustain our economy. For a long time, conventional indicators like Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross National Product (GNP) and Net Domestic Product (NDP) were used around the world to construct national accounts and as a measure of the economic progress of a country and standard of living. However, these traditional measures of economic activity failed to be responsive because of the fact that economy cannot operate without the support of the natural environment. National accounts allow depreciation allowance for manufactured assets, while the contributions of environmental assets to economy are not valued and hence no depreciation allowance is made for these assets. Thus, in Bangladesh, omission of the degradation and depletion of the country's natural capital will lead to over estimation of the national income figures. Why we will change Governments all over the world develop economic data systems familiar as System of National Accounts (SNA) to calculate macroeconomic indicators like GDP, GNP, savings rates, and...
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...for its implementation in Bangladesh, this paper targets to analyze the impact of monetary policy on the inflationary situation. Methodology: The study depends on I. Extensive literature review of external sources on central banks on formulation and implementation ofmonetary policy for the country II. Publications of Bangladesh Bank Scope of the paper: 1. First of all, monetary policy is a deep sea to swim through. Though Bangladesh practices and implements a limited number of instruments, the mix is always complex to grab the main idea behind it. Extensive analysis of the mix is beyond the scope of the paper. 2. Framing of indices of central bank policies is beyond the limit of this paper. 3. Structured data is hard to collect from the departments of Bangladesh Bank, so complex calculations and data analysis is deliberately avoided. Bangladesh Bank (BB): The central bank of the country, was established as a corporate body by the Bangladesh Bank Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 127 of 1972) with effect from 16 December, 1971 by acquiring the liabilities and assets of erstwhile State bank of Pakistan in East Pakistan. Bangladesh Bank is the central bank of the country | | There is a cross departmental committee on monetary policy (MPD) headed by a deputy governor, which includes the officials of the core departments of the bank for monitoringof the money market and exchange rate operations in the short term. Inflation: In economics, inflation is the rise in...
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...INTRODUCTION Bangladesh, one of the least developed countries, undergoes numerous economical dilemmas such as shortage in power supply, poverty, lack of skilled labors and proper infrastructure, high unemployment rate, low standard of living, continuous disequilibria in the economy, defective administrative and inappropriate tax structure. However, this country has a good prospect of doing better because of having huge natural and other resources which fascinated many investors to invest in Bangladesh. In spite of going through all these hardships and troubles, this country is trying to overcome these lacking through the development of different macro aggregates. The macro aggregates that affect the development of the economy of Bangladesh are National Income, Inflation, Exchange Rate, Export, Import, Remittance, Money Supply and Government Expenditure. For this research paper, four macro aggregates have been selected and then comparison and demonstration have been done about how these four factors influence the economy of Bangladesh in the reference period (April 2013 to June 2013). The four macro aggregates are: 1. Exchange Rate 2. Export 3. Inflation 4. Remittance Among all other indicators, these four would be the most relevant and constructive ones in terms of explaining Bangladesh’s economy. 1.1 OBJECTIVE The term project has the following objectives: * To have extensive knowledge of Exchange Rate, Export, Inflation and Remittance...
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...BUS530 MACROECONOMICS ECONOMIC GROWTH & POVERTY REDUCTION IN BANGLADESH Prepared by Aadil Choudhury 112 0322 660 Section 1 INTRODUCTION The relationship between economic growth and poverty reduction is not always automatic. To achieve poverty reduction, robust economic growth is necessary but not sufficient. The financial allocation and source of finance play a crucial role in implementing the development endeavor and achieving macroeconomic objectives like growth, employment, and price stability. Investing in some sectors of the economy may contribute to rapid economic growth while others may contribute to poverty reduction. Again there are some sectors which may contribute to achieving both growth and poverty reduction. BANGLADESH’S CHALLENGES IN ECONOMIC GROWTH & POVERTY REDUCTION Bangladesh has had some success in attaining economic growth and reducing poverty. But many more challenges lie ahead of us which we must face to eradicate poverty and move towards a poverty-free Bangladesh. Challenge of better monetary management The country has opted for following a selective credit control measures with expansionary credit policy to essential sectors and contractionary policies to luxury items. It has been following 'free-float currency' policy which appears to be a mere luxury with both export and import sectors of the country suffering from structural rigidities. Free float of Bangladesh currency along with erosion of dollar vis-a-vis other currencies...
