...Assignment 6 Final Draft Following the horrific events of the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center, the United States has been unable to completely restore our trust in Middle Eastern nations and people for fear that they will plan another terrorist attack against us. In a post-9/11 world where Americans have become accustomed to associating Middle Easterners with terrorists, season 2 episode 1 of the television series 24 conveys this concept of otherness and the othering of Middle Easterners through its manipulation of time to show the dehumanization of Arabs as a threat to society and to stress the immediacy with which Americans must act against to such dangers. In this scene, 24 employs film analysis elements including windowing and time stamps to manipulate time in a way that emphasizes the immediacy of these actions and alters time as if it were real-time in order to show how Middle Easterners are often “othered” in a post-9/11 world. After the President of the United States has learned of the impending terrorist attack that is to occur in Los Angeles later that day, he says to a colleague that “there is a terrorist with his finger on a trigger, and [they’ve] got to get him.” While he is giving this statement, the episode employs a windowing effect in which the president is speaking in the top half of the screen and a Middle Eastern man, named Reza Naiyeer, is presented on the bottom half while he is driving in a convertible and speaking Arabic on the phone. The use...
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...POODLE VULNERABILITY The Secure Sockets Layer SSL protocol is a cytographic protocol which allows client-server applications to communicate across a network in a way designed to prevent eavesdropping and tampering. The Secure Socket Layer version 3 was adopted when the Secure Socket Layer version 2 was discovered to have multiple serious security flaws but since its adoption additional security issues have been discovered. POODLE being one of them. POODLE (Padding Oracle On Downgraded Legacy Encryption) is a vulnerability that allows a man-in-the-middle attacker to decrypt cipher text using a POODLE attack. The attack exploits a weakness in Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) encryption in SSL in which part of the encrypted data cannot be verified by the receiver when decrypting. The attacker exploits this weakness by replacing part of the encrypted data and forwarding it on to the server. In most cases the server will reject the attackers request but the attacker keeps sending the request until the server accepts the request....
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...have taken to mitigate the risks associated with these threats. External cyber-attacks are on the rise and have become a real challenge for network administrators as well as network design planners to ensure their respective networks are protected from external attacks resulting in loss of website availability, confidential data, and internal processes critical to mission objectives. Cyber-attacks can cost companies large sums of unrecoverable revenue associated with site downtime and possible compromise of sensitive confidential data. It is imperative today’s corporate network is configured and prepared to protect itself from external cyber-attacks. Since there is no 100% method to stop external cyber-attacks, attention to detail must be made in regards to proper configuration of the network to include state of the art hardware and software. To include current security patches for both software and hardware respectively. Additionally, hardware and software measures will be limited in their effectiveness without network policies and techniques to protect against external cyber-attacks such as Denial of Service, Distributed Denial of Service, Masquerading and IP Spoofing, Smurf Attacks, Land c Attacks, and Man-in-the-Middle attacks. In close coordination with our IS team engineers and IT network director an approved plan has been incorporated to minimize risk of an effective cyber-attack on our network. Specifically this plan covers a comprehensive review of current...
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...that they pose. Here are some of the attacks we used as of priority to protect ourselves when looking to see what we would be up against: • DOS/DDOS Attacks • Man In the Middle Attacks / Spoofing • Buffer Overflow • Fragmentation Attacks • Session Hijacking • Social Engineering • SQL Injection / Injection attacks • Eavesdropping • Replay Attacks There are many more attacks possible but these are the attack we focused on. With each threat, we analyzed how these attacks could be used against us and what counter measures would be used to prevent or mitigate such events from happening. DOS/DDOS Attacks- In general, Denial of Service attacks are used to flood an infrastructure with requests to the point where systems cannot keep up with the volume and crash as a result. As a business that relies on bidding and some public access, this can be troublesome as it would crash the website and stop business at critical times. In order to prevent such attacks, a NIDS or Network Intrusion Detection System can and should be implemented to “weed out” false requests from IP addresses that are flooding the system. For further protection the use of a “Honeypot” or trap for hackers can be used to direct any incoming attacks towards a lesser valuable target. Man in the Middle attacks- Man in the middle attacks are exactly what they sound like. The danger in these attacks lay with the hacker who lies between the...
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..................................................................................8&9 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………...9 References……………………………………………………………………………………….10 Abstract The purpose of this paper was to perform a forensics analysis of a network break-in. In the first part of the paper, six screen shots are inserted from the OSForensics software. In the second part of the paper, it discussed how to go about finding information when you are told there has been a break-in. There were five essay questions that went along with this scenario. The first question discussed utilities that would be used to establish what servers were compromised. Web shells, administrative interfaces, and general attack activity were three indicators to make this determination. The second question involved identifying methodologies to find out what network equipment was...
