...nitrogen affects the growth in arable and non-arable soils. Introduction: Nitrogen is known by others to be the main component that is most likely to limit growth in several ordinary terrestrial and marine ecosystems (Vitousek & Howarth, 1991). Arable soil is the perfect kind of soil used in agriculture that allows a variety of crops to grow (M.U.S.E., 2010). Hypothesis: It is determined that plants only grow on arable land when receiving an adequate amount of nitrogen fertilizer. Methods: To get my lab results I started with the introduction video titled Using the Scientific Method. At the end of the video a table appeared which represented the amount of mineral nitrogen fertilization. To gather data for the Arable soil, and the Nonarable Sandy Loam soil this following process was taken, in step 1 I clicked on the amount of mineral nitrogen which started with 0, and then I clicked the Arable Soil button which gave me the amount of yield of maize. I clicked the Nonarable Sandy Loam Soil button to get the amount of yield of maize. I repeated this step 1 process from the chart that is measure in multiplies of 20, up to 180. After gathering this information I filled in the lab report with the number of yield of maize for each amount of mineral nitrogen for the Arable and Nonarable soil. Results: This is my results from my lab report. Table 1: Maize Yield From Arable Soil Amount of Mineral Nitrogen Fertilization (kg per 100 acres) Yield of Maize (mg of dry mass per 100...
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...American Intercontinental University Biology Lab Professor Individual Project: Unit 1 The Scientific Method Name: Sarah Ehrlich Date: March 30, 2014 Instructor’s Name: Robert Carter Assignment: SCIE207 Phase 1 Lab Report Title: Using Scientific Method Table 1: Maize Yield from Arable Soil |Amount of Mineral Nitrogen Fertilization (kg per 100 |Yield of Maize (mg of dry mass per 100 acres per year) in | |acres) |Arable Soil | |8 |15.6 | |10.7 |17.0 | |13 |18.2 | |15.2 |19.3 | |16.4 |20 | |18.2 |20.9 | |19.2 |21.2 | |20.8 ...
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...Name: Date: March 29 2013 Instructor’s Name: Assignment: SCIE207 Phase 1 Lab Report Title: Using Scientific Method Table 1: Maize Yield From Arable Soil |Amount of Mineral Nitrogen Fertilization (kg per 100 acres) |Yield of Maize (mg of dry mass per 100 acres per year) in | | |Arable Soil | |40 |13 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ...
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...Assignment: SCIE207 Phase 1 Lab Report Title: Using Scientific Method Table 1: Maize Yield From Arable Soil Amount of Mineral Nitrogen Fertilization (kg per 100 acres) Yield of Maize (mg of dry mass per 100 acres per year) in Arable Soil 0 8 20 10.7 40 13 60 15.2 80 16.4 100 18.2 120 19.2 140 20.8 160 20.4 180 20.1 Table 2: Maize Yield From Nonarable Sandy Loam Soil Amount of Mineral Nitrogen Fertilization (kg per 100 acres) Yield of Maize (mg of dry mass per 100 acres per year) in Nonarable Sandy Loam Soil 0 15.6 20 17 40 18.2 60 19.3 80 20 100 20.9 120 21.2 140 21.8 160 21.1 180 20.1 The amount of mineral nitrogen fertilization (kg per 100 acres) is correlated with the yield of Maize (mg of dry mass per 100 acres per year). When the increase of the mineral nitrogen fertilizer increases, so does the amount in Maize 0 to 180kg for a hundred acres. This study shows that 0 to 180kg of nitrogen fertilizer will produce about 8 mg per year over one hundred acres. When the fertilizer reaches between 140 to 180kg it produces twenty mg of dry mass. The conclusion for this is the more nitrogen fertilizer is added, the more it prevents the plant from growing. Purpose I will observe what happens when nitrogen fertilizer is used on a maize crop and measure the growth in mg in a one year period. Introduction Maize crops depend a lot on nitrogen fertilizer to its growth. Farmers have used nitrogen fertilizer over the year and have understood the...
