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Maldives

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Introduction
Country Background
“The Maldive Islands, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean formed by a double chain of twenty-six atolls. It stands in the Laccadive Sea, about 700 kilometres (430 mi) south-west of Sri Lanka and 400 kilometres (250 mi) south-west of India.
Being one of the world's poorest developing countries, it is threatened by global warming because of its very low elevation. The main natural resources are fisheries and a marine environment conducive to tourism. The other constraints it faces are small and widely dispersed island communities, limited skilled human resources, and rapid population growth.
Maldives population of 313,920 (2010) inhabits 200 of its 1,192 islands. Maldives' capital and largest city Malé had a population of 103,693 in 2006. It is also one of the Administrative divisions of the Maldives. Traditionally it was the King's Island where the ancient Maldives Royal dynasties were enthroned.” (CountryStudies.us Library of Congress) http://countrystudies.us/maldives/6.htm Determinants of Culture
Geography
The Maldives lies in two rows of atolls in the Indian Ocean, just across the equator. The country is made up of 1,190 coral islands formed around 26 natural ring-like atolls, spread over 90,000 square kilometers. Ninety-nine percent of the Maldives is made up of sea. The people of the islands are widely dispersed across the atolls, with about 200 inhabited islands. About 90 islands are developed as tourist resort and the rest are uninhabited or used for agriculture and other livelihood purposes (Visitmaldives.com). http://www.visitmaldives.com/cn/the-maldives/location-and-geography Language
The official and common language is Dhivehi, an Indo-European language having some similarities with Elu, the ancient Sinhalese language. The first known script used to write Dhivehi is Eveyla akuru script which is found in historical recording of kings (raadhavalhi). Later a script called Dhives akuru was used for a long period. The present-day script is called Thaana and is written from right to left. Thaana is said to have been introduced by the reign of Mohamed Thakurufaanu. English is used widely in commerce and increasingly in government schools (Cavendish, 2006). http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=bl36oP9be8cC&pg=PA292&dq=maldives+language&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UK4VT8j5L42urAeI4pSKAg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=maldives%20language&f=false Education
According to research, “The Maldives has a functional literacy rate of 98%, which is the highest in the South Asia and Indian Ocean region. Educational standards are also among the highest in the region and schools follow the British system of education. English language is used as the medium of instruction in most schools; however, there are schools that provide Arabic and Islamic education specifically” (Government of Western Australia)
Studies have shown that education is the priority in the Maldives (Ferguson & Marlow, 2002). Pre-school education in Maldives exists mainly in the form of the Koranic schools where the purpose is to study the Koran in Arabic. Formal education continues after that in traditional koranic schools, Divehi-medium primary schools or increasingly in English-medium primary schools (Eur, 2003). However, there are no universities in Maldives except for colleges and institutes that teach technical skills. Those that want to further study have to go overseas for further education (Cavendish, 2006). http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=_2UZAQAAIAAJ&q=maldives+education&dq=maldives+education&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hacVT97qNNCxrAeZ-PGKAg&ved=0CGkQ6AEwCA http://www.ccentre.wa.gov.au/ForSchools/CHOGM/WhobelongstotheCommonwealth/Pages/Maldives.aspx http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LclscNCTz9oC&pg=PA831&dq=maldives+education+koran&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8qkVT8n-BdDKrAeGy9TWDQ&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=maldives%20education%20koran&f=false http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=bl36oP9be8cC&pg=PA292&dq=maldives+language&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UK4VT8j5L42urAeI4pSKAg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=maldives%20language&f=false

Religion
Islam is the official and default religion for all Maldivians. The whole population are Sunni Muslims and any open practice of any other religion is forbidden and liable to prosecution (Timothy, 2009). According to the Maldivian sharia law which is known as the Islamic law, Maldives "is based on the principles of Islam", “a non-Muslim may not become a citizen", "no law contrary to any principle of Islam can be applied" and that "citizens are free to participate in or carry out any activity that is not expressly prohibited by sharia or by the law."(Hirschl, 2010) http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=HXgeXBEdvYMC&pg=PA34&dq=a+non-Muslim+may+not+become+a+citizen+maldives&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HqQVT9ySGMbtrAfl4OX-AQ&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=a%20non-Muslim%20may%20not%20become%20a%20citizen%20maldives&f=false http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=0OLftI9psI8C&pg=PA132&dq=maldives++97%25+muslims&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2qIVT_PaBNCxrAeZ-PGKAg&ved=0CFAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=maldives%20%2097%25%20muslims&f=false

Government
Maldives is currently a presidential republic where the president is elected by the people. The President is the head of the government as well as the head of state (Krager&Crahan,, 2001). The President heads the executive branch and appoints the cabinet that is approved by the People's Majlis (Parliament). Following the introduction of a new constitution in 2008, direct elections for the President take place every five years, with a limit of two terms in office for any individual. The current President is Mohamed Nasheed. (Central Intelligence Agency) http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=2wd30pXJxpYC&pg=PA389&dq=maldives+government+structure&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vqYVT57XJ4esrAfGyIm8BQ&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mv.html
Social Structure
“Maldives society was based on a caste system before the 1920s. Due to modernization efforts , Maldives has become more homogeneous in the early 1990s. Traditionally, a significant gap existed between the elite that is living on Male (island) and the remainder of the population in the other islands.
Male inhabits the traditional families of the sultans and of the nobility, which remains as an elite wielding political and economic power. Members and families of the traditionally privileged ruling nobles; government, business, and religious leaders; professionals; and scholars are found there.
The island communities outside Male are in most cases self-reliant, drawing meagre provisions from the sea around them. Islanders on these islands in many instances are interrelated by marriages and form small, tightly knit group whose main economic pursuit is fishing. Apart from the heads of individual households, local influence is exerted by the government appointed island “khatib”, or chief. Regional control over each island is administered by the “atolu verin”, or island chief, and by “thegazi”, or community religious leader. Boat owners as employers, also dominate the local economy and, in many cases, provide an informal, but effective, link to Male's power structure.
The family is the basic unit of society. Roughly 80 percent of Maldivian households consist of a single nuclear family composed of a married couple and their children rather than an extended family. Typically, unmarried adults remain with relatives instead of living alone or with strangers. Men are usually the head of the family household. Women do not accept their husbands' names after marriage but maintain their maiden names.
As Muslims, men may have as many as four wives, but there is little evidence to suggest that many have more than one. Islamic law, as practiced in Maldives, makes divorce easy for men and women. Divorce rates are among the highest in the world. According to the 1977 census, nearly half the women over the age of thirty had been married four times or more. Half of all women marry by the age of fifteen. About 60 percent of men marry at age twenty or later.
The status of women has traditionally been fairly high, as attested to in part by the existence of four sultanas. Women do not veil, nor are they strictly secluded, but special sections are reserved for women in public places, such as stadiums and mosques.” http://atheism.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cshome.html Bibliography
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