...In cattle's a fatal neudegenerative disease can be observed due to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) generally called as Mad Cow Disease which causes spongy degeneration of its spinal cord and brain. Tiny holes gets developed in different parts of the brain due to this disease which gives sponge like appearance in its tissue. These spongy holes causes the brain deterioration of the cows . BSE have 2.5 to 8 years of incubation period and it shows its sign in the case of adult animals at the age of 4 to 5 years. Many scientists refer the abnormal protein called prion as the cause for BSE. In the cattle's, the brain protein that is prion gets incorrectly folded up by itself. When this type of defective protein comes across other types of...
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... but there is a certain disease that makes people suspiciously zombie-like. This disease is called mad cow disease. There have always been a number of diseases and disorders that can turn a person violent, but they were also never contagious, until humans discovered mad cow disease. When a person becomes infected there are several symptoms that sound suspiciously zombie-like. Some of the symptoms related to mad cow disease include, muscle twitches, delirium, changes in how the infected person walks. If mad cow disease were to get out of control and turned our delirium into rage, and could be transmitted by blood, then humans could be just a bite away from a zombie apocalypse. Mad cow disease is a prion that affects cows. When someone ingests the infected meat they have a chance of getting the disease. It affects the...
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...Colby Trost Mrs. Watson English Comp. I 9 December 2015 Mad Cow Disease There are many deadly diseases in the world. Aids, Small Pox, and Ebola are just a few of these diseases. However, only a handful of diseases have a 100% fatality rate (“Contagious Diseases”). Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, better known as mad cow disease, is one of the most deadly diseases in the world with a 100% fatality rate (“Basics 1”). Mad Cow disease was first discovered in the United Kingdom during the late 1980’s. Even though it wasn’t discovered until the 1980’s, research suggests that the disease first infected cattle during the 1970’s. The disease then exploded in the United Kingdom. The numbers of cases grew until 1993 when the number peaked near 1000...
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...Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), better know as Mad Cow Disease (MCD) when it affects cattle, has been around since the 1970’s. The disease affects the brain, making it deteriorate quickly. The person will experience memory and behavior changes, vision problems, and poor muscle coordination (Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease 2017, October 3.) Being the rare disease it is, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease has managed to take the life of more than a thousand people. Deemed incurable, it is important to be informed of the deadly disease. There are certain things that cause this disease, ways the disease affects your body, and some treatment and prevention plans. Some people believe that the only way to get Creutzfeldt-Jakob’s disease is by eating undercooked...
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...I found it interesting that the farmers use “drugs” to make the cattle bigger, before they are slaughtered. I disagree with this because I think the cow should just grow normally without any drugs. What happens to the people who drink the cow's milk? Would the drugs that was put in the cows be in the milk that is fed to humans? - Chapter 5 Another thing I found interesting is that sometimes cattle are fed other cattle parts. The farmers fed the other cattle old scraps because the cow’s needed protein. In 1997 the government banned the practice because people in England were dying of mad cow disease. Mad cow disease is a fatal brain disease. People or cows can get it from eating the brains of infected animals. Disgusting right? - Chap 5 pg 69...
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...they have an extremely fragmented supply chain, with other correlated sectors and sub-sectors. The British beef industry includes large number of seperated producers and a combined retail and processing sector. Therefore, as the British beef industry consists of many suppliers the industry has an elastic supply. This is because the existance of large number of suppliers enable the industry to react or bring changes to the supply in accordance with the fluctuating demand. The British beef industry is worth £6.4 billion of the British economy, playing an important role in protecting the economy’s rural way of life and providing employment opportunities to more than 130,000 workers. The UK beef sector concentrates on cross breeding dairy cows with beef and as well as concentrating on the international market. Inconsistent or contradiction in composing of finished animals is the biggest challenge the UK beef industry is facing. Having a nature of large number of fragmented foundation of 63,000 supplies, this inconsistency leads to unnecessary costs that should be passed onto the consumers. This creates a negative impact on the quality of beef produced and the value of the customers towards consumption of beef compared to other alternative meats. The industry that is mainly affected due to the demand and supply fluctuations in the British beef industry is the poultry industry, which means that the change in demand and supply of British beef would have an huge impact...
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...also knew the cook was the man even the boss deferred to most often. The outfit's chuck wagon was a rough equivalent of a traveling general store, and the cook was not only the chief clerk of that store, he was usually the closest thing the cowboys had to a doctor, surgeon, dentist, tailor, and fussy maiden aunt.”(Old West, 2012) You being the “Boss man” have to feed the entire crew and making sure that you have enough to feed all. Beans will suffice but at some point you will need meat to feed the hungry crew. As the Boss man the cattle that are being herd across the country are yours, so you get the pick of the herd to use a food, clothing and/or shelter. You and another crew member take the one cow aside, so as to not spook the others, and kill it. You take the hide of the cow, preserve it so you can use...
