...Titre 3 : Les analyses de l’équilibre global, générale Chapitre 1 : L’analyse néoclassique de l’équilibre macro économique. Introduction : Le modèle néoclassique de l’équilibre macro-économique repose sur quelque hypothèses et lois qui tendent à démontrer que l’économie tend vers un équilibre macro-économique de pleins emploi avec une intervention réduite de l’Etat. L’économie est constituée d’un ensemble de marché où les variations des prix constituent les variable d’ajustement. Les marché obéissent au modèle de la concurrence pure et parfaite. La monnaie est neutre et elle n’explique pas l’équilibre des gardeur réel de l’économie mais elle permet de fixer et d’expliquer le niveau générale des prix. Section 1 : Les hypothèses et les lois du modele néoclassique. La concurrence pure et parfaite. (cf semestre 1 ) La loi Say. Elle stipule que l’offre crée sa propre demande et la porte à son plus haut niveau. Alors on construit les deux droit d’offre et de demande, mais les deux droite sont confondu « l’offre cree sa propre demande et la porte à son plus haut niveau » Pour say il n ‘ y a pas de limite à la croissance, pour ricardo si et ceux sont les couts de production. La théorie quantitative de la monnaie MV=PT n Section 2 : Les marchés et le fonctionnement du model néoclassique. Pour analyser l’équipe générale on utilise la loi Walras qui montre qu’une économie comportant N-1 marché et dont n-1 marché sont en équilibre, alors le n...
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...As the U.S. economy ventured into 2006, GDP growth was high mostly due to high consumption spending. Aggregate demand was high and employment was high. These high employment levels and oil prices left the Federal Reserve worried about inflation as it appeared that increased price levels were beginning to take hold. However, they restrained themselves from any interest rate hike as the housing market began to cool off and oil prices began declining. Meanwhile, the hurricanes temporarily hurt both businesses and consumers in the third quart, but production recovered as reconstruction and domestic energy output began to pick up near the end of the year. Residential construction was still booming as new inventory continued to be pushed onto the market, however demand had begun to slow down pushing housing down. Consumer confidence, a leading indicator of economic performance, was high, moved a bit lower in part due to the hurricanes, but had begun to rebound in the latter part of 2006 coinciding with the rebound in the stock market and the decline in oil prices in that same period. Further into 2006, the housing market collapse was beginning but was buffered by lower oil prices, which supported growth and led to lower energy prices giving consumers more spending power. Even with this increased spending power, consumption growth still slowed as home prices fell, consumer credit became less available, and consumer debt levels peaked. Business demand momentum also slowed with...
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...Demand and Supply in the Macroeconomy ECON 372 Demand and Supply in the Macroeconomy The current state of our economy in the United States is no secret to anyone. In the United States over the past couple years, the economy has been lower than ever and not increasing as it should. Gas prices are at an all time high, home prices are at an all time low, and unemployment rates continue to stay on the rise. We’re still the largest and most powerful country in the world and our GDP holds steady at $47,200. That is an increase of 1.9% for the first quarter in 2012. The consumer spending rate has increased, although still not at a high for the United States. The current consumer spending increase was the largest that the U.S. has seen since late 2010. Although, the economy is picking up, it’s still at a low and that is due to Unemployment rates, Consumer Income, Expectations and Interest rates. Current Analysis Unemployment Unemployment is one of many causes for a bad recession and or trying to get out of one, so what is affected by the unemployment. There are many factors affected by unemployment which when one is affected a second one is right behind and so on which turns in a snowball effect. Let’s look at how unemployment affect these factors. First there are four different types of unemployment, a structural which is caused when an organization lays-off workers due to low demand for their goods and services, or the restructure of the organization in order...
