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Essay: De positieve en negatieve vormen van earnings management

Earnings, oftewel winsten, zijn één van de belangrijkste onderdelen van een jaarrekening. Ze vormen immers een belangrijke indicatie van de economische prestatie en waarde van een onderneming. Het spreekt bijgevolg voor zich dat managers er belang bij hebben de rapportering van deze winsten in zekere maten te ‘managen’. Dit fenomeen wordt algemeen omschreven als ‘earnings management’. In de literatuur wordt earnings management vaak op een negatieve of frauduleuze manier gedefinieerd. Zo impliceert de alom bekende definitie van Arthur Levitt een zeker opportunisme dat schuil gaat achter deze praktijk:

“practices by which earnings reports reflect the desires of management rather than the underlying financial performance of the company.”

Earnings management is echter een ambigu begrip dat op een zeker continuüm geplaatst moet worden. In zijn milde vorm, bijvoorbeeld door het strategisch matchen van bepaalde activiteiten aan een bepaalde accounting periode, kan earnings management zich perfect voltrekken binnen het wetgevend kader. Het op een legale manier managen van inkomsten of uitgaven zodat er stabiele en voorspelbare resultaten kunnen gerapporteerd worden die niet in strijd zijn met de werkelijke economische realiteit van de onderneming kan niet als fraude bestempeld worden. Het manipuleren van financiële resultaten, het boeken van fictieve transacties of het achterhouden van bestaande schulden daarentegen, zijn frauduleuze vormen van earnings management die negatieve consequenties voor de markt en de onderneming kunnen impliceren. Tussen deze 2 extremen liggen uiteraard meerdere gevallen waarvan het al dan niet aanvaardbare karakter van earnings management minder duidelijk is. Het lijkt bijgevolg interessant de goede en slechte kanten van earnings management en de hieraan verbonden intenties van het management nader te bespreken.

De motieven voor managers om aan earnings management te doen kunnen zowel een extern als intern karakter hebben en zijn in grote maten bepalend voor de legitimatie van deze praktijk. De grote externe druk die analysten en investeerders uitoefenen op bedrijven om aan bepaalde winstverwachtingen te voldoen, zet managers vaak aan tot het implementeren van een verscheidenheid aan earnings management technieken die hen helpen deze cijfers te halen. Deze technieken zijn echter niet per definitie frauduleus en kunnen, indien toegepast binnen het wetgevend kader, zelfs als positief bestempeld worden. Zo wordt earnings management vaak ingezet om excessieve fluctuaties in bedrijfswinsten te voorkomen om zo een zekere stabiliteit op lange termijn te creëren. Zolang het ‘egaliseren’ van de bedrijfswinsten in overeenstemming blijft met de werkelijke economische realiteit van een onderneming kunnen de gevolgen positief zijn. Zo kan het reduceren van de gepercipieerde volatiliteit van de inkomstenstroom van bedrijven voordelig zijn voor investeerders aangezien het speculanten ontmoedigd . Een lage inkomstenvolatiliteit verlaagd bovendien de gepercipieerde kans op een faillissement en bijgevolg ook de leningskosten van ondernemingen. Daarnaast kan het managen van inkomsten bedrijven helpen om tegemoet te komen aan hun leningsvoorwaarden, voorraaddrempels en andere gereguleerde vereisten. Op die manier kunnen ze het potentiële risico van onverwachte situaties, zoals bijvoorbeeld de stijging van inputprijzen, in zeker maten inperken. Voorbeelden van legitieme technieken van earnings management zijn bijvoorbeeld het uitstellen van bepaalde aankopen, bepaalde verkopen of andere transacties of met andere woorden; het accelereren van uitgaven wanneer opbrengsten hoog zijn of het uitstellen van bepaalde uitgaven wanneer opbrengsten laag zijn. Belangrijk in dit verband is uiteraard dat de gerapporteerde cijfers steeds in overeenstemming zijn met de werkelijke economische realiteit van de onderneming en dat het toepassen van deze technieken kaderen in een lange termijn strategie waarbij opportunisme en individuele voordelen voor managers worden uitgesloten.

Earnings management kan echter ook leiden tot het uitbuiten van de achterpoortjes in de ‘generally accepted accounting principles’ (GAAP) om zo bewust de bedrijfsresultaten te manipuleren. Er zal steeds een verleiding bestaan onder managers om earnings op een niet legitieme wijze te managen indien ze er zelf baat bij hebben, denk maar aan managers wiens compensatie gebaseerd is op resultaten of managers die in het bezit zijn van bepaalde opties. Dergelijk opportunisme kan zich bijgevolg vertalen in manipulatie of het bewust verzwijgen van financiële informatie om de economische realiteit van een onderneming op korte termijn foutief te representeren. Voorbeelden van deze frauduleuze vormen van earnings management zijn het vroegtijdig of overoptimistisch boeken van inkomsten alvorens een verkoop is overeengekomen of een product/dienst is afgeleverd. Ook het achterhouden van schulden om een gunstiger resultaat te kunnen rapporteren, kan worden geclassificeerd als fraude. Deze vormen van earnings management reduceren de betrouwbaarheid van financiële resultaten, misleiden investeerders en ondermijnen uiteindelijk het functioneren van de markt.

Earnings management omvat zowel legitieme als minder legitieme manieren om winsten te egaliseren of bepaalde vooropgestelde targets te behalen. Ondanks de strikt omschreven regels omtrent deze praktijk, blijft de grens tussen wat al dan niet legitiem is eerder vaag in de praktijk. Earnings management kan als legitiem en positief gezien worden indien het zich voltrekt binnen de wet en niet in strijd is met de economische realiteit van een onderneming. Echter de grote druk die ondernemingen ervaren om te voldoen aan bepaalde quota’s, standaarden en behoeften van investeerders kan leiden tot onethische en frauduleuze accounting praktijken. Het is bijgevolg essentieel dat leden van het auditcomité met passende vragen en een juist oordeel trachten te achterhalen of bepaalde toegepaste technieken van earnings management legitiem zijn of er net op gericht zijn de werkelijke financiële situatie van een onderneming te verdoezelen.

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