...Macroeconomic and Microeconomic environment Macroeconomics looks at aspects of economies as a whole instead of the individual markets, basically a study looking at the bigger picture of the economy. Offering a broader focus is probably the most important difference between microeconomics and macroeconomics. This branch of economics is one of the two most general fields, particularly looking at the structure, behaviour, decision-making and performance of national, regional and global economies. Through the study of aggregated indicators, macroeconomists understand the functioning of whole economies. By using GOP, unemployment rates and price indices an explanation can be made in regards to the relationships between national income, current unemployment levels, changes in employment, pricing levels, inflation, savings, investment, international trade and the rate of growth. Even though there is a broad field of study where macroeconomics is concerned, two areas of research are of utmost importance: * Understanding the causes and consequences of the business cycle, which include fluctuations in trade, economic activity and trade during periods of rapid economic growth and periods of decline. * Understanding the demands of a particular product, service or commodity during a long period of time in which national income increases. Macroeconomics enables large corporations and governments to analyse variables and behaviour's to find answers to questions such as...
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...A-LEVEL ECONOMICS ECON4/Unit 4: Mark scheme 2140 June 2014 Version 1.0 Final The National and International Economy Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment Writer and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation events which all associates participate in and is the scheme which was used by them in this examination. The standardisation process ensures that the mark scheme covers the students’ responses to questions and that every associate understands and applies it in the same correct way. As preparation for standardisation each associate analyses a number of students’ scripts: alternative answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed and legislated for. If, after the standardisation process, associates encounter unusual answers which have not been raised they are required to refer these to the Lead Assessment Writer. It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and expanded on the basis of students’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. Further copies of this Mark Scheme are available from aqa.org.uk Copyright © 2014 AQA and its licensors. All...
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...ASSESSMENT OF MACROECONOMIC Name: Zihan Wang(Hans) Class: A3 Date: 2013-05-28 Title Explain the government's various macroeconomic objective and their importance to UK economic. Is it possible for government to achieve all these objective at the same time? Individuals, governments, firms and nations make selection on apportion rare resources to fulfil their unlimited desire which is economic concern about. Economics can generally be resolved into: microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics centralizes particular market and segments of economy such as individual consumer behaviour, supply and demand in individual markets, externalities arising from production and consumption and the theory of firms. However, macroeconomics is the concentration of the overall economy behaviour which is looking at ‘aggregate’ variables such as aggregate demand, national output and inflation. ‘Aggregate demand is the demand for the gross domestic product (GDP) of a country,’ the level of national output can be determined by AD which places a leading role. Aggregate demand is represented by this formula: Aggregate Demand (AD) = C + I + G + (X-M). ‘C’ means Consumers' expenditures on goods and services. ‘I’ expresses investment spending by companies on capital goods. ‘G’ indicates government expenditures on publicly provided goods and services. ‘X’ signifies exports of goods and services and ‘M’ presents imports of goods and services. Moreover, macroeconomics is also concerned...
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...or service, a brand, or a product line. The purpose of this marketing plan is to clearly identify the direction that we have decided to take in order to MARKET our business - to promote our business, attract and retain customers and exploit identified marketplace opportunities. The marketing planning process forces us to assess what is going on in your marketplace and how it affects our business. Based on the above analysis we are going to identify and analyze marketing plan to our new product “ The Sonic 1000” through its information. [pic] I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY According to the latest industry research, the sells of personal digital assistants (PDAs) are growing as well as turning out to be more popular among educated people. Consequently, Sonic, a hypothetical start-up business is preparing to launch “The Sonic 1000 PDA product” with exclusive features at a value-added price for consumer and business market in order to compete with the existing PDA makers such as PalmOne, Samsung, Nokia, HP, Sony, Apple...and so on. II. SITUATION ANALYSIS Sonic is entering in a mature market such as USA, Sonic 1000 will face many challenges which come from the competitors, development of technology, industry consolidation, and pricing pressure as well. However, Sonic 1000 offers a unique combination of exclusive features and functionality at a value...