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...Bangladesh Economic Update Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) February 2012 Bangladesh Economic Update Volume 3, No. 2, February 2012 Acknowledgement: Bangladesh Economic Update is an output of the Economic Policy Unit of the Unnayan Onneshan, a multidisciplinary research centre based in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The report is prepared by a team, under the guidance of Rashed Al Mahmud Titumir and Palash Kanti Das. The team comprises Nibedita Roy and A. Z. M. Saleh. © Copyright: Unnayan Onneshan-The Innovators The content of this publication may be reproduced for non-commercial purposes with proper citation (please send output to the address mentioned below). Any other form of reproduction, storage in a retrieval system or transmission by any means for commercial purposes, requires permission from the Unnayan Onneshan-The Innovators. For orders and request please contact: Unnayan Onneshan - The Innovators 16/2, Indira Road, Farmgate Dhaka-1215, Bangladesh Tell: + (880-2) 8158274, 9110636 Fax: + (880-2) 8159135 E-mail: info@unnayan.org Web: www.unnayan.org Bangladesh Economic Update, February 2012 2|P a g e Bangladesh Economic Update Vol. 3, No. 2, February 2012 Economic Policy Unit Unnayan Onneshan 1. INTRODUCTION The current issue of the Bangladesh Economic Update focuses on the magnitude, dynamics, sectoral distribution, and countrywise sources of FDI inflow in the country. The flow of foreign direct investment is of utmost importance in the current backdrop of overall...
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...Economy overview The UK, a leading trading power and financial center, is the third largest economy in Europe after Germany and France. Over the past two decades, the government has greatly reduced public ownership. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European standards, producing about 60% of food needs with less than 2% of the labour force. The UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil resources, but its oil and natural gas reserves are declining and the UK became a net importer of energy in 2005. Services, particularly banking, insurance, and business services, are key drivers of British GDP growth. Manufacturing, meanwhile, has declined in importance but still accounts for about 10% of economic output. After emerging from recession in 1992, Britain's economy enjoyed the longest period of expansion on record during which time growth outpaced most of Western Europe. In 2008, however, the global financial crisis hit the economy particularly hard, due to the importance of its financial sector. Falling home prices, high consumer debt, and the global economic slowdown compounded Britain's economic problems, pushing the economy into recession in the latter half of 2008 and prompting the then BROWN (Labour) government to implement a number of measures to stimulate the economy and stabilize the financial markets; these included nationalizing parts of the banking system, temporarily cutting taxes, suspending public sector borrowing rules, and moving forward...
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...1.4 The macroeconomic impacts of oil price shocks 1.4.1 A short history of a controversial topic Since the 1973 OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) oil embargo, the role of rapid, unanticipated increases in oil prices has been a topic of intense interest, among both economists and the lay public. Considering the magnitude of widespread national recessions during the 1970s, the controversy surrounding research on the macroeconomics of oil price shocks may seem surprising: why would anyone doubt the capacity of oil price shocks to cause the major movements in GDP (Gross Domestic Product) which have been observed in so many countries? Possibly most important in fueling the controversy is the small share of GDP that oil and its close substitutes have comprised in most economies: 1.5% to 3% prior to the 1973 episode. Experienced macroeconomists doubted that even a sizeable shock to such a small part of the economy could have the observed effects. Second, the 1973 episode itself was not a clean experiment because a number of other major factors were emerging at the same time. The world economy was just getting off the post-Bretton Woods fixed exchange rate regime. A number of countries, including the United States, was teetering on the brink of recession at the time of the 1973 shock; in the United States in particular, monetary policy tightened right around the time of the 1973 shock. Separating these effects and deciding the role ...
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...Week Two Student Guide Week Two continues to focus on fundamental concepts and indicators of the macroeconomy. The main topics uncovered for this week include aggregate demand, aggregate supply, the Keynesian Model, and the Classical Model. You have an opportunity to explore these concepts in the Learning Team Weekly Reflection, the Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Paper, and the discussion topic. Aggregate Demand and Supply Models OBJECTIVE: Analyze the impact of various factors on aggregate demand and supply. Resource: Ch. 10 of Macroeconomics. Content • Ch. 10: “The Aggregate Demand/Aggregate Supply Model” o The Historical Development of Modern Macro o The AS/AD Model o The Aggregate Demand Curve o The Short-Run Aggregate Supply Curve o The Long-Run Aggregate Supply Curve o Equilibrium in the Aggregate Economy o Why Macro Policy Is More Complicate Than the AS/AD Model Makes It Look OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effectiveness of changes in fiscal policies using Keynesian and Classical models Resource: Ch. 12 of Macroeconomics. Content • Ch. 12: “Thinking Like a Modern Macroeconomist” o Why It Is Important to Know about Modern Macro Theory o Engineering Models and Scientific Models o From the Keynesian Revolution to Modern Macro Models o A Beginner’s Guide to the DSGE Model o Policy Implications of the DSGE Model o How Relevant Are the Problems? o Modern Macroeconomic...
