...Malaysia in the 1990s: Case Study Analysis Ece Alkan Southern States University Abstract This article offers a case analysis of Malaysia economic growth. Malaysia has lots of natural resources and they started to diversify their export product. Malaysia was very succesful producer and exporter of natural rubber, tin and oil palm. Especially, timber was very important for economy. The Western press had been talking about deforestation and environmental groups were trying to change their forest policies. The prime minister had to consider about new development strategies. Malaysia regulated forests area and forbade timber production. After the riot in the 1969, Malaysia changed the policy and it contributed education, employment and ownership quality. Mahathir’s strategy provided growth whereas, it led to not equal situation among rich and poor people. Globalization affected Malaysia not only positive, but also negative way by increasing trade. Keywords: timber, deforestation, forest MALAYSIA IN THE 1990S: CASE STUDY ANALYSIS In the 1991, Mahattir bin Mohammad, who is the Malaysian prime minister about to address the United Nations General Assembly to meet with American business people who are potential investors for the country. Since Malaysia’s independent day, it had showed an upward trend in economy and politicy. The prime minister wanted to maintain that stability. (Ellet, 2007, p. 235) The Western press had been talking about deforestation especially in the East Malaysian...
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...DATABASE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION DAT604 CAR RESERVATION SYSTEM Prepared by: Atittegeb Gebreselassie Raj Gopal Parimi Rakesh Mudireddy Sreenesh Tokala Instructor: Mohammad Amin Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2.1. Purpose 2.2. Scope 2. Chen ER Diagram 3. Relations 4. Database schema and tools used 5. Pros and Cons of this project 6. Application for different uses 7. Conclusion 8. References 1. Introduction 2. Chen ERD To describe car reservation database, the first step we used is high level or conceptual data model. Conceptual data model uses entities, attributes and relationships. We have 4 strong entities and one weak entity. Below is a list of each entity and their attributes in a table. We selected a primary key for each strong entity. The primary key is underlined and noted with (PK) under the attributes list. We have one weak entity named DRIVER. It doesn’t have a primary key by itself. It depends on the customer. But we chose the driver ID as a partial key. The relationship among entities will be described using ERD later in the Chen ER diagram section of this project. ENTITY | ATTRIBUTES | CUSTOMER | * Name * address * Phone number * Email * Customer ID (PK) | DRIVER | * Name * Address * Phone Number * Driver ID (Partial K) | RESERVATION | * Reservation ID(PK) * Deposited amount * Pickup date * Return date | RENTAL_COMPANY | * Address *...
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...In 1991, Mahathir Mohamad, reached his tenth year as prime minister of Malaysia, a country that observed a long period of economic stability with an annual average economic growth of 6.2% in the previous decade. Concerned about the new stages of economic development Mahathir went to New York looking for of foreign investment. In that time, the timber exportation had brought more foreign exchange than tin and rubber exportation. However, studies had indicated that this harvest without a rigid control would lead to a rapid deforestation of the region. Environmental groups, that said be concerned about the consequences of deforestation, threatened to boycott the use in the Western of timber-derived products produced by Malaysia. In this scenario, the question to be analyzed is to answer to international pressure of environmentalists, to ensure the attraction of new investments, without an abrupt break with the timber industry, essential for the politic economic and social stability of the country. The most appropriate decision is partially accept the demands of environmentalists. The short-term action is to resume the agenda of the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) to search results that combine economic viability and environmental of the timber industry. Although internally controversial, the deforestation reduction will be naturally seen as a market move in response to projections of falling of commodities prices. In the long term, the country should direct...