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...| Prion Disease | VET 140 Mr. Bell | Roger Meadows 5/7/2012 | A prion is a protein that has been mutated. Prion means proteinaceous infectious particle. Proteinaceous infectious particle can be broken down into:” proteinaceous which is relating to, resembling, or being protein, Infectious which is capable of causing infection, and particle which is a minute quantity or fragment” (Merriam – Webster 2012). So a proteinaceous infectious partial would be a very small protein that can cause an infection. The protein called PrP can be found in nerve cells all through the brain. The prion does not have a nucleus like other infectious dieses, and this makes it rare. Without the nucleus, it is not a virus or bacteria; it is only a protein (Hinz, A., Doremus, C., 1997). Prions cause a wide range of neurologic diseases in sheep, cows, and humans and were identified by Stanley Prusiner at UCSF in 1981 (Immunity and Disease, 2001). Prions are responsible for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies or TSE’s. Spongiform encephalopathies can develop three different ways, either by a normal prion changing into an abnormal one, or the PRNP gene that targets the creation of a protein which mutates into an abnormal protein, or consumption of contaminated items (Hinz, A., Doremus, C., 1997). TSE’s are very rare and affect around one person in every million each year over the world. TSE’s include bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or mad cow disease in cattle, scrapie in sheep, chronic...
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...What are Prions and their role? Prions are the proteins that cause Mad Cow Disease also known as BSE. Prions are an infectious protein. Prions are defined as an proteinaceous infectious particle, the protein is capable of changing the conformation of proteins to match its own and becomes infectious without the use of genetic materials. They can cross between species such as cattle, and sheep. Extreme heats chemical agents can inactivate the proteins. Prions are naturally occurring in the body and are not considered foreign nor do they stimulate the immune system and will not hurt your body, however the disease causing prions contact the normal prions by physical contact and alter the normal prions therefore causing the disease. With Mad Cow Disease The Prions target the specific protein in the cell that is normal called PrPC The role of protein Misfolding in BSE Diseased proteins result from improper folding and therefore the misfolded proteins induces copies of the same protein to also again misfold and increases the disease progress when it is misfolded. The scrapie prion PrPsc contacts and bumps into the normal cellular form PrPc intermediate and shifts the folding process converting them to the misfolded prion (the sheep version of mad cow disease called the PrPsc prion). The process continues over and over again. The body continues producing the normal cell PrPc and the scrapie prion PrPsc continues creating more replications of itself without needing any nucleic...
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...the supply and demand aspect of economics. Several characteristics determine the causes for shifts in supply demand for milk. Milk is a product that almost everyone uses, and in most cases is viewed as a necessity. Milk is a product that will always be in high demand. This product is included in the food pyramid of healthy foods; therefore people will always want milk. There are however some factors that do affect the supply of milk. For example if a disease outbreak occurs in cows, the milk supply may drop. One aspect that has affected milk prices of in the past is Mad Cow Disease. Mad Cow Disease is an illness that has infected cattle since 1986. It is a disease that affects the brain. Since its first appearance in British dairy herds in 1986, BSE has affected roughly 200,000 cattle (Grace, n.d.). There was a more recent outbreak in America that caused cattle ranchers to put down several cows. As of November 2006, 3 individuals with mad cow disease had been identified in the United States (Kulger, 2006). Several cows were put down causing the supply of milk to decrease, because the supply decreased the price increased. The demand for milk stays virtually the same; people were just paying more for the product. People are willing to pay a higher price for milk because it is viewed as a need. When shifts occur in supply and demand, price, quantity, and market equilibrium can all be affected. As the price of milk falls in grocery stores, there is going to...
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...How Zombies Could Actually Happen: A Research Paper Imagine a person infected with a disease to the point that they are some how no longer who they were before. The disease would take over the brain and make the body do only one thing, infect others. Sounds like a bad horror movie? Well think again. There are plenty of viruses, fungi, parasites, and chemicals in the world that affect the brain already and could cause such a thing to happen. The “zombie” wouldn’t be eating brains but it would want to spread the virus. Who is to say that a virus cannot mutate into something horrendous. This essay will show you that there are viruses, fungi, parasites, and chemicals that either can or have the potential to make people or animals into walking dead. Where did the idea of zombies come from? Zombies originated in Haiti as a sort of voodoo slave labor. What would happen was the person would be fed or rubbed with a mixture of the skin of the common toad and puffer fish. The skin of the common toad can actually kill people but the important part of it is that it is an incredibly strong pain killer. The puffer fish is extremely poisonous. It puts you in a coma in a near death state. People in Haiti are buried very soon after death and would be in the ground in less than 8 hours. The “dead person” would be dug up and fed datura, a plant with mind blowing after affects. According to Scientist Karl Kruszelnicki “Datura breaks your links with reality, and then destroys all recent memories...