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...Showing results for research work of circular flow of expenditure Search instead for research work of circular flow of xpenditure Search Results Circular Flow of Income Diagram | Economics Blog www.economicshelp.org/blog/388/.../circular-flow-of-income-diagram/ Mar 31, 2012 - For example, with wages from work, households can then buy goods produced by ... Spending that puts money into the circular flow of income. .... thanks for the comments in the research about the income and expenditure. NZIER's Moniac machine | NZIER| Economic Analysis | Forecasting ... nzier.org.nz/about-nzier/moniac-machine In the past, many visitors to the New Zealand Institute of Economic Research (NZIER) ... of a Kiwi dairy farmer, Phillips left New Zealand before finishing school to work in Australia. ... At LSE Phillips was interested in the circular flow of money model. ... variables such as consumption, taxes, government spending, investment, ... Macroeconomics Circular Flow Free Research Papers 41 - 60 www.termpaperwarehouse.com/subcategory/...circular-flow/3 Free Research Papers regarding Macroeconomics Circular Flow for download. ... expenditure and income totals in the circular flow of expenditure and income. Circular flow of income - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_flow_of_income This process is unending and forms the circular flow of income, expenditure and production. .... Statements consisting...
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...ECO 372 Course Syllabus Course Description This course provides students with the basic theories, concepts, terminology, and uses of macroeconomics. Students learn practical applications for macroeconomics in their personal and professional lives through assimilation of fundamental concepts and analysis of actual economic events. Policies Faculty and students will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Colander, D. C. (2010). Macroeconomics (8th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. All electronic materials are available on the student website. Week One: Fundamentals of Macroeconomics | | Details | Due | Points | Objectives | 1.1 Explain the economic interaction of resources among households, government, and business. 1.2 Describe gross domestic product, inflation rate, unemployment rate, and interest rate. 1.3 Identify sources of historical economic data and economic forecasts. | | | Reading...
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...------------------------------------------------- Course Syllabus Facilitator Name: Robert C. Paramo, MBA Course Name: Principles of Macroeconomics Course Number: ECO/372 Version 4 Group Number: SB12BSB02 Course Start Date: 01/24/2013 Course End Date: 02/21/2013 COURSE SCHEDULE: Workshop 1 – Jan. 24, 2013 Workshop 2 – Jan. 31, 2013 Workshop 3 – Feb. 07, 2013 Workshop 4 – Feb. 14, 2013 Workshop 5 – Feb. 21, 2013 COURSE LOCATION, DAY AND TIME: San Bernardino Learning Center, Thursdays, 6:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. REQUIRED READING: Students are required to read all materials available at the Course Materials site for this course on https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/portal/portal/public/login.aspx Whenever there is a question about what assignments are due, please remember this syllabus is considered the ruling document. Copyright Copyright ©2009 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. University of Phoenix© is a registered trademark of Apollo Group, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. Microsoft©, Windows©, and Windows NT© are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. All other company and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Use of these marks is not intended to imply endorsement, sponsorship, or affiliation. Edited in accordance with University of Phoenix© editorial standards and practices. Policies Students/learners will...
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...LABOUR FORCE FLUCTUATIONS AND ITS OUTCOMES INFLOWS FROM THE UNEMPLOYMENT POOL (NEWLY UNEMPLOYED) Look at the level of unemployment as a pool, i.e. there are inflows and outflows from the pool. Sacked or laid off. Temporarily laid off (but expecting to be taken on again). Voluntarily unemployed. People not previously employed School leavers People who were previously employed but left the workforce and didn’t register, and have decided to return to it. Immigrants People resigning from work OUTFLOWS FROM THE UNEMPLOYMENT POOL People get jobs or create their business People leave the labour force completely (retired and discouraged workers). Emigrants COSTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT Economic costs of Unemployment are estimated at over 7% of GDP. Loss in output that could have been produced if everyone was working Loss in tax revenue Loss of income Unemployment can lead to a lack of social cohesion, and physical and mental health, increased crime rates. Most unemployed people feel a low level of selfesteem REASONS FOR EU’S HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT RATE Competition from other areas of the world. Rapid growth in labour costs. High minimum wages have discouraged employers from hiring low-skilled workers. Replacement ratio - generous welfare benefits have weakened incentives for people to take available jobs. Tax wedge – discouraged workers. Restrictions against firings have discouraged firms from employing workers. MINIMUM WAGE EFFECTS MINIMUM WAGES, JANUARY 2014 (1) (EUR...
