...most people hate any change that does not jingle in their pockets. This resistance to change is well documented. An individual is likely to resist change for three reasons which are uncertainty, concern over personal loss and the belief that the change is not in the organization’s best interests. The leadership styles also adopted by management may also lead to resistance. According to the Harvard Business Review Magazine of 1969, one of the most baffling and recalcitrant of the problems which business executives’ face is employee resistance to change. Such resistance may take a number of forms persistent reduction in output, increase in the number of quits and requests for transfer, chronic quarrels, sullen hostility, wildcat or slowdown strikes, and, of course, the expression of a lot of pseudological reasons why the change will not work. Even the more petty forms of this resistance can be troublesome. All too often when executives encounter resistance to change, they explain it by quoting the cliché that people resist change and never look further. Yet changes must continually occur in industry. This applies with particular force to the all-important little changes that constantly take place changes in work methods, in routine office procedures, in the location of a machine or a desk, in personnel assignments and job titles. A solution which has become increasingly popular for dealing with resistance to change is to get the people involved to participate in making the change...
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...93, No. 2, 453– 462 Copyright 2008 by the American Psychological Association 0021-9010/08/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.93.2.453 Employee Resistance to Organizational Change: Managerial Influence Tactics and Leader–Member Exchange Stacie A. Furst University of Cincinnati Daniel M. Cable The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill The authors explored the relationship between managerial influence tactics and employee resistance to organizational change. Using attribution theory, the authors developed a series of hypotheses concerning the effects of influence tactics on employee resistance to change and the ways in which these relationships are moderated by leader–member exchange. Results, which are based on multisource data, suggest that employee resistance reflects both the type of influence a manager uses and the strength of leader–member exchange. Keywords: organizational change, influence tactics, leader–member exchange, attribution theory Organizations are cooperative systems that rely on the willingness of members to behave in ways that support the organization (Barnard, 1938). However, people’s personal goals often differ from those of the organization, and a primary responsibility of managers is to persuade members to direct their efforts toward organizational goals (Cyert & March, 1963). The importance of employee cooperation may be particularly salient during organizational change—when an organization sets out to establish conditions that are different...
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...employees are fired, and others employed or any other major structural or procedural change is introduced in the organization. A "one-size-fits-all" approach is not effective for change management. Think about these changes: * Acquiring a company of near equal size * Getting suppliers to use a new web-based form and process * Relocating office spaces within an existing building or shifting to a new premises * Restructuring organizational chart to increase efficiency * Reorienting around processes instead of functions * Releasing a new product or adopting new HR policy These are all distinctly different changes, but each requires change management to be successful. Each impacts people and how they do their job. Each can suffer from slower adoption and lower utilization. Each has risks associated with people not becoming engaged or resisting the change. While each of the initiatives needs change management to be successful, the right amount and approach for change management will be different. Change management is a chain of processes employed to ensure that essential changes are implemented in a systematic and controlled manner. One of the aims of change management is the alignment of culture and people with strategic organizational shifts. This helps in overcoming resistance...
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...Introduction It’s like a family quarrel that nobody wants and nobody knows how to stop. The Concord Bookshop, a 64-year-old independent store regarded as one of the best in New England, is beset by a bitter clash between owners and staff. The conflict puts pressure on the store at a time when independent booksellers are reeling from competition from chains and the Internet. Eight of Concord Bookshop’s employees, including the trio of top managers, have quit or given their notice. The staffers’ years of service add up to 73. The three managers, including [the] general manager have worked at the store for a total of 34 years. Meanwhile, a group of outraged local authors . . . has fired off a letter to the owners supporting the staff. The precipitating event was a surprise announcement last month by the owners a group of three families represented by a board led by President Morgan “Kim” Smith of Concord—that a new general manager will be hired. No one was laid off, and no one’s salary was cut. Yet many of the staff were outraged at the de facto demotions, as well as by what they saw as the owners’ immovable stance. “We asked for a meeting with the whole board,” says [a departing staff member]. “We presented our concerns, and they thanked us for our input and said, ‘We’re going to do it our way, and if you don’t like it, each of you will have to make up your mind as to how to proceed.’ Something in me died, the fragile alchemy that made it such a great place to work had...
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...Dennis G. Erwin studied critical factors influencing individual resistance to organizational change based on the literature review of the previous studies. The main objective of the current study is to give some directions to change agents and management team in the organization in order to effectively manage the resistance to change. The selected studies that the author used as the literature review combined a variety of organizational types in both different regional context and change environment. According to the previous studies, the author categorized resistance to change into three dimensions which included behavioural, cognitive and affective dimensions. Firstly, the behavioural dimension works with the way each individual reacts against the change implementation. This behavior can be shown in either positive or negative way of resistance when he or she responses to change. In this respect, this might depend on the degree of individuals’ receptivity (‘readiness’), readiness (active or passive), openness (covert or overt) and support (supportive or resistant) to change initiatives. Secondly, the cognitive dimension involves each individual’s attitude toward the change. According to his study based on those findings, change commitment and evaluations can lead to negative cognitive attitudes toward change. It’s not quite clear whether he mentioned the commitment from management team in the organization or employee commitment, and it’s about the evaluations from previous or...