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...Financial reporting and its analysis has an important role in the information intermediaries (auditors, press, financial analysts) and financial intermediaries (banks, insurance companies, mutual funds) functioning. Information intermediaries and financial intermediaries use the information from the financial reports to investigate the investment opportunities and find the “good” ones (Palepu, Healy & Peek, 2013). The “lemons” problem explains the problem in identifying the “good” and “bad” ideas being offered in the market (Holod & Peek, n.d.). The “bad” ideas are valued by investors at an average level, as they know that in the market there are both types of ideas. This approach, unfortunately, leads to less attractive conditions of financing to the owners of “good” ideas; the proportion of “bad” ideas increases. The identification of “good” investments can be performed by following the four steps (Palepu, Healy & Peek, 2013): * Business strategy analysis * Accounting analysis * Financial analysis * Prospective analysis All the above analysis get the information from the financial statements, publically data available, from business application context that consists of credit analysis, debt analysis, general business analysis and other details on corporate business (Palepu, Healy & Peek, 2013). The business strategy analysis is a tool to form the performance expectations using industry data and competitive strategy data. Accounting analysis assess accounting policies...
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...Business Economics Assessment The assessment addresses the following learning outcome: * Evaluate the impact that external micro and macro environments have on the activities and performance of organisations. Submission dates: Part 1 – Friday 4 February 2011 Part 2 – Friday 8 April 2011 Assessment Brief The assessment for the Business Economics module is a group portfolio (individual for re-sitting students) consisting of two parts to be submitted mid way through the autumn and spring terms. The portfolio will provide an analysis of the microeconomic and macroeconomic environments that impact on an organisation or sector of the group’s choice. The first part of this portfolio will consist of a group report to be submitted by the end of week 3 of the spring term which identifies the key micro economic constraints that impact on the organisation or sector under consideration. In terms of weighting the first element contributes 50% of the marks for the module. This first element will address some of the key microeconomic aspects affecting the business or sector selected. It will consist of a report that identifies the key features and constraints that impact on the competitive environment under consideration. Specifically, this will address: 1. The extent of competition in the sector/market – e.g. the number of competing firms, the size of these firms and any particular issues that arise from this, such as market dominance, price leadership...
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...Organisation Chart (October 2011) Executive Management Board Nick Macpherson Permanent Secretary Tom Scholar Second Permanent Secretary Andrew Hudson Director General Public Services Dave Ramsden Director General Chief Economic Adviser Alison Cottrell Director Corporate Services Mark Bowman Director Strategy, Planning and Budget Michael Ellam Director General International and EU Jonathan Taylor Director General Financial Services Edward Troup Director General Tax and Welfare Julian Kelly Group Director Finance and Commercial Ministerial and Communications Nick Macpherson, Permanent Secretary Strategy, Planning and Budget Mark Bowman, Director Corporate Centre Julian Kelly, and Alison Cottrell, Group Directors Treasury Legal Advisors Stephen Parker, Director Responsible for decision making, coordination and management of the department and communications with media and the public Deputy Directors: Beth Russell Jonathan Black Ministerial Support Communications Responsible for defining forward strategy, work programme, the Budget, and short-term priority policy projects Deputy Directors: Matthew Toombs Kumar Iyer Strategy, Planning & Budget Strategy, Planning & Projects Enabling the Treasury to deliver by managing and developing corporate policies and processes, including correspondences and public enquiries, HR, estates, IT, domestic finances and commercial activities, as well as the implementation of the...
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... | | |This assignment encourages learners to identify purposes of different types of organization and to | | |investigate the national environment in which businesses operate, which correspond to Learning Outcome 1 and | | |Learning Outcome 2 of the unit/course. | | |Scenario: | | |You have just become an analyst in a mutual fund which operates both in Vietnam and the United Kingdom (UK). | | |As part of the new employee training program, your direct supervisor gives you an assignment where you need | | |to do research on different organizations in both countries as your potential investment targets. In | |...