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...The aggregate demand – aggregate supply model is used by economists to analyze the behavior of the macroeconomy in both the short run and the long run and aggregate demand in general refers to total spending by households, businesses, governments, and foreigners on domestically produced final goods and services. The aggregate demand curve (AD) describes the behavior of buyers of final goods and services in the aggregate. The aggregate demand – aggregate supply model allows us to see what factors influence prices and real output in the short-run, or as the economy proceeds through the business cycle. And now we will see how the aggregate demand effects economy in the short run by analyze the changes in aggregate demand can “move” the economy through the business cycle. As we can see in the diagream below, a decrease in aggregate demand moves the economy into recession with a rise in cyclical unemployment INFL MRAS SRAS E1 INFL1 AD yn y An increase in aggregate demand also causes a recovery that returns production to natural levels and reduces cyclical unemployment which is illustrated in the below diagram. INFL MRAS SRAS INFL1 E1 AD y1 ...
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...Team Assignment #1 Lessons 1 to 9 Class, you have been assigned into teams of 4 or 5. You need to discuss amongst yourselves how the duties of the assignment will be divided and the manner in which it will be presented to me. Working together will ensure that all parts will be done well and on time. Question 1: Overview of the Macroeconomy: Interpretation (25 marks) Please discuss the current state of the macroeconomy in Canada. In particular please discuss the growth rates and gross domestic product, the unemployment rate and lastly inflation. Please discuss how these variables compare to both the short and long run averages. In providing answers, please provide where data was obtained. You can use the internet or more authorative sources such as the Bank of Canada, Statistical Canada (Cansim) dataset or the IMF/World Bank websites. After you have ascertained this information, please make a determination as to whether the economy is at its long run equilibrium level (full employment), or whether it is in a recessionary or expansionary gap. (Hint: the economy is rarely at its long run level). Question 2: Legislative Overview (15 Marks) Please discuss 2 important institutions in Canada responsible for conducting fiscal and monetary policy, name the Department of Finance and the Bank of Canada. What are the roles of each and what are each responsible for obtaining? What are the responsibilities of each institution and what tools do they have at their disposable...
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...Team Assignment #1 Lessons 1 to 9 Class, you have been assigned into teams of 4 or 5. You need to discuss amongst yourselves how the duties of the assignment will be divided and the manner in which it will be presented to me. Working together will ensure that all parts will be done well and on time. Question 1: Overview of the Macroeconomy: Interpretation (25 marks) Please discuss the current state of the macroeconomy in Canada. In particular please discuss the growth rates and gross domestic product, the unemployment rate and lastly inflation. Please discuss how these variables compare to both the short and long run averages. In providing answers, please provide where data was obtained. You can use the internet or more authorative sources such as the Bank of Canada, Statistical Canada (Cansim) dataset or the IMF/World Bank websites. After you have ascertained this information, please make a determination as to whether the economy is at its long run equilibrium level (full employment), or whether it is in a recessionary or expansionary gap. (Hint: the economy is rarely at its long run level). Question 2: Legislative Overview (15 Marks) Please discuss 2 important institutions in Canada responsible for conducting fiscal and monetary policy, name the Department of Finance and the Bank of Canada. What are the roles of each and what are each responsible for obtaining? What are the responsibilities of each institution and what tools do they have at their disposable...
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...School of Business ------------------------------------------------- Syllabus ECO/372 Version 4 Principles of Macroeconomics Whenever there is any question including about what assignments are due, please remember this syllabus is considered the ruling document. Group Number: GA11BSB08 Course Start Date: 07/17/2012 Course End Date: 08/14/20112 Course Schedule: Workshop 1 – July 17, 2012 Workshop 2 – July 24, 2012 Workshop 3 – July 31, 2012 Workshop 4 – Aug. 7, 2012 Workshop 5 – Aug. 14, 2012 FACILITATOR: Farooq A. Khan COURSE LOCATION, DAY AND TIME: Gardena Learning Center, Tuesday @ 6PM REQUIRED READING: Students are required to read all materials available at the Course Materials site for this course on https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/portal/portal/public/login.aspx | Course Syllabus School of Business ECO/372 Version 4 Principles of Macroeconomics | Copyright © 2012, 2008, 2007, 2006 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course provides students with the basic theories, concepts, terminology, and uses of macroeconomics. Students learn practical applications for macroeconomics in their personal and professional lives through assimilation of fundamental concepts and analysis of actual economic events. Policies Faculty and students will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: University policies:...
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