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...Project: Managing Resistance to Change August 24, 2010 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Organizations initiate change efforts for countless reasons. Failure to properly manage these changes can cause an organization to decline or even fail. Most organizations are faced with ongoing changes due to internal and external pressures. These pressures can lead to strategic changes that affect the entire organization or incremental changes that have a direct impact on a specific area. Given the economy today, organizations must continually scan their external business environment to maintain their competitive advantage by making internal adjustments. Whenever you have change that moves employees from a known to an unknown state, you can best believe you will encounter resistance. Taking employees out of their comfort zone creates fear and uncertainty which results in resistance. Employees resist change for a number of reasons such as a lack of understanding around the change, personal conflicts, differing perceptions, mistrust, social disruption or the potential for loss on a personal level such as power, status and influence. Most of these barriers are a result of ineffective communication. Effective communication can be seen as the bloodline through a change process. Without it, you risk failure to your change initiative. When a change initiative is undertaken, it’s important the organization employ a change manager who is skilled and competent in change management. Change managers...
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...markets, new customer demands, b) new government regulations, global competition c) and vacillating world economy all add up to change. a) Change has no boundaries, it knows no time limit. It cuts across every political divide, economic sector and all social classes Change is constant and unstoppable and so powerful that no one can detour it, except the all mighty God, for he was the same yesterday, is the same today and will ever be the same forever Thus change is constant and inevitable. Change can be classified into two categories namely: 1. unplanned change and 2. planned change. Unplanned change is forced on an organization by external environment. Planned change results from deliberate moves/attempts by management to improve organizational operations, such as quality improvement. Change brings emotions, stress, frustrations and other ill feelings to human kind. The ozone layer is under threat due to environmental changes caused by pollution in the atmosphere. This has resulted in persistent droughts, heat waves...
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...Abstract Resistance to organisational change is seen as one of the impediments to organisational expansion and growth due to its negative repercussions. This study therefore sought to investigate the factors that influence resistance to or- ganisational change at Oti-Yeboah Complex Limited. De- scriptive survey design was adopted to collect information using stratified sampling and self-administered question- naires. Descriptive statistics, bi-variate correlation, regres- sion analysis and t-test were used to analyse the data. The results indicated that less employee participation in deci- sion making and lack of trust in management contributed highly to resistance at Oti-Yeboah Complex Limited. In addition, factors such as lack of motivation, poor chan- nels of communication, and information exchange also contributed to resistance. The study suggests that manage- ment should encourage employee participation in decision making, build confidence, accept constructive criticism, be transparent and communicate clearly the need for change to employees. INTRODUCTION Organisations operate within an increasingly volatile environment and are in a state of constant change. The pressure to change stems from a variety of internal and external sources such as political, economic, social and technological factors (Boojihawon & Segal-Horn, 2006). Leana and Barry (2000) posit that organizational change is aimed at adapting to the environment, improvement...
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...Executive Leadership Summary Change Management All successful companies must incorporate progressive change into their business strategies. The success of change is dependent on the management of the change process. Failure in the change process is common. To better protect against failure, it is recommend that business have an unfreezing process in prelude to implementing change. “Unfreezing in the context of organizational change includes the process by which organizational members beliefs and attitudes about a change are altered so that they perceive the changes as both necessary and likely to be successful” (Choi & Ruona, 2011, P.46). Employee Resistance A management team must understand the reasons why a workforce may resist change and must influence the organizational culture into accepting change as a necessity to grow the business and prosper. Resistance is “… a natural reaction by people who want to protect their self-interests and sense of self-determination” (Yuki, 2010, P.299). There are many reasons at its core. These include (Yuki, 2010, P.299): • Lack of trust • Belief it is unnecessary • Belief it is unfeasible • Economic threats • High costs • Fear of failure • Loss of power • Threats to values • Resentment The management team should be aware that the resistance may come in stages. The stages include denial, anger, mourning, and adaptation. The duration of any particular stage may vary in groups and individuals. Patience, understanding, and a positive...
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...of this paper to describe and discuss resistance to change as it relates to organizations today. I plan to utilize several scholarly references including the book “Managing Organizational Change” as written by Ian Palmer as this book provides insight into diverse aspect of change. I also plan to utilize Brian Palmers book Making Change Work as it looks at the human side of change management. Resistance in an organizational setting is an expression of reservation which arises as a response or reaction to change. It can be defined as a direct consequence of leadership and management failure. According to research there are three recurring reasons behind this failure. The first is “Gap”: this can be described as the gap between the “big picture” strategic vision and the successful implementation. The second is “Resistance”. Resistance is the hidden and built in resistance to change and a lack of processes and change management methodologies. Finally there is “Impact”. Impact includes the failure to take full account of the impact of changes on those who are affected (Warrilow). According to research conducted, in addition to these reoccurring reasons behind resistance to change, it has also been concluded that resistance is a function of social factors. These social factors include the following: • Rational factors: an employees’ own rational assessment of the outcomes of the proposed change differs with the outcomes envisioned by management. These differences cast doubt in the...