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...attention in the past years as a rapidly developing country in a very dynamic region. This can be shown with the amount of Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) Malaysia receives and has received throughout the years even within a context of a worldwide recession and a global economic crisis. Firstly, I will explain more in detail what an FDI is, the trend it has been following in Malaysia and the way it has been growing on the time span of 1990 to 2010. Secondly, I will mention the rate of growth in Malaysia’s economy by analyzing its Gross Domestic Product and its economic growth in general and finally I will try to find a link between this trend that FDIs are following in Malaysia and how the Malaysian society is evolving in terms of transfer of technology, employment, income distribution and poverty and environment. A Foreign Direct Investment is an “overseas equity investment by a private multinational corporations” according to Todaro and Smith’s Economic development. Almost every country in the world has been known to emit FDIs as well as receive them. Malaysia is no different, especially being in such a dynamic region, Southeast Asia , it has attracted a lot of foreign businesses and continues to attract them as we will show later on in the paper. The reason Malaysia attracts foreign firms is not only its cheap labor and relatively abundant resources as the government also has a role to play in it. For example,...
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...Income Inequality, Poverty and Development Policy in Malaysia By A.H.Roslan School of Economics, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010 UUM Sintok, Kedah Darul Aman, MALAYSIA E-Mail: ahroslan@uum.edu.my Fax: (006)-04-9285751 Abstract This paper examines income inequality and poverty in Malaysia. It is argued that government intervention under the New Economic Policy has been successful in generating economic growth and development of the country in general, and in the development of the Malay ethnic group in particular. Government intervention that begins in the 1970s has significantly reduced poverty, particularly poverty amongst the Malay ethnic group. Furthermore, the overall income inequality as well as interethnic and rural-urban inequality has also decline since the middle of 1970 to 1990. Since 1990 however, even though poverty has decline further, income inequality has started to rise. Besides there emerge a new dimension of inequality, that is intraethnic inequality. This paper argues that the existence of intra-ethnic inequality, particularly intra-Malay inequality, pose the major challenge to Malaysian policymakers. The reason is that, government intervention under the New Economic Policy is articulated in the political rhetoric of ethnicity, and it appears to be coherent in addressing the problem of poverty amongst the Malays when majority of them were in poverty. The New Economic Policy has significantly reduced poverty amongst the Malay, and there...
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...Tourism is identified as a crucial growth engine by developing countries around the world including Malaysia in its effort to transform itself into a high-income country by the year 2020. Malaysia’s tourism industry serves as a vital foreign exchange generator, magnet for investments and a major contributor to the nation’s employment rates. Tourism makes up 5% (RM124.7 billion) of Malaysia’s GDP in 2011 and 13.8% of total employment (World Travel & Tourism Council 2011). According to Dato’ Sri Dr. Ng Yen Yen, the country’s pleasant weather and eco-diversity attract over 25 million tourists a year, earning over RM60 billion in tourist receipts. These figures refer to international inbound tourists, meaning the number of tourists from overseas who travel to Malaysia without exceeding 12 months of stay. This essay aims to study the international tourism sector in Malaysia by first analyzing the demand trends of Malaysia’s international inbound tourism and thereafter presenting the long-run effects of demand determinants as a justification of tourist arrival patterns. The tourism supply perspective focuses on the two major components, namely the supply of hotels and airlines. Together with complementary data from the supply and demand of international tourism, the affect on prices is surveyed. Lastly, distinct government policies aimed at tackling shortcomings in the development of the industry will be addressed. In the efforts of broadening Malaysia’s economic base, the government...