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...Name: Quincey Jones II Date: 1/12/14 Instructor’s Name: Assignment: SCIE207 Phase 1 Lab Report Title: Using Scientific Method Instructions: You will need to write a 1-page lab report using the scientific method to answer the following questions: • Define a hypothesis that is suggested by the data collected in the lab. • Complete a lab report using the scientific method. When your lab report is complete, post it in Submitted Assignment files. Part 1: Using the lab animation, fill in the following data tables to help you generate your hypothesis, outcomes, and analysis: Table 1: Maize Yield From Arable Soil |Amount of Mineral Nitrogen Fertilization (kg per 100 |Yield of Maize (mg of dry mass per 100 acres per year) in | |acres) |Arable Soil | |0 |8 | |20 |10.7 | |40 |13 | |60 |15.2 | |80 |16.4 | ...
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...Research Journal of Management Sciences ____________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1171 Vol. 2(5), 20-23, May (2013) Res. J. Management Sci. Modeling a Small Farm Livelihood System using Linear Programming in Bindura, Zimbabwe Majeke Felix, Majeke Judith, Mufandaedza Jonathan and Shoko Munashe Department, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, ZIMBABWE Available online at: www.isca.in Received 30th January 2013, revised 15th February 2013, accepted 30th April 2013 Abstract A livelihood system is the full range of activities available to an individual farmer. Communal farmers are often faced with the problem of how to select the optimal cropping patterns that significantly contribute to sustainable production. In this study, a linear program that reflects these choices by selecting a combination of farm activities that is feasible given a set of fixed farm constraints and that maximizes income while achieving other goals such as food security is developed. Results obtained by using linear programming and traditional methods are compared. The results obtained by using the linear programming model are more superior. The difference in gross income is 44.65%. Keywords: Communal farmer; linear programming; whole-farm plan; optimal crop combination; maximizing income. Introduction Communal farmers are usually faced with the problem of how to allocate their limited production resources among cropping and livestock activities1. These farmers always...
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...RURAL AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION Zambia has a total surface area of 752,000 square kilometres of land mass fifty-eight percent of which is arable; currently only fourteen percent of the arable land is under cultivation. United Nations (2011:31) Zambia experiences three weather seasons. The warm rainy season; this is between November and April; the cool dry season, this is between May and July and the hot dry season, which is between August and October. There is only one raining season and the agriculture sector in the country is dependent on rain. Hence there is only one planting season in Zambia. Zambia has three (3) agro-ecological zones that are based on the physical and climatic conditions. Zone I accounts for about twelve percent of the country and has low altitude .It receives about 600-800mm rainfall annually. It comprises of subsistence farming of crops like sorghum and millet cultivated using mainly family labour using simple farm tools. Zone II covers forty-eight percent of the country. ‘Zone II receives about 800-1000mm rainfall annually. The farmers usually grow maize. This zone is most mechanised and consequently is the most commercialised in crop production. Crops mainly grown are cotton, wheat and soybeans. The country’s cash crops such as spices, flowers and fruits products are grown in this zone. Zone III makes up forty-two percent of the total land area. This has the highest...
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...2. FREE HOLD This is reserve land especially on the unproductive land. Mostly used as collateral before independence. 3. STATELAND This is the acquisition and control of land by the president in public interest. This is administered by the ministry of Lands which issues title deeds in collaboration with the council. 4. LEASEHOLD This is the statutory lease of land for a maximum period of 99 years. This also requires the consent of the president. Certificates of title are also issued. B. TYPES OF FARMING TRADITIONAL FARMING This is the farming or growing of crops basically for the family’s’ sustenance. Small portions of land are cleared and the crops are food crops for consumption. No complicated machinery is used apart from axes and hoes. The following are some of the traditional systems: CHITEMENE SYSTEM • • • Cultivation involves the chopping of small trees, branches and some top of large trees by men and boys in May to August. Small branches are usually carried by women and girls and put into piles. This is usually done between June...