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...Implementing Change HCS 475 January 10, 2011 Implementing Change Inevitable in all organizations is change and the success or failure of that change can be a result of how well the manager implements and manages any changes. According to Leban and Stone (2008, “What is change management,” para. 5) “successful change requires a critical mass of people who are committed, are willing to change, and will sustain their new behavior to align with the needs of the change.” With this paper I will discuss a manager’s role and responsibility in implementing change, how a manager can successfully handle staff resistance to change, and define each step of the change process. A manager’s role and responsibility Tom Terez’s (1990) article A Manager’s Guidelines for Implementing Successful Operational Changes lists nine steps for a manager to follow when implementing changes. These steps outline the various aspects managers are responsible for during changes within a department. Preparing for the implementation, the manager’s responsibility is to analyze the environment in which the change will occur. This includes analyzing employee morale, employee engagement, and potential resistance to the change. Step two is to expose details of the change and answer all questions the employees may have. Allowing employees to question reasons for and details of the change will help them understand the organization has nothing to hide. Motivating employees during change is another...
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...Change Management Plan Life in the 21st century is all about change. People face change in some fashion in their personal and professional lives almost on a daily basis. How successful they are in both our personal and professional lives depend a great deal on how easily they can adapt to these changes. Organizations are also susceptible to frequent and oftentimes rapid changes. CrysTel, a telecommunications company, is just such an organization. CrysTel faces both technological and administrative changes regularly due to the telecommunication industry’s rapid and frequent advances. CrysTel employs 2,500 employees and offer products such as data cables, wireless solutions, and network development. (Apollo Group Inc, 2004) Successfully leading and sustaining change within this organization will require a great deal of planning and hard work from all levels of management and leadership. The term “survival of the fittest” (Apollo Group Inc, 2004) is aptly applied to the change process for organizations. Much like in ones personal life, those who are most fit or in this case the most adapt at leading and sustaining change will be the most likely to survive the necessary changes and emerge a stronger more successful organization. CrysTel has taken the first of many important steps required in being able to lead successfully and sustain change within their organization. CrysTel recognized the need for change created by external forces such as the technological advancements of their...
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...Change management - the systems and tools for managing change Scope of change management This tutorial provides a summary of each of the main areas for change management based on Prosci's research with more than 900 organizations in the last 7 years. The purpose of defining these change management areas is to ensure that there is a common understanding among readers. Tools or components of change management include: Change management process Readiness assessments Communication and communication planning Coaching and manager training for change management Training and employee training development Sponsor activities and sponsor roadmaps Resistance management Data collection, feedback analysis and corrective action Celebrating and recognizing success Change management process The change management process is the sequence of steps or activities that a change management team or project leader would follow to apply change management to a project or change. Based on Prosci's research of the most effective and commonly applied change, most change management processes contain the following three phases: Phase 1 - Preparing for change (Preparation, assessment and strategy development) Phase 2 - Managing change (Detailed planning and change management implementation) Phase 3 - Reinforcing change (Data gathering, corrective action and recognition) These phases result in the following approach as shown below in Figure 1. Figure 1 - Change Management Process...
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...Riordan Manufacturing Management and Communication Plan Riordan Manufacturing does not have a defined management and communication plan in place. Management hired a team of consultants to write-up and define the company’s power and political structure, organizational structure, possible effects on employee behavior, details on the company’s culture, and possible sources of resistance. The plan also includes a strategy to implement the changes, determine how to evaluate the success or failure of the new plan, define the most appropriate communication channel to advise employees of the new change, define potential barriers to effective communicate the change, and how to overcome these barriers if they do occur. The following is this plan with each of the listed topics. The current power structure of Riordan Manufacturing is a formal structure concerning the entire organization’s global operations. With facilities and plants in three different locations making different cultures and time zones variables of the organizations structure, formal rules establish a clear set of objectives and procedures for each individual plant’s operations to accomplish the organizations overall objective. Because the internal structure is grouped and organized to allow the different locations to interact and share information that is vital to the success of the organization through research and development, the structure Riordan uses is a traditional structure. Characteristics of Riordan Manufacturing...
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...There are many different types of change management interventions that can be used to implement change into an organisation, or in this case, the organisation, ‘Office Tigers’. It is part of the change agent’s role to assess which one will be the most beneficial, taking into account the organisations ‘unique problems (Lee, 2012), environmental forces and workforce’ (Allen & Macklin, 2012, p. 22). This essay will look at three different change management interventions, employee stress and wellness intervention, reward systems intervention and goal setting intervention, and will then assess the strengths and weaknesses of each intervention, taking into account which one will be the best option for addressing some of the problems identified. The goal setting intervention, as the chosen intervention, will then be analysed, addressing what resistance may be expected upon its implementation at Office Tigers, the best way to overcome this resistance, and how to know if it the intervention has been successfully institutionalized into the organisation and as a result, has improved its performance and effectiveness (Cummings & Worley, 2008, p. 161). Analysis of selected interventions Each of the interventions that will be critically analysed are human resources (HR) management interventions. A HR management intervention aims to solve the problems created by HR issues. These issues revolve around ‘attracting competent people to the organisation, setting goals for them, appraising...
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