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... 1.1 PANDANGAN UMUM BAB Kajian ini dijalankan dengan tujuan untuk memahami dan menjelaskan amalan perundingan yang dijalankan oleh kerajaan Malaysia dalam usaha menyelesaikan perbalahan dan perbezaan pandangan dalam hubungan antarabangsa. Bab pengenalan ini menjelaskan motivasi yang mendorong kepada kajian ini, tinjauan kepentingan amalan perundingan dan membuat keputusan, jurang literatur, objektif, methodologi dan kepentingan kajian serta batasan kajian, organisasi kajian dan akhirnya dibuat satu ringkasan. 1.2 PERNYATAAN MASALAH KAJIAN Sebagai seorang pemerhati dan penganalisa hubungan Malaysia-Singapura, saya mendapati bahawa hubungan dua hala antara Malaysia dan Singapura berjalan dengan lancar pada peringkat kerjasama antara kerajaan dengan kerajaan, antara agensi dengan agensi dan antara rakyat dengan rakyat. Hubungan perdagangan antara kedua-dua negara sangat akrab dan menguntungkan kedua-dua pihak. Dari segi kerjasama dalam isu keselamatan didapati agensi polis dan pasukan keselamatan telah menjalin hubungan yang sangat baik dalam menghadapi ancaman keselamatan samaada dari dalam negeri atau pun dari luar sempadan kedua-dua buah negara. Walau bagaimanapun dalam isu Point of Agreement (POA) yang dimeterai secara sulit antara Tun Daim Zainuddin (Malaysia) dengan Lee Kuan Yew (Singapura) pada 27 Nov 1990 yang telah tertangguh selama 20 tahun untuk dilaksanakan seolah-olah menidakkan kemesraan hubungan dua hala ini dan menjadi pula satu anamoli dalam...
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...Reproduced from Federal-State Relations in Sabah, Malaysia: The Berjaya Administration, 1976-85 by Regina Lim (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008). This version was obtained electronically direct from the publisher on condition that copyright is not infringed. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior permission of the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Individual articles are available at < http://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg > REFERENCES Abinales, Patricio N. Making Mindanao: Cotabato and Davao in the Formation of the Philippine Nation-state. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2000. Abinales, Patricio N. and Donna J. Amoroso. State and Society in the Philippines. Lanham, M.D.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005. Ahmad Ibrahim. “The Administration of Muslim Law Enactment, Sabah, 1977 (No. 15 of 1977)”. Journal of Malaysian and Comparative Law 5, no. 2 (1978): 359–62. Andaya, Barbara W. “Cash Cropping and Upstream-downstream Tensions: The Case of Jambi in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries”. In Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era: Trade, Power, and Belief, edited by Anthony Reid. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1993. Baker, M. H. Sabah: The First Ten Years as a Colony. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysia Publishing House, 1965. Black, Ian. “The Ending of Brunei Rule in Sabah, 1878–1902”. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 41, no. 2 (1968): 176–92. ———. A Gambling Style of Government:...
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...1) Identify the factors which account for the growth of the manufacturing industry in Malaysia and assess their relative importance. Malaysia is classified as one of Asia’s NICs on the basis of its rapid economic development. Along with its southern and northern neighbours Indonesia and Thailand, Malaysia is classified as a “second wave” Asian Tiger, rather than a first like South Korea and Singapore are. It is more than 30 years since multinational companies, with headquarters in North America, Western Europe and Japan, began relocating and expanding units of production in selected Asian countries to take advantage of lower costs of production. As a result this has accounted for the growth of manufacturing industry in Malaysia. The first factor that explains the economic miracle of industrial growth in any of the Asian countries is cheap labour. During the 1970s, increasing personal prosperity in MEDCs fuelled the growth of the consumer society, which in turn accelerated the demand for a wide range of electrical and other household goods and clothes. These are either assembled in factory production lines, or are made using high inputs of labour. Cheap labour was a vital factor in terms of kick-starting the revolution of Malaysia’s manufacturing industry, it offered many large companies the incentive to locate there in the first place, such companies as; Hewlett Packard, Bosch and Fairchild - delivers energy efficient power semiconductor, analog, discrete & optoelectronic...