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...Maryam Ahmadi CIM 220 Section B Professor Ali Niknam March 20, 2015 IBM Zone Trusted Information Channel (ZTIC) 1. What are some common types of malicious software, or malware? What best describes the ‘man-in-the-middle’ type attack? * The common types of malicious software or malware are adware, bot, bug, ransomware, rootkit, spyware, Trojan horse, virus, and worm. A ‘man in the middle attack’ is one in which the attacker intercepts messages in a public key exchange and then retransmits them, substituting his own public key for the requested one, so that the two original parties still appear to be communicating with each other. 2. Provide some examples of each type of authentication factor. What are your personal experiences with each? * Personal factor is a personal question that may be used to recover passwords. An authentication factor is a piece of information or process used to verify the identity of a person requesting access to a restricted asset or area. I have never encountered this personal experience in my life thus far with using technology. 3. Can you think of any drawbacks of the ZTIC device? * The drawbacks that the ZTIC device would be a transaction is initiated on a computer with malware installed, the security of the transaction is compromised. Not even a padlocked areas of the internet that would otherwise be secure can protect against this. 4. How might malicious attackers try to get around devices like the ZTIC? *...
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...from the SANS Institute Reading Room site. Reposting is not permitted without express written permission. Analyzing Man-in-the-Browser (MITB) Attacks The Matrix is real and living inside your browser. How do you ask? In the form of malware that is targeting your financial institutions. Though, the machines creating this malware do not have to target the institution, rather your Internet browser. By changing what you see in the browser, the attackers now have the ability to steal any information that you enter and display whatever they choose. This has become known as the Man-in-the-Browser (MITB) attack. AD Copyright SANS Institute Author Retains Full Rights Analyzing Man in the Browser Attacks | 1 Analyzing Man-in-the-Browser (MITB) Attacks GIAC (GCFA) Gold Certification Author: Chris Cain, cicain08@gmail.com Advisor: Dominicus Adriyanto Accepted: December 22nd 2014 Abstract The Matrix is real and living inside your browser. How do you ask? In the form of malware that is targeting your financial institutions. Though, the machines creating this malware don’t have to target the institution, rather your Internet browser. By changing what you see in the browser, the attackers now have the ability to steal any information that you enter and display whatever they choose. This has become known as the Man-in-the-Browser (MITB) attack. No one is safe from a MITB once it is installed, which easily bypasses the security mechanisms we all rely on. By infecting...
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...Access control is also referred as authorization. Authorization is a method which is used to determine what the user will be allowed to access. To ensure proper access control, the web application must ensure both authorization checks, and reliable and secure authentication that can distinguish privileged users from others. • Cross site request forgery(XSRF/CSRF) A CSRF attack typically forces the users to execute unwanted actions while they are logged into a trusted Web site. Cross-site request forgery also called hostile linking. An XSRF attack was used to modify firewall settings, post unauthorized data on a forum or conduct fraudulent financial transactions. The user may never know that such an attack has occurred. The user only found this attack after the damage has been done and a remedy may be impossible. • Cookie Poisoning Cookie positioning involves editing the content of cookie to have an unauthorized access to an application or a web page. The cookie...
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...properly, and people who configure them may not know the current threats and attacks. For example, an administrator maybe working on some task and might leave something open in a firewall where attackers can enter through. Some firewalls have the vulnerability that enables attackers and be defeated. By identifying the network components, you can evaluate their vulnerabilities. These vulnerabilities can have flaws in the technology, configuration, or security policy. Vulnerabilities can be fixed different ways, applying software patches, reconfiguring devices, or deploying countermeasures such as firewalls and antivirus software. Threat is when people take advantage of vulnerability and cause a negative impact on the network. If threat occurs it needs to be identified, and the associated vulnerabilities need to be addressed to minimize the risk. As of today, most of the hackers are interested in hacking services such as HTTP (TCP Port 80) and HTTPS (TCP Port 443), which are open in many networks. By using access control devices, they can detect malicious exploits aimed at these services. Now these days applications has improve and very hard for hackers to get into but the technology need to stay up to date and be more intelligent. The attack methodology requires firewalls to provide not only access control and network protection, but also to understand application behavior to protect against attacks and hazards. Hackers’ always targeting applications and their goal is to get...