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...Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Amino Acids, Peptide Bonds, and Protein Structure Biochemistry 208.5.2-01, 02, 04-07 David Kolle Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: The Basics • • • • • aka “Mad Cow Disease” Caused by the transmission of a prion, it is an infection that results in a progressive neurologic disorder (BSE, 2013). For unknown reasons, a normal prion protein changes into a pathogenic prion that causes damage to the cattle’s central nervous system (BSE, 2013). Although these proteins are “normally found in the body”, “the infectious variety adopts a non-native, amyloid fibril-forming conformation that can cause other prions to adopt the infectious fold, presumably through protein−protein interactions” (More than just..., 2001). These fibrils are then often “deposited in tissue-destroying plaques throughout the body, including in the brain” (More than just…, 2001). In summary, these prions, once they become pathogenic, cause other prions to change as well. This formation causes tissue to become infectious, leading to destruction and death. Amino Acid with Side Chain Characteristics: • The carboxyl group has a non-ionized bond. This bond, C to the OH, means it can donate a hydrogen ion. This ability to donate a hydrogen, converting the bond to ionized, is what makes it an acid (Wolfe, 2014). • The amine group is basic, meaning it can accept a proton (H) (Wolfe, 2014). A: Central Carbon Group B: Carboxylic Acid Group C: Amino Group COLOR KEY Protein Structure Four...
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...Biochemistry Task 2 Paul A. Lebeck 000490213 January 26, 2016 A. B. (Borges, 2014, Wolfe, 2015). C. (Wolfe, 2015). D. (Wolfe, 2015). E. The forces, bonds, and interactions by protein structures at the Tertiary level. There are Hydrophobic (nonpolar), Ionic bonds, Hydrogen (covalent) bonds, and Disulfide bonds, also called Disulfide Bridges. Hydrophobic are nonpolar bonds, meaning they cannot interact with water or aqueous solutions. Hydrophobic interactions will cause the protein to change shape to avoid making contact with such solutions. Considered weak bonds, but the proteins cluster tightly together on the interior of the protein, Van der Waals interaction take place between the proteins, again these are the weakest of the molecular bonds. Ionic Bonds are by definition bonds that are made up of charged particles. There are 20 Amino Acids, some with negatively charged terminals, some with positively charged terminals. This is a basic chemistry property that opposites attract. These are considered stronger bonds, but not the strongest. Next are hydrogen bonds. Considered stronger bonds than hydrophobic bonds, but weak compared to ionic and disulfide bonds. Hydrogen bonds are formed from Polar Covalent interactions. Two amino acids share a hydrogen electron and connect on the second amino acid oxygen atom. There must be a hydrogen donor on one amino acid, and a hydrogen acceptor on a second amino acid to complete the bond. The strongest...
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...INTRODUCTION Did you know 90 percent of all beef in America is grown with artificial growth hormones (Hanrahan, 2000)? Were you aware that these growth hormones can potentially cause cancer and pose significant health risks to individuals who consume this meat? In today's food industry it is crucial to be a keen consumer and have knowledge of where you food comes from and what it actually contains. The regulations and standards put into effect by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in regards to cattle production and what is deemed to be safe have created an up heave of controversy. Consumers and researchers constantly pose the question of what should be considered safe and who should not. They often argue that when it comes to human health no risks should be taken and risk assessment should not be considered. The following essay discusses the controversy of beef cattle production regulation and standards. The essay will analyze various studies conducted that state a possible link between cancer and growth hormone used in beef, and it will outline all view points of the European ban of American and Canadian beef. The issues and controversy surrounding feedlot given to beef cattle will be analyzed and consumer concerns as well as regulations surrounding labeling of beef in America, Canada and Europe will be discussed. ARGUMENT The use of growth hormones has become widely prominent in the beef production industry. Estradiol benzoate and progesterone, which are types...
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...he’s scowling deeply. Their oscillating relationship had begun in this sunlit space. Thinking back, he loses count of the times since then they have tried to draw a line; to move on; to get on with their lives. EXAMPLE 2 The force of the front door slamming closed blew an untidy heap of paperwork into a snowstorm of bills and circulars. Brad burst into the living room, nostrils steaming like a bull and grabbed her hard by both shoulders. “Molly”, he screamed, “you selfish woman!” “Why did you do it? I can’t believe it, you murdering cow.” He slapped her sharply across the face, his own cheeks stinging with rage. EXAMPLE 3 “True! – nervous – very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am; but why will you say that I am mad? The disease had sharpened my senses – not destroyed – not dulled them. Above all was the sense of hearing acute. I heard all things in the heaven and in the earth. I heard many things in hell. How, then, am I mad? Hearken! and observe how healthily – how calmly I can tell you the whole story.” TASK: After reading the three examples you need to write a paragraph for the following: 1. Which example was more effective and why? 2. Which opening paragraph successfully HOOKED the reader and why? Provide an example? 3. Identify how the examples could be changed to be more effective. How to write an effective Opening Paragraph EXAMPLE 1 Nigel grabs his glass, and stares into the sun filled room, like a seaman searching for land. Not...
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