...envisioned a train that could float above its tracks. They saw the enormous potential for a train like this. The research on magnetic train which called maglev train was started in the beginning of the 1990 century. This concept lay dormant for about60 years. Then Japanese started their research on maglev train in the beginning of 1970 & constructed their first test line in 1997. German also started their research on maglev train in early 1970. It took them ten years to complete their first test line. The train works on the principle of electromagnetic effect. In this there is no friction between the train and track. The electromagnet on the underside of train pulls it up to the ferromagnetic stator on the track & levitates the train. The magnet on the side keeps the train from side to side. A computer changes the amount of current to keep the train 1 cm from the track. This means there is no friction between track & train. As it is high speed train compare to other types of train also noise level due to this train very less & energy consume is less, it is very convenient & beneficial to use. CHAPTER 1:-INTRODUCTION 1.1 History:- Magnetic levitation is the latest in transportation technology and has been the interest of many countries around the world. The idea has been around since 1904 when Robert Goddard, an American Rocket scientist, created a theory that trains could be lifted off the tracks by the use of electromagnetic rails. Many assumptions and ideas were...
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...-3- Produced by the General Conference Youth Ministries Department 2011 This material is protected by copyright All rights reserved This material may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, scanning, or other) without the prior permission of the publisher -4- Contents Arts & Crafts -15- Household Arts -61- Nature -79- Recreation -117- Spiritual -167- -5- -6- Introduction It has been more than twenty years since the first edition of the Adventurer Awards Manual was produced at the General Conference for the World Adventurer Ministry. There have been many changes, additions, and improvements during this time. Adventurer Ministry has shown huge growth as well. Youngsters in this age group are full of energy and get excited about being a part of an organization that is designed to expand their view of their world and strengthen their relationship with God, Mom, and Dad through ways that are so much fun. The roof over Adventurer Ministry is supported by several strong pillars. You hold in your hands one of them: the latest updated manual covering all 83 currently accepted Awards for use around the world. There is of course, one small problem: This area of Adventurer fun is not a static field of possibilities, it is a constantly growing—maybe almost exploding—source of activity. Therefore even at the time of this edition’s printing, there are already more Awards being...
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...Magnetic Levitation Emerging Technologies By Nick Presson Introduction Magnetic levitation has been around for years, but with advances in technology it may become a part of everyday life. The main emphasis for magnetic levitation is for transportation. Magnetically levitated ground transportation, or “Maglev”, is an advanced mode of surface high speed transportation whereby a vehicle gliding above a guideway is suspended, guided, and propelled by magnetic forces. Can you imagine a train that that actually floats in air 4 to 6 inches in the air and travels up to 300 mph. This technology can reduce air and highway congestion, air pollution, and petroleum use. Traditional Systems The transportation system in the United States has been much admired around the world. Our extensive highway and air systems have facilitated business and leisure travel and contributed to a high quality of life for many Americans. In 1990, 429 million passengers traveled 342 billion passenger miles on commercial airlines. Americans traveled 2 trillion passenger miles my car, truck, bus, and public transit, and 6.1 billion passenger miles on Amtrak. As population have grown and shifted, however, the traditional systems have become stressed. Congestion on highways and at airports, especially since September 11, not only wastes time and fuel increases, but also constrains mobility to the extent that economic...
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...stick a magnet on the screen of their black-and-white television. The magnet did not stick to the glass, but the picture seemed to be distorted. The closer he held the magnet to the screen, the more the images bent. Fred asked Phil if he could try an experiment with the magnet. When Fred touched the magnet to the screen, the image curved away from the magnet in one direction. When he turned the magnet around and tried again, the image curved away in the other direction. When he waved the magnet back and forth across a part of the screen, the distortion in the images followed the magnet. (CAUTION: Do not try this activity on your own television screen at home.) 1. The image on the television screen is produced when electrons hit the phosphorus coating and cause it to glow. Why did Fred’s magnet affect the image on the screen? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Why did the image curve away from the magnet in a different direction when the magnet was reversed? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. If Fred had two bar magnets, could...