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...Positive and strong interventions on women’s development can obviously reduce the gender gap and acknowledge the role of women in the society as well as in the countries economy. Bangladesh a poor developing nation with a huge population of around 140 million (July 2011 EST.). Although women in Bangladesh make a direct and equal contribution to that of men in economical contributions, their productive worth is not acknowledged by this male dominated society. Lack of education remains as one of the root causes of the lack of recognition for women. As an intervention, increasing of women’s participation in regular schooling and continuation of study can have great potentials for development of women. The Female Stipend Program (FSP) was established in 1982 to raise girls participation in secondary education and eradicating early marriages and childbearing. This project was initiated and implemented with the help of The Bangladesh Association for Community Education (BACE), a national non-governmental organization (NGO) and later scaled up with technical and financial support of international organizations. The objective of FSP have shifted in line with changes in social/political environment, in development policies and in general understanding. The main priorities were higher secondary enrollment and retention, indirectly linked to fertility control, delayed marriage and population reduction. The Female Stipend Program (FSP) was primarily introduced in six areas only...
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...OF EXCHANGE RATE REGIME: IMPACT ON MACRO ECONOMY OF BANGLADESH by Liza Fahmida A project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Professional Master in Banking and Finance Examination Committee: Dr. Sundar Venkatesh (Chairperson) Dr. Juthathip Jongwanich Dr. Yuosre Badir Nationality: Bangladeshi Previous Degree: Master in Finance and Banking University of Dhaka Bangladesh Scholarship Donor: Bangladesh Bank Asian Institute of Technology School of Management Thailand May 2012 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The dissertation paper entitled “Evolution Of Exchange Rate Regime: Impact On Macro Economy Of Bangladesh” has been prepared for the partial fulfillment of Professional master in Banking and Finance (PMBF) program conducted by School of Management, AIT, Thailand. I would like to offer my wholehearted gratitude and respect to a good number of people who offered encouragement, data and information, inspiration and assistance during the course of constructing this dissertation paper. It would be difficult to prepare the paper and to present it in a lucid manner within stipulated time without the help of my guide teacher Dr. Sundar Venkatesh, Adjunct Faculty, School of Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand. His utmost care, constant support and meticulous supervision guided me through the process. I am indebted to Begum Sultana Razia, General Manager, Monetary Policy Department, Bangladesh Bank, whose sincere co-operation and...
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...Macro aggregates are the economic indicators that describe the conditions of an economy. Examples of macro aggregates include national income, unemployment, inflation, exchange rate, remittance, total consumption and investment, export, import, balance of payments, national budget etc. This paper is mainly focused on analysis on four macro aggregates such as inflation, remittance, exchange rate and export between two different time period i.e. October to December 2012 and October to December 2011. Data are collected through websites of Bangladesh Bank and Export Promotion Bureau of Bangladesh. * Inflation In economics, inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services. Consequently, inflation also reflects erosion in the purchasing power of money – a loss of real value in the internal medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy. A chief measure of price inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index (normally the consumer price index) over time. Rate of Inflation (as measured by CPI, base 1995-96) | October, 2012 | September, 2012 | October, 2011 | Point to point | 7.22% | 7.39% | 11.42% | Monthly Average(Twelve Month) | 9.33% | 9.69% | 10.18% | Source: BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics) Inflation declined for the month in October 2012. October inflation rate...