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...ECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF MALAYSIA Malaysia is a small and open state-oriented and newly industrialized market economy. The code for the Malaysia currency is MYR. The currency of Malaysia is Ringgit Malaysia (RM) and is unofficially identified as the Malaysian dollar. Ringgit comes into notes and coins. A Ringgit can be divided into 100 cents. The currency is denominated into RM1, RM2, RM5, RM10, RM50 and RM100 while the Ringgit is denominate into 5 cents, 10 cents, 20 cents and 50 cents. The currency of Malaysia is currently pegged at RM3.80 to US$1.00. Malaysia centre bank is Bank Negara Malaysia. Malaysia main trading partner is U.S, Japan and Singapore. Through the background economic of Malaysia, the largest deposits of tin in the 1840s led to Malaysia is being responsible for nearly half of the world’s tin output. Started in the early 20th century, the booming of the country’s agricultural sector is being seen that the rubber is replacing tin as Malaysia main export product. Today, Malaysia is one of the largest exporters of semiconductors and electronic goods. The factories devote about 30% Malaysia’s total manufacturing sector output and there are 40 semiconductor companies operating in Malaysia. By the time, the International multi-national companies have set up assembly and testing units in Malaysia. The important reserves of oil and gas are founded. The oil production occurs near Peninsular Malaysia as well as the regions of Sabah in east Malaysia ad Sarawak. Natural...
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...Wawasan 2020 or Vision 2020 is a malaysian ideal introduced by the former Prime Minister of Malaysia, Mahathir bin Mohamad during the tabling of the Sixth Malaysia Plan in 1991. The vision calls for the nation to achieve a self-sufficient industrialized nation by the year 2020, encompasses all aspects of life, from economic prosperity, social well-being, educational worldclass, political stability, as well as psychological balance. In order to achieve Vision 2020, Mahathir lamented that the nation required an annual growth of 7% (in real terms) over the thirty-year periods (1990–2020), so that the economy would be eightfold stronger than its 1990 GDP of RM115 billion. This would translate to a GDP of RM920 billion (in 1990 Ringgit terms) in 2020.Wawasan 2020 is also the title of an article by William Greider about globalization in Malaysia.Mahathir had outlined nine strategic challenges that Malaysia must overcome to achieve Vision 2020. The first challenge is establishing a united Malaysian nation made up of one Bangsa Malaysia (Malaysian Race). The second challenge is creating a psychologically liberated, secure and developed Malaysian society. The third challenge is fostering and developing a mature democratic society. The fourth challenge is establishing a fully moral and ethical society. The fifth challenge is establishing a matured liberal and tolerant society. The sixth challenge is establishing a scientific and progressive society. The seventh challenge is establishing...
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...PENGENALAN Terdapat tiga sektor terpenting dalam struktur pengeluaran ekonomi Malaysia iaitu sektor pertama, sektor kedua, dan sektor ketiga. Sektor pertama terdiri daripada aktiviti-aktiviti pertanian, perikanan, perhutanan, perlombongan, dan kuari. Sektor kedua terdiri daripada aktiviti-aktiviti pembinaan dan pembuatan sementara sektor ketiga ialah sektor perkhidmatan seperti elektrik, gas dan air, pengangkutan, penyimpanan dan perhubungan, perdagangan borong dan runcit serta perkhidmatan. Dengan perkataan lain, tiga sektor tersebut memberikan gambaran jenis-jenis pekerjaan bagi kaum Melayu, Cina, India, dan lain-lain di Malaysia iaitu ada yang terlibat dengan sektor pertama, ada yang terlibat dengan sektor kedua dan ketiga. (Lehar, 1998) ISU-ISU EKONOMI DI MALAYSIA Setiap negara di dunia menghadapi masalah sosial dan ekonominya sendiri. Negara kita juga tidak dapat lari daripada masalah-masalahnya. Beberapa isu ekonomi telah dihadapi oleh negara sejak merdeka lagi dan sebahagiannya masih lagi dirasai. Isu-isu ini adalah seperti berikut. 1) Pergantungan Eksport Warisan dari dasar dan pentadbiran penjajah British telah menyebabkan ekonomi negara bergantung kepada pengeluaran dan eksport dua komoditi utama iaitu getah dan bijih timah di Semenanjung, tumpuan eksport ialah lada hitam dan petroleum di Sarawak, dan kayu balak di Sabah. Sebelum merdeka, pendapatan dari eksport kasar merupakan lebih 45 peratus daripada KDNK dan 85 peratus dari jumlah tersebut...