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...Identifying Potential Malicious Attacks The CIO Company will use firewalls, intrusion detection systems, virus scanners and other protective software to provide some assurance that the security policies for the site are properly implemented. Firewalls are the basis of computer and network security defense. They are widely deployed. They are very hard to configure properly, and people who configure them may not know the current threats and attacks. For example, an administrator maybe working on some task and might leave something open in a firewall where attackers can enter through. Some firewalls have the vulnerability that enables attackers and be defeated. By identifying the network components, you can evaluate their vulnerabilities. These vulnerabilities can have flaws in the technology, configuration, or security policy. Vulnerabilities can be fixed different ways, applying software patches, reconfiguring devices, or deploying countermeasures such as firewalls and antivirus software. Threat is when people take advantage of vulnerability and cause a negative impact on the network. If threat occurs it needs to be identified, and the associated vulnerabilities need to be addressed to minimize the risk. As of today, most of the hackers are interested in hacking services such as HTTP (TCP Port 80) and HTTPS (TCP Port 443), which are open in many networks. By using access control devices, they can detect malicious exploits aimed at these services. Now these days applications...
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...Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Types of Sensor nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Constraints in WSNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications of WSN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Security Threats in WSN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Cellular Automata 4.1 Reversible Cellular Automata 5 Deployment issues in WSN with specific focus on authentication 5.1 5.2 Authentication of Cluster Head and Base Station . . . . . . . . . Authentication of Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 13 13 14 15 15 15 16 6 Schemes as well as Supporting claims 6.1 6.2 6.3 Cloning attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Replay Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Man-in-the-middle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Conclusion List of Figures 1 2 3 4 5 Wireless sensor Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Components of Sensor Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WSN with three types of sensor nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elementary CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reversible Cellular Automata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 6 7 10 11 The Term Paper Based on ”Hybrid security approach for nodes authentication in wireless sensor network using cellular automata” by Herve Kabamba Mbikayi November 11, 2014...
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...With all the testing and configuration that goes into a FIDO server, there doesn’t seem to be a middle ground. This points to the conclusion that a server is running the FIDO software only which means there is no middle ground during the transition. The only way to achieve a middle ground is to have a pair of servers, one for alphanumeric login and one for FIDO login. The FIDO enable client device is able to connect to both servers, it can do it through FIDO or by signing into the alphanumeric one with the username and...
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...ROWN research combines brute-force decryption of deliberately weakened EXPORT-grade ciphersuites with a Bleichenbacher padding oracle exposed by an SSLv2 server to uncover TLS session keys. Bleichenbacher oracle attacks are well known and defended-against but, ironically, the attack relies on exactly these widely implemented countermeasures to succeed. The original Bleichenbacher attack, while mathematically brilliant, is still relatively infeasible to carry out in practice, requiring the attacker to make hundreds of thousands to millions of connections to the victim server in order to compromise a single session key. This is where the research truly shines: beautiful mathematical techniques reduce the number of connections to the ten thousands, bringing the attack down to a practical level. The researchers spent a mere US$440 on the EC2 cloud platform to decrypt a victim client session in a matter of hours. The attack works against every known SSL/TLS implementation supporting SSLv2. It is, however, particularly dangerous against OpenSSL versions predating March 2015 (more on that below). Bottom line: if you are running OpenSSL 1.0.2 (the first, no-letter release) or OpenSSL 1.0.1l or earlier, you should upgrade immediately. The DROWN attack is nuanced and non-trivial to implement, so we will likely not see immediate exploitation. But, once implemented, the effects are chilling. DROWN attackers can decrypt sessions recorded in the past. All client sessions are vulnerable...
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...identify its potential security holes. The Instruction Detection System comprise from both the Internal and External organizations. Deployment of IDS is easier and doesn’t affect the system resources. NIDS detect many attacks like TCP SYN attack, fragmented packet attack by checking the headers of the packets. IDS have real time...
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... Professor Sandra Kirkland SE572 July 14th, 2011 Table of Contents Introduction 1 Steps 1 Denial-of-Service attacks (DoS) 1 Distributed Denial-of-Service attacks (DDoS) 1 Masquerading and IP Spoofing attacks 2 Smurf attacks 2 Land .c attacks 2 Man-in-the-Middle attacks 3 Conclusion 3 References 4 Introduction Our company faces the largest information security threat and we need to take steps to mitigate the risks associated with each one of them. Steps Denial-of-Service attacks (DoS) We will analyze the attack as best as we can and implement the correct defense. We will ask ourselves if there are any common packet signatures that are easy to filter against. We will ask ourselves if all attackers hitting a single target if they can be sacrificed. We will also need to find out as to which network the attack is coming from, and if we can verify it (remember that spoofed packets can come from anywhere, including our own network). Once we’ve found a reasonable match for the attack, pass the filters to our upstream provider(s) and seek their help getting them propagated outwards. We will need to make sure we filter or redirect traffic with a minimum amount of actual downtime (Kaeo, 2004). Distributed Denial-of-Service attacks (DDoS) CluB: a Cluster-Based architecture is the method we will use to prevent DDoS attacks proactively. In CluB, the network consists of a set of clusters —in the Internet, these can be e.g. Autonomous Systems (AS)...
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