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...Maglev can provide this speed and compete directly with airline travel. As stated by American Maglev, "Maglev means magnetically levitated and propelled vehicles. The advantage of maglev is that it can achieve very high speed and acceleration/deceleration performance because the vehicles essentially "fly" at very low altitudes - unlike trains or cars; there is no surface contact or "friction" to slow them down. More speed = more passengers." Only when we have real revenue-producing systems in operation will be able to prove whether this is true or not. In Maglev—which is short for MAGNETIC LEVITATION—high speed vehicles are lifted by magnetic repulsion, and propelled along an elevated guide way by powerful magnets attached to the vehicle. The vehicles do not physically contact the guide way, do not need engines, and do not burn fuel. Instead, they are magnetically propelled by electric power fed to coils located on the guide way. Indeed this is the beginning of the trans- rapid transportation that the human race would view out in the coming centuries. It’s not only just about trains but also the future of high speed trains which would compete with airplanes rather enhancing the leisure part of the whole human race. INTRODUCTION : Magnetic levitation transportation is poised as the next generation of high-speed travel. The...
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...CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 General The micro-emulsion inks have a wide range of applications in industry. The ink used earlier for printing purposes contributes to pollution in environment. The pollution is by means of emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are present in the form of an aliphatic solvent. Emission of VOCs from these solvents and their discharge in waste streams are quantifiable. For example a typical medium size cold – set web plant uses 40,000 kg per year of the ink of which 6000 kg is lost as emissions. The plant uses over 10,000 kg per year of cleaning solutions all of which is lost in atmosphere. A typical newspaper uses 100,000 kg per year of ink and emits over 8000 kg of volatile solvents (Maji, 2003). VOC when released into the atmosphere participates in the atmospheric photochemical reactions. Ozone is produced at the ground level when oxides of nitrogen and VOCs react in the presence of sunlight. This is a major component of urban smog, which at elevated levels causes a potential hazard to humans, plants and animals. To overcome the problems of emissions due to solvent-based inks and cleaning of presses, a new type of ink based on vegetable oil has been developed which is biodegradable and environment-friendly. It does not contain aliphatic solvents, and hence its use produces virtually no emissions during printing. Also, this ink contains vegetable oil (castor-oil)-based alkyd resins, which are biodegradable and generate no...
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...PHET Magnetism – Lab Grade Part I: 1. Go to http://phet.colorado.edu 2. Click on electricity and magnetism sims. 3. Select the simulation “Magnets and Electromagnets.” It is at this link http://phet.colorado.edu/new/simulations/sims.php?sim=Magnets_and_Electromagnets 4. Move the compass slowly along a semicircular path above the bar magnet until you’ve put it on the opposite side of the bar magnet. Describe what happens to the compass needle. 5. What do you suppose the compass needles drawn all over the screen tell you? 6. How is the strength of the force/torque on the compass needle indicated? 7. What are the similarities between the compass needle (magnetism) and a test charge (electricity)? 8. Move the compass along a semicircular path below the bar magnet until you’ve put it on the opposite side of the bar magnet. Describe what happens to the compass needle. 9. How many complete rotations does the compass needle make when the compass is moved once around the bar magnet? 10. Click “flip polarity” and repeat the steps above after you’ve let the compass stabilize. 11. Click on the electromagnet tab. Place the compass on the left side of the coil so that the compass center lies along the axis of the coil. (The y-component of the magnetic field is zero along the axis of the coil.) 12. Move the compass along a semicircular path above the coil until you’ve put it on the opposite side of the coil. Describe...