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...SCHOOL OF VOCATIONAL AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION (SPECIAL), OYO AN ASSIGNMENT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION COURSE CODE: AGE 121 COURSE TITLE: ARABLE CROP PRODUCTION QUESTION: DISCUSS THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION BY ABDUL-RASHEED MUHAMM DEPARTMENT: SHI/AGE DR. S. O. AGBATO AND MRS. SALAMI LECTURER IN CHARGE Climate change induced by increasing greenhouse gases is likely to affect crops differently from region to region. For example, average crop yield is expected to drop down to 50% in Pakistan according to the UKMO scenario whereas corn production in Europe is expected to grow up to 25% in optimum hydrologic conditions. More favourable effects on yield tend to depend to a large extent on realization of the potentially beneficial effects of carbon dioxide on crop growth and increase of efficiency in water use. Decrease in potential yields is likely to be caused by shortening of the growing period, decrease in water availability and poor vernalization. The overall effect of climate change on agriculture will depend on the balance of these effects. Assessment of the effects of global climate changes on agriculture might help to properly anticipate and adapt farming to maximize agricultural production. At the same time, agriculture has been...
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...A. According to the study, the Asia-Pacific region will experience the worst effect on rice and wheat yields worldwide, and decreased yields could threaten the food security of 1.6 billion people in South Asia. B. The crop model indicates that in South Asia, average yields in 2050 for crops will decline from 2000 levels by about 50 percent for wheat, 17 percent for rice, and about 6 percent for maize because of climate change. C. In East Asia and the Pacific, yields in 2050 for crops will decline from 2000 levels by up to 20 percent for rice, 13 percent for soybean, 16 percent for wheat, and 4 percent for maize because of climate change. D. With climate change, average calorie availability in Asia in 2050 is expected to be about 15 percent lower and cereal consumption is projected to decline by as much as 24 percent compared to a no climate change scenario. E. In a no-climate change scenario, the number of malnourished children in South Asia would fall from 76 to 52 million between 2000 and 2050, and from 24 to 10 million in East Asia and the Pacific. Climate change will erase some of this progress, causing the number of malnourished children in 2050 to rise to 59 million in South Asia and to 14 million in East Asia and the Pacific, increasing the total number of malnourished children in Asia by about 11 million. F. To counteract the effects of climate change on nutrition, South Asia requires additional annual investments of 1.5 billion USD in rural development...
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...Despite the arguments against them, GM crops are the food of the future. The ability of GM crops to increase yield per acre and increase nutritional value of foods directly combats the current global food shortage crisis. And as the population continues to grow, GM crops are the best and most effective way to meet the nutritional needs to the world without harming the environment. GM practices conserve natural resources because the focus on efficiency cuts down on the need for arable land and natural resources. GM technology has also extended the longevity of crops, which decreases the volume of food waste. While opponents of GM crops cite health and biological arguments against GM crops, the majority of these arguments are theoretical and lack the statistical evidence to disprove GM crops as a safe and effective way to feed humankind. While there is no problem with GM technology itself, there is, unfortunately, a widespread misuse of GM technology in the hand of corporate interests. Thus, moving forward, we must be maximize the potential of GM crops by utilizing the technology to feed humankind and protect the environment rather than to maximize profit. It’s time for the government to wrestle the monopoly away from...