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... glue or correction fluid. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer any two questions. You may answer with reference to your own economy or other economies that you have studied where relevant to the question. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. This document consists of 4 printed pages. DC (NH) 65434/2 © UCLES 2013 [Turn over 2 Section A Answer this question. 1 The effect of oil price rises In 2011, there were big increases in oil prices which led to comparisons with a period in the 1970s when oil prices also rose steeply. In the 1970s, the macroeconomic policy used in the UK was to increase budget deficits. By contrast, in 2011, the macroeconomic policy was to try to reduce the budget deficit. In the 1970s some thought the effect of oil price increases would be inflationary while others thought the effect would be deflationary. The following points were made. In the 1970s • consumers would have to spend more on oil but they would spend less on other things. • consumers would not spend their savings. • firms could pass on the increased cost of production, caused by higher oil prices, to...
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...Economic Analysis on Budget Airline—Taking Ryanair as an example . 1. Introduction Ryanair Ltd. is a pioneered Irish low-cost airline, located in Dublin, Ireland. In 2013, Ryanair was both the largest European airline by scheduled passengers carried, and the busiest international airline by passenger numbers, according to its annual report in 2013. From its official website, data shows that Ryanair operates more than 1,600 daily flights from 72 bases, connecting 184 destinations in 30 countries and operating a fleet of more than 300 new Boeing 737-800 aircraft. The latest news about Ryanair could be found on its corporate website (http://corporate.ryanair.com), saying that “Ryanair has recently announced firm orders for a further 280 new Boeing 737 aircraft, as well as options for 100 more Boeing 737 MAX 200s, which will enable Ryanair to lower fares and grow traffic from 90m this year to over 150m p.a. in 2024. Ryanair currently has a team of more than 9,500 highly skilled aviation professionals, and has an industry leading 30-year safety record”. It is a very typical case for economic analysis. The tragic news about the wreckage of Airasia QZ8501 hit the world on 28th Dec 2014, which put the budget airline in the front of the storm again since it is not the first news about airline crash in 2014. Budget airline is elastic in terms of the speed to repose to the demand change and it makes efforts to sell out its all seat using differentiated...
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...a document like an annual report which gives year after year information about the company performance and growth tactics (Thomsett, 2007). There are different reasons of why enterprises give importance to annual reports. Some of the reasons include clean market analysis, comparative financial assessment and productivity analysis which is no other possible if there are no annual reports to compare. It has been that in markets where there is a major population of investors and share holders then enterprises come out regularly with the activity of reporting (Stittle, 2003). Enterprises know that by announcing their financial health (annual report) publically, they are able to connect to their shareholders, distributors and investors, which is very important for both growth and expansion of the business. Meanwhile, annual reports also assess market position as by expressing financial numbers the feedback of market (consumer, investor, shareholder and competitor) is testified and generated (Stittle, 2003). This study is going to access the importance of annual reports in terms of market analysis, productivity analysis and financial health assessment. The study will focus on Tesco, a giant retailer company of UK in order to better understand the importance of annual reporting (Flack, 2007). Tesco being a global retailer company holds a comprehensive reporting...
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...Hilton Hotels PESTEL Analysis PESTEL abbreviation is interpreted as political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental factors impacting businesses, and PESTEL is an important framework for assessing external factor impacting business practices. POLITICAL FACTORS Political stability is the key to the success of any industries and it is applicable to hotel industry as well and it needs to cope with political situations everywhere in the world. The political approaches can influence the number visitors, both, tourists and business travellers’ visits to a nation. It may a concern for many people those who are visiting Northern Ireland because of the ongoing very delicate political situation. Moreover, Hilton’s performance is directly affected by consumer protection and employment laws in UK, as well as, the nature of competitive regulation, and risks of military invasion in the country. ECONOMIC FACTORS National macroeconomic situation and factors and events impacting the situation are major factors affecting Hilton Hotels & Resorts business in the UK. For example, during the Olympic times in the UK most of the hotels were occupied and booked fully for the whole period. However, the situation was completely different once the Olympic Games were over. Additional economic factors that affect Hilton may include the extent of expected and real economic growth in the UK, national taxation policies, and seasonality and weather problems. SOCIAL FACTORS ...