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...6776 7505 / 6314 5447 Email: isassec@nus.edu.sg Website: www.isas.nus.edu.sg An Economic Analysis of Bangladesh’s Foreign Exchange Reserves M. Shahidul Islam 1 Executive Summary Following the rapid accumulation of foreign exchange reserves in recent months, there has been a growing interest in Bangladesh on the alternative uses of its reserves. However, different reserves adequacy measures based on global best practices confirm that its reserves holding is not markedly higher than what is required. The country’s reserves stand higher than the adequate level only when one considers the current account aspects of reserves benchmark which is perhaps appropriate for the country as its financial system is still autarkic. The dynamics in its balance of payments account also supports the fact. The paper highlights the fact that Bangladesh’s reserves build-up is the result of an ‘investment drought’ in the country. This is partly due to its underdeveloped financial systems, and partly due to other structural problems in the economy – entailing difficulties in properly channelling national savings to investments. As the Bangladesh central bank’s sterilised intervention increases, so will its cost of reserves accumulation. The reason is the interest rate arbitrage between Bangladesh and the United States. The United States government securities market, that absorbs the lion’s share of developing economies reserves, has been offering lower yields following the collapse in interest rate...
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...one country can buy from another country or sell to another country what they can produce. This allows a country to specialize in the manufacture and export of products that can be produced most efficiently in that country. Trade between Bangladesh and India is playing a vital role in both the countries’ economy. This report will give you some idea about the current scenarios of the trade between these two countries. To complete this report we have tried to analyze different strategies these two countries have been following. Here we discussed the trade theories. We also tried to analyze how the macro environmental factor affects this trade, the effects of the WTO policies, and the strategic management of this type of trade and also the international human resource management in these two countries. Today’s trade scenarios are also described here. The description of all the above-summarized information is written in the report from which one might be able to get a good idea about the Trade between Bangladesh & India. Contents Si. No. | Topics | Page No. | 01. | Introduction | | 02. | Product Brief | | 03. | Company Brief | | 04. | Country Information | | 05. | Economic Analysis | | 06. | Political and Legal Analysis | | 07. | Cultural Analysis | | | | | INTRODUCTION Our respected teacher Mr. Reyad Ahmed Chowdhury asked us to select two countries to make a comparison and also contrast...
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...the Context of Bangladesh Mohammad Nayeem Abdullah1 Robaka Shamsher2 Newaz Ahmed Chowudhury3 Abstract In Asia, Bangladesh is one of the hardest hit by the current wave of inflation and oil price hike. The economy has been observing double digit inflation growth on point-to-point basis since July 2007. In Bangladesh, the correlation between per capita income and food weight in total Consumer Price Index (CPI) is one of the highest in the world and the economy is vulnerable to sharp hikes in fuel and non-fuel commodity prices. The BDTUS$ exchange rate has been depreciating steadily for some time, reaching a record high of BDT 72.70 per USD in January 2011, which has direct impact on food inflation that Bangladesh is currently experiencing. An International Monetary Fund (IMF) study shows food prices on headline inflation has been a staggering 55.9 percent in Asia in 2007, whereas the figure was 34.1 percent in the 2000-06 period. The researchers highlight that a further depreciation of the BDT could lead to additional cost push inflation for Bangladesh. This article attempts to investigate causes and consequences of inflation on the economy of Bangladesh. This paper also reviews the past record of the inflation and makes a forecast on the possible movement of inflation. At the end on the paper the researchers forward some strategic points that might be useful to reduce inflation. Keywords: Food inflation, oil price hike, general inflation, world food price Bangladesh. 1. Introduction...
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...Table of Contents Introduction: 2 Literature Review: 3 Empirical Evidence: 5 Conclusion: 10 References: 11 Introduction: GDP is the total market value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given year.GDP can be stated in two forms: Current price and constant price. Nominal GDP or GDP at current measures the value of output of a given by using the prices of that particular year. Where Real GDP or GDP at constant price shows the value of all output of a given year expressed in base year prices (according to Bangladesh economic review 2010 the base year is consider to be 1995-96). GDP is a key indicator of macroeconomic and increased in GDP is consider to very desirable because it generates higher income and lower unemployment and Government borrowing. Though global economy experienced an unparallel financial crisis, the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) estimated GDP growth of 5.83% for the financial year 2009-10. MTMF consider a growth of 6 percentage due to positive trend in export earning, a rose in production of aman and boro, increase in agriculture and industrial credit and finally the growth of imports of capital machinery and industrial raw materials. We will examine how increase in broad agriculture and service sector and increase in sub sectors of industrial sector lead to a positive growth in GDP at current market price. (According to BER GDP at market price is estimated TK 47405 which is 11.21% higher than GDP per capita...