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...PROJECT DOCUMENTATION PROJECT TITLE: TEAM MEMBERS : Datta TEAM MENTORS: BASIC AIM: Maglev Rahul Agrawal , Chirag Gagrani , Akhil Lohia , Sohum RP Suman , Sachin Agarwal Our project is to build a miniature working model of MAGLEV, or more specifically, we will make a car that can be instructed to move forward or backward on a short magnetic linear track by means of magnetic levitation. BACKGROUND: Magnetic levitation (maglev) is an innovative transportation technology. It is sometimes said to be the first fundamental innovation in the field of railroad technology since the invention of the railway. A high speed maglev train uses non-contact magnetic levitation, guidance and propulsion systems and has no wheels, axles and transmission. The replacement of mechanical components by wear-free electronics overcomes the technical restrictions of wheel-on-rail technology. Compared with traditional railways, maglev systems have features that could constitute an attractive transportation alternative: 1. High Speed 2. High Safety 3. Less Pollution 4. Low Energy Consumption PROJECT MOTIVATION: Magnetism has fascinated humans for centuries. So we were looking for a project based on the concept of magnetism. The idea for this project came after discussing with the coordinators and reading a Scientific American Article that described proposed maglev systems around the world and their potential for future travel. THEORY OF OPERATION: Maglev is defined as a “family of technologies...
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...Kennetha Wattenbarger Magnetism Lab 19 The white lead of the needle faces the South part of the magnet in a perpendicular way. When the needle is facing the center of the magnet, the lead turns to a 90 degree angle, being parallel to the magnet. When the compass faces the North part of the magnet, the needle turns 90 degrees in the same direction until the red lead if facing towards the North of the magnet. Represent the magnetic field By speed, direction is changed and the faster the needle moves the greater the attraction force is. As like electric charges repel and opposite charges attract each other in electricity, like magnetic poles repel and opposite magnetic poles attract. The Red lead of the needle faces the South part of the magnet in a perpendicular way. When the needle is facing the center of the magnet, the lead turns to a 90 degree angle, being parallel to the magnet. When the compass faces the North part of the magnet, the needle turns 90 degrees in the same direction until the White lead if facing towards the North of the magnet. One complete rotation 9. The compass needle points north 10. The compass needle points north 11. 3 13. The magnetic field that this produces is stretched out in a form of a bar magnet giving a distinctive ...
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...be able to: 1. define what is a magnet 2. identify what kind of materials are being magnetize 3. site some uses of magnet 4. perform the activity with discipline, collaboration and cooperation Background: A magnet is any object that has a magnetic field. It attracts ferrous objects like pieces of iron, steel, nickel and cobalt. In the early days, the Greeks observed that the naturally occurring 'lodestone' attracted iron pieces. From that day onwards began the journey into the discovery of magnets. These days magnets are made artificially in various shapes and sizes depending on their use. One of the most common magnets - the bar magnet - is a long, rectangular bar of uniform cross-section that attracts pieces of ferrous objects. The magnetic compass needle is also commonly used. The compass needle is a tiny magnet which is free to move horizontally on a pivot. One end of the compass needle points in the North direction and the other end points in the South direction. The end of a freely pivoted magnet will always point in the North-South direction. The end that points in the North is called the North Pole of the magnet and the end that points South is called the South Pole of the magnet. It has been proven by experiments that like magnetic poles repel each other whereas unlike poles attract each other. http://www.howmagnetswork.com/ Materials Needed: * Fishing Poles made with meter stick with hanging magnet * Ziploc/ Plastic Bags filled with...
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...drive a nail, it is the reaction force that brings the motion of the hammer to a stop but the _____action force__________ that drives the nail into the wood. | | 5. | As an object’s temperature increases, the ______rate______________ at which it radiates energy increases. | | 6. | When a person plucks a guitar string, the number of half wavelengths that fit into the length of the string determines the ___________pitch_________ of the sound produced. | | 7. | The law of reflection states that the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of __________incidence__________. | | 8. | The region where a magnet's force is strongest is at the__________ __pole_____________. | | 9. | The magnetic field lines of a bar magnet begin near the magnet’s ______north pole______________. | | 10. | The energy source used to produce most of the electrical energy in the United States...