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...The Economic Environment Facing Global Business KEY MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS • Economic Growth • Inflation • Surpluses & Deficit KEY MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS : ECONOMIC GROWTH • GDP and GNI (or GNP) – High or Low – total amount of goods and services produced in a year within the domestic territory) or GNI (GDP + net income) – Per capita GNI (total GNI divided by total population) – PPP GNI (unmber of units of a country’s currency required to buy the same goods and services in the domestic market that $1 will buy in USA KEY MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS : INFLATION • Increase in prices • Inflation rate percentage increase in the change in prices from one period to another, usually a year • Demand more than supply • Inflation effects – interest rates – exchange rates – cost of living and – General confidence in a country’s political and economic system KEY MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS : INFLATION • Inflation and Interest rates • High inflation – High interest rates KEY MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS : INFLATION • Inflation and Exchange Rate • Higher inflation – devaluation • Case 1 • UK exporter – US distributor • Cost 100 pounds Exchange rate $1.59 / GBP • Cost to US distributor $159 • Case 2 – High Inflation – exchange rate constant – exports will be costly • Cost 110 pounds Exchange rate $1.59 / GBP • Cost to US distributor $174.90 – High Inflation – currency devaluation – exports will be competitive • Cost 110 pounds Exchange rate $1.47 / GBP • Cost...
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... 2006). The purpose of this essay is to examine the regional imbalance in the United Kingdom. After first explaining measurable growth by some economic theories, it will analyse actual and potential growth by drawing business cycle and LRAS diagrams. Next, it will analyse the reasons for regional imbalance. Finally, it will evaluate actual supply side policies. Real GDP measures the value of goods and services produced at constant prices, the change of the real GDP only reflects the change of the quantity of production. In addition, people prefer to use real GDP than nominal GDP because real GDP reflects the economy’s ability to satisfy people’s needs and desires (Mankiw and Taylor, 2011:496-497). According to below graph, it shows that UK economy has experienced up-and-down swings in the years since 2003. Before 2008, growth more stable between 0.2 and 1.8 per quarter. However, GDP is more unpredictable after 2009. (Source: BBC news, 2015) The first type is actual growth which refers to “the annual percentage increase in national output produced and measures in real terms” (Bond and Hughes,1994:85). The diagram below shows that the phase of business cycle and how real GDP behaves over a hypothetical business cycle. Dwivedi (2010:409) notes that “business cycle refers to a period of high growth and prosperity in the economy followed by a period of sharp economic...
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...The European Monetary Union (EMU) was established as a formal objective in 1992 from the Treaty of Maastricht. In 1995 initial details of a union currency “the Euro” was announced and in 1998 the European Central Bank (ECB) was created and in 1999 the Euro underwent a 3 year transition introducing the Euro notes and coins. The purpose of this text is to analyse in detail EMU’s macroeconomic framework and performance and how this has evolved in the past 10 years. Firstly, I will look into the fiscal policy set out by the EMU however the bulk of the text will look into the monetary policy framework. Finally I will conclude by briefly trying to pin point the links between the macroeconomic framework to the current Eurozone crisis. In general on average the Eurozone’s first decade is viewed as a success and the ECB met its targets by delivering low and stable inflation with an output gap consistently close to 0. However, if we inspect country by country, we witness a large variation. The macroeconomic framework of the EMU, takes 2 main forms Fiscal policy and Monetary Policy. National governments are responsible for their individual fiscal policy while the ECB undertook the responsibility of Monetary Policy. Under the umbrella of Fiscal policy, the Stability and Growth pact provides a clear economic boundary to all Eurozone members. The Stability and Growth Pact specifies 2 boundaries. Firstly, national budget deficits must be kept below 3% and secondly the ratio of the government...
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