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...www.ccsenet.org/ijbm International Journal of Business and Management Vol. 6, No. 7; July 2011 86 ISSN 1833-3850 E-ISSN 1833-8119 Capital Market of Bangladesh: Volatility in the Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) and Role of Regulators Md. Tariqur Rahman (Corresponding author) Senior Research Associate, Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD) House No. 40/C, Road No, 11 (New) Dhanmondi R/A, Dhaka-1209, Bangladesh Tel: 880-2-812-4770, 9141734 Ext-146 E-mail: rahmantariqdu@gmail.com Khondker Golam Moazzem Senior Research Fellow, Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD) House No. 40/C, Road No, 11 (New) Dhanmondi R/A, Dhaka-1209, Bangladesh Tel: 880-2-812-4770, 9141734 Ext-147 E-mail: moazzem@cpd.org.bd Received: December 17, 2010 Accepted: February 27, 2011 doi:10.5539/ijbm.v6n7p86 Abstract Over the last few years, the capital market of Bangladesh has witnessed a haughty growth which is not in line of development in the real sector of the economy. Although, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) of Bangladesh has tried to correct the irregular behavior observed in the market, very often it is argued that lack of proper and firm decisions from the regulator’s side has contributed to make the market more unstable rather than to reduce it. The paper attempts to identify the casual relationship between the observed volatility in the country’s major bourses namely the Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) and the regulatory decisions taken by the SEC empirically. Using Vector Auto-regressive...
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...Socio-economic Impact of Remittance on Households: A Study on Khulna City Md. Ashif Hossain Economics Discipline Social Science School Khulna University Khulna, Bangladesh August, 2013 Socio-economic Impact of Remittance on Households: A Study on Khulna City …………………………………… Md. Ashif Hossain Student Number: BSS 0 9 1 5 0 8 Session: 2011-2012 Supervisor ……………………………………. Sk. Sharafat Hossen Assistant Professor Economics Discipline Khulna University Khulna, Bangladesh A Thesis Paper submitted to the Economics Discipline of Social Science School, Khulna University, Bangladesh in partial fulfillment for the BSS (Hons.) in Economics degree August, 2013 Socio-economic Impact of Remittance on Households: A Study on Khulna City ………………………………………… (Mohammed Ziaul Haider, Ph.D) Head Economics Discipline Social Science School Khulna University August, 2013 Statement of Originality Socio-economic Impact of Remittance on Households: A Study on Khulna City The findings of this Thesis are entirely of the candidate’s own research and any part of it has neither been accepted for any degree nor is it being concurrently submitted for any other degree. ………………………………. Md. Ashif Hossain Student Number: BSS 0 9 1 5 0 8 Session: 2011-2012 August, 2013 Acknowledgement First of all I express my heartfelt gratitude to supreme creator and ruler of the world Almighty ALLAH who has given me the opportunity to conduct my education...
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...Introduction: Foreign Aid any capital inflow or other assistance given to a country which would not generally have been provided by natural market forces. In Bangladesh, foreign aid serves to bridge the gap between savings and investments and make up the deficits in the balance of payments. Foreign aid is a major means of financing the country's economic development. Economic literature generally classifies foreign aid into four main types. First, the long-term loans are usually repayable by the recipient country in foreign currency over ten or twenty years. Secondly, the soft loans repayable in local currency or in foreign currency but over a much longer period and with very low interest rates. The softest are the straight grants often given to the less developed countries. Sale of surplus products to a country in return for payment in the country's local currency is the third type and finally, the technical assistance given to the developing countries comprises the fourth type of foreign aid. Foreign aid is more like an investment in a risky market situation. The relative weighting of advantages and disadvantages depends on the planning behind the foreign aid and how well-orchestrated it is. Economic advantages: stimulated economic development in the receiver's country (better infrastructure, more education etc.) leads to economic growth. It can also create jobs as increased investment leads to more employment; this means less needs to be spent on unemployment benefits and more taxes...
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