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...levitation. Many believe this mode of transportation holds great promise and offers considerable advantages. These trains use far less energy than other types of transportation and do not pollute. They can run at an average speed of 250mph that can climb much higher. The beauty of MAGLEV’S is that they travel on air. The consequent elimination of friction means much greater efficiency. Hence this gives an advantage over a regular train because there is no friction between wheels and the track. 2. WORKING PRINCIPLE The principle of magnetic levitation is that a vehicle can be suspended and propelled on a guidance track made with magnets. The vehicle on top of the track may be propelled with the help of a linear induction motor. Although the vehicle does not use steel rail they are still referred to as trains by definition they are along chain of vehicles which travel in the same direction. This is the definition of magnetic levitation (MAGLEV) train. As the frictional parts are minimum in this type of technology, the MAGLEV trains are known to have more speed, smoothness and less sound. The...
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...brook ambaw project 1: The use of electricity and magnetism in transportation Electricity is without out a doubt one of the greatest discoveries of human kind. We as human beings are forever in debt to Benjamin Franklin who discovered electricity. It is nearly impossible to imagine civilization without electricity. As anything in life, even if we literally use electricity for every aspect of our lives, it is easy to sometimes forget how much we are really depend on it for our survival in life. Electricity has been revolutionizing our our way of living since its inception. Now, when it comes to transportation by using electricity and magnetism, which is the focus of my essay, there is an exponential room to grow. In the near future, electricity and magnetism is going to revolutionize our transportation system radically. The most important issues facing our world in the future in regard to transportation is reducing the amount of emission caused by an ever increasing usage of transportation and our dependence on it. Not only emission is going to be the focal point of problems caused by transportation but also reducing the number of vehicles driven by people will be at the heart of our future struggles too. As historians and energy scientists noted dully, as societies advance more and more, they are going to use more concentrated forms of energy, for example, instead of gasoline they are going to use rocket fuel. In regard to transportation, cars are leading the way when...
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...Design of a Small-Scale Prototype for a Stabilized Permanent Magnet Levitated Vehicle No. 88 Geoffrey A. Long, O. James Fiske, Brad E. Paden LaunchPoint Technologies, Goleta, California, USA glong@launchpnt.com, jfiske@launchpnt.com, bpaden@launchpnt.com ABSTRACT: A small-scale proof-of-concept prototype has been designed and built as the next stage in the development of a novel maglev vehicle concept. This prototype demonstrates many of the key advantages of the technology which uses permanent magnets for levitation and does not require any moving parts in a track bifurcation. Key design features and performance characteristics of the prototype are described: the control system for stable levitation, the linear synchronous motor for propulsion and the method of track switching. Alternative system configurations and other applications of the technology are also briefly discussed. 1 INTRODUCTION The repelling forces resulting from bringing like poles of two magnets together is a commonly experienced phenomenon. The use of this repelling force to levitate a vehicle was considered early in the exploration of maglev vehicle technologies (Pollgreen 1964, Olsen 1965), but was largely discarded due to poor performance of the magnetic materials available at the time. As SmCo materials became available, the approach was revisited but again set aside by most due to the material’s high cost (Sinha 1987). In the 1980’s and 90’s NdFeB materials began to be developed as a low cost alternative...
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...There are two types of magnetic forces; push and pull. A magnetic field is the region around a magnet where the magnetic force works. The ends of a magnet are called poles. Like poles repel and unlike/opposite poles attract. The term ferromagnetic refers to the ability of a material to be magnetised. Magnets attract materials containing iron. Steel is a compound of iron with other metals. Therefore iron and steel are said to be ferromagnetic. There are two types of magnets; permanent and temporary. A permanent magnet is one that does not loses it magnetism easily. Permanent magnets are mainly made from compounds of iron with cobalt or nickel. E.g Steel, alcomax Uses of permanent magnets | * Used on the back of decorations to hold them to steel or iron surfaces such as a fridge or a board. * Keep doors locked; refridgerator, security safes. * Bicycle dynamo | A temporary magnet is one that loses its magnetism easily. Soft iron, electromagnet Electromagnets An electromagnet is a device that is created when electricity flows through a metal wire or coil. The Strength of magnetic filed of an electromagnet can be increased by: * Increasing the number of turns on the coil * Increasing the current flowing through the coil * Putting an iron core inside the coil Uses of electromagnets An electric bell – when the doorbell is pushed, the current flows and the iron bar become an electromagnet. This pulls the other iron bar toward it and the hammer...
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