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...Case study of the Economic Problem The basic economic problem Economists distinguish between wants and needs; needs are those things which people require to survive. These comprise food, water and protection from the elements in the form of shelter and clothing. Nestlé products fall into two of these categories (food and water). However they can only be described as wants because it is possible to survive without consuming any Nestlé products at all. All resources are considered scarce because the wants for them (the demand) outstrip the various uses for them (the supply). This means that they have to be shared out (distributed) by a mechanism such as price. There are numerous ways in which a resource may be used, an opportunity cost is therefore created whenever one use is preferred over another. If water is used for industrial production, it is not available for agriculture or domestic consumption. Water is a classic example of the distribution problem of scarce resources. There is actually enough water in the world for everyone's needs, and it is not a resource that is ever 'used up' in the way that other resources can be consumed. The amount of water in the earth's water cycle - evaporating from the sea, then falling as precipitation over land - is constant, the problem is one of distribution - it is not always located where it is needed. Read more: http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/nestle/sustainability-and-water/the-basic-economic-problem.html#ixzz1oPYHca55 Case...
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...INTRODUCTION Bangladesh is a country with a population of about 150 million; population density being the highest in the world. Agriculture still remains the mainstay in national economy despite rapid industrialization. It plays a significant role in the overall economic development of Bangladesh in terms of contribution to GDP (19.79%), employment (63%), export (15%), food security and poverty reduction. Over the past 50 years, per capita arable land dropped to 0.06 ha. Growing enough food for such a large and growing population with shrinking land is a daunting task. The country has only 8.20 million hectares of agricultural land. In the last two decades, Bangladesh made a significant progress in cereal production. The cereal production has increased from 11.00 million tons in 1971 to almost 30.00 million tons in 2006. Ninety eight per cent of food comes from agriculture. In spite, the food grain production in Bangladesh is facing great challenges due to increasing population, decreasing agricultural land, depleting natural resource base, climate change etc. Rice is the main crop that covers nearly 75% of cropped area contributing over 95% of total food grain production. It provides about 65 percent of direct human calorie intake. It is considered as the center of food security and socio-political stability. Major challenges in agriculture are to overcome the stress like pest and diseases or climatic hazards like submergence, salinity, drought, heat, cold, soil toxicity...
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...EUROPEAN COMMISSION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT Directorate L. Economic analysis, perspectives and evaluations L.5. Agricultural trade policy analysis Brussels, July 2008 High prices on agricultural commodity markets: situation and prospects A review of causes of high prices and outlook for world agricultural markets This working document does not necessarily represent the official views of the European Commission High prices on agricultural commodity markets: situation and prospects Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION AND STOCKTAKING................................................................ 4 FACTORS BEHIND INCREASING PRICES ........................................................... 6 TEMPORAL DIMENSION OF FACTORS: TEMPORARY OR STRUCTURAL......................................................................................................... 11 4.1. Changes in agricultural production and trade due to physical characteristics of production ........................................................................... 11 4.2. Economic parameters ...................................................................................... 14 4.2.1. 4.2.2. 4.2.3. 4.2.4. 4.3.1. 4.3.2. 4.3.3. 4.3.4. 4.3.5. Population and income growth.......................................................... 14 Price of crude oil and related costs.......
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...Emir. J. Food Agric. 2009. 21 (1): 10-20 http://cfa.uaeu.ac.ae/ejfa.shtml 10 Growth and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) as influenced by poultry manure and NPK fertilizer A. O. Adekiya1 and T. M. Agbede2 1Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; 2Department of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria Abstract: Four field trials were conducted during the years 2006 and 2007 at Owo, the forest- savanna transition zone in southwest Nigeria, to study the effect of poultry manure (PM), NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer and NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer + poultry manure on the growth and yield of tomato. Seven treatments were applied to the soil: 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 t ha-1 poultry manure , 300 kg ha-1 NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer and 150 kg ha-1 NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer + 10 t ha-1 poultry manure. These were laid out in a randomized complete block design and replicated three times. The treatments were compared on the basis of their effect on soil chemical properties, leaf nutrient content, growth and yield of tomato. All levels of poultry manure and NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer + poultry manure increased leaf N, P, K, Ca and Mg levels. The soil chemical properties except pH increased with amount of poultry manure. NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer alone did not increase the soil and leaf Ca and Mg. All levels of poultry manure, NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer alone and NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer + poultry manure...
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