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...INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA 23 JUNE 2010 PRESENTATION OUTLINE Introduction Types of Tasks in EPT Strategies for Task 1 * Describing / Comparing * Sample question & answer Strategies for Task 2 * Format * Sample question & answer Common errors 2 WRITING TASK IN EPT 1 DATA ANALYSIS TASKS 2 ESSAY WRITING ANALYSIS DESCRIBE COMPARE / CONTRAST 150 WORDS 30 MINUTES VARIOUS MODES PARAGRAPHS 250 WORDS 60 MINUTES TASK 1 : REPORT WRITING PIE CHARTS BAR GRAPHS TYPES OF GRAPHS PIE CHART SALMA’S EXPENDITURE FOR SEMESTER 1 10% 15% 35% 40% ENTERTAINMENT FOOD & RENT STUDY MATERIALS TRANSPORTATION BAR GRAPH MOBILE PHONE OWNER GROWTH M I L L I O N S 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 OWNERS IN 1998 OWNERS IN 2008 LINE GRAPH NUMBER OF TOURISTS VISITING MALAYSIA 6 THOUSANDS 5 4 3 HISTORICAL SITES HIGHLANDS BEACHES 2 1 0 1990 1995 2000 YEAR 2010 STRATEGIES FOR TASK 1 5 20 5 • ANALYZE GRAPH • PREPARE OUTLINE • WRITE REPORT • 3 PARAGRAPHS • EDIT INTRODUCTION WHAT IS THE GRAPH ABOUT? Type of graph Title X-Axis Y-Axis Key / legend BAR GRAPH NUMBER OF TOURISTS VISITING MALAYSIA 6 THOUSANDS 5 4 3 HISTORICAL SITES HIGHLANDS BEACHES 2 1 0 1990 1995 2000 YEAR 2005 INTRODUCTION (EXAMPLE) The bar graph compares the number of tourists visiting Malaysia based on three popular...
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...The fastest-growing economies of Malaysia in the developing world is start from year 1970s. Malaysia transformed from a major exporter of palm oil, rubber, tin, tropical timber and other primary commodities to the exporter of manufactured goods and this cause the country Per capita income become doubled in less than a generation. From year around 1970 until year 1980, economic growth was raise around 7.7% and it also raise to 5.8% in year 1980 to year 1990. In year 1990 to year 2005, the economic growth about 6.5%. During year 2008, crisis of financial appear and it caused the economic growth reduce. At the same time, Malaysia having a transformation from primary sector (agriculture based economy) to secondary sector (industrial based). The...
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...1. Introduction The telecommunications sector in Malaysia has undergone significant physical and structural transformation in the past fifteen years. Between 1985 and 2000, the country’s telephone penetration rate rose by 540 per cent. Equally importantly, privatization and liberalization of the sector in the 1980s ushered in an era of regulatory reforms and competition in the sector. The market structure as well as the regulatory framework and institutions for the telecommunications sector continue to evolve. The real challenge lies in what to do after that – putting in place adequate regulatory framework and institutions that will ensure industry growth as well as protect consumer welfare. The on-going micro-regulatory reforms in the sector seek to fine-tune the regulatory mechanisms in the sector. This paper reviews the recent history and development of the telecommunications sector in Malaysia. Section 2 provides a brief historical account of the sector and the current structure of the sector. This is followed by a discussion on regulatory reforms in Section 3. Section 4 examines the impact of reforms in the telecommunications sector. Section 5 concludes by discussing the future policy agenda for the sector. 2. EVOLUTION OF INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 2.1. Physical Expansion The infrastructure sector plays a key role in Malaysia’s economic growth and development. The sector’s share of development expenditure in the various five-years plans implemented...
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