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PART I.
COt~UTER

A PROPOSAL FOR THE DEVELOP1~NT OF NETWORKING FACILITIES AT IIASA and

PART II.

IIASA NETWORK PROJECT

J. H. Sexton

December 1975

'tlP-7 5-161

Working Papers are not intended for distribution outside of IIASA, and are solely for discussion and information purposes. The views expressed are those of the author, and do not necessarily reflect those of IIASA.

Laxenburg Austria

2361

I

International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis

CSNOOI March 1975 A PROPOSAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER NETWORKING FACILITIES AT IIASA As a result of meetings with Computer Institutions in Hungary and Czechoslovakia, it has become clear that there exists a concrete opportunity to establish the basis of a Computer Network available as a direct communication resource to IIASA Scientists. That there is a need for Data Communication facilities has become increasingly obvious, as a direct result of the difficulties experienced in exchanging information between IIASA and the NMO's, and between the NMO's themselves. In accordance with the aims of the project to improve and facilitate cooperation between IIASA and Home Institutions a proposal for a preliminary computer network has been cooperation with remote centres. drawn~ up, which will enable IIASA projects to make pilot studies in It will also provide the necessary experience to expand and improve such communication. The latter is important to the decentralisation of IIASA research and to the widening of its sphere of influence. The proposal is one for joint participation with the Computer and Automation Institute in Budapest, and the United Nations Computing Research Centre in Bratislava. The costs would be shared equally between all three participants, and each would supply computer time and the necessary man power. In order that the completion of the first phase of this work should coincide with the planned IFIP-IIASA conference in September, a timetable has been drawn-up for a starting date of the 1st April. and open to modification. It is emphasized however, that the present proposal is purely provisional, When draft proposals have been made by all three parties a meeting will be convened to agree a final form for the proposal.

- 2 The technical details of the proposal now follow:PROPOSAL FOR AN EMBRYO COMPUTER NETWORK The essence of the proposal is to connect together three computer centres as shown in the diagram:-

VI STAR

IIASA

/"

/
/

/
/

BYTE

M~HINE

The exact arrangement at Budapest would be decided in course of the project. or even only one. throughput. Equally the Bratislava centre would be organised by the management there and each of the 3 links would be negotiated by the two parties concerned. However, it is recommended that when agreement in principle has been reached, that joint meetings of all parties concerned should be arranged. It is further proposed that the network should be a packet switched network, and that a common packet protocol shall be agreed and implemented. The line protocols may have to be different, but wherever possible a uniform method will be used. It might, for example, be unnecessary machi~es to use 3 TPA-70s, their function might be included in 2

Part of the study would be to decide these

questions as a result of measurements of possible maximum

- 3 -

All software should be written in a common language, and in a modular portable form, with the purpose of free distribution of all products of the project between the centres. packet switched network. 1) NODE The purpose of a node is to perform only the switching function, i.e. to accept packets and to re-direct them according to the addressing information in the headers. It may be connected to any numbers of hosts and nodes. 2) HOST This is a source and/or destination of packets, and can only be connected to nodes. 3) GATEWAY A special case of a host, which is used to connect two distinct networks together. both networks. It is possible to implement one or more of these functions on one computer, and this will normally be necessary in order to use the computers efficiently. arrangement is proposed:AT IIASA Host and Gateway functions be implemented. The Gateways will provide connections to Cyber (CDC network) and to Cyclades network. The following minimal It is a host on These are:It is necessary to define three separate functional entities in a

- 4 -

AT BUDAPEST Node and Gateway functions. Gateway to CDC-3300. It is recommended that the network connecting the currently proposed Front-End machines should form part of the presently proposed network so far as protocols are concerned. AT BRATISLAVA Node and Gateway functions. It is possible that Technischer Hochschule, Vienna may wish to participate in this project. In which case it would be possible to include Cyber 74 directly in the network as a Host, and to eliminate the need for a Gateway at IIASA. This would mean that we could take advantage of the high speed connection. SOME DETAILS It is recommended that line speeds not less than 2400 baud be used and that synchronous modems are employed. for the modem to computer connections. It is desirable that a standard interface such as V24 be used Examination should be made of the possibilities for automatic dialling of the connections, and of the available possibilities and costs for connection. PROGRAM AND TIMETABLE STARTING DATE: 1st April 1975 1) Decisions on allocation of hardware, choice of modem and lines. Language and operating systems selection. 1st May 1975

- 5 -

2)

Choice and implementation of line protocols for the three principal lines 1st June 1975

3)

Design and implementation of Node and Host software for a chosen packet structure and protocol. 1st August 1975

4)

Examination and experimental implementation of Host-Host and other higher level protocols September/October 1975

5)

Demonstration of joint networking during IIASA Conference September 1975

NOTES The dates shown, are the dates by which the work should be completed. In most cases this work can be done in parallel. For example, the packet structures and protocols should be discussed in detail as early as April since they have a bearing on choice of operating systems. For phases 3 and 4 interactive terminal test programs should be written to enable verbal communication between the experimenting stations. Implementation of Gateways and other internal centre extensions should be performed in parallel and a study should be started at an early stage to determine what services should be provided. It is recommended that the work be progressed in such a manner that any facilities which become available at any stage are not excluded by later developments. In particular that the use of the existing attached computer resources continues to be available as at present from terminals.

-

6 -

DIVISION OF WORK AND MANPOWER Taking into account the known resources, the following recommendation is made:IIASA 2 - 3 people. Host and Gateway software especially aspects specific to PDP-II. Protocol design coordination. BUDAPEST 3 - 4 people. Line protocol implementation. Host and Node software implementation. BRATISLAVA 5 - 6 people. Node and Gateway software. Design of test and measurement programs •

...
ALL PARTICIPANTS Choice and design of system components to be a joint exercise. COSTS All costs incurred separately by each centre to be paid by the centre involved.

- 7 -

Line costs: with 3 lines, it is possible for each centre to pay for 1 line each, but costs would probably be most simply met by the party or parties incurring them. PERIOD OF PROJECT 1st April 1975 31st December 1975.

With a possibility for extension.

J.H. SEXTON 13/3/75

CSN002 July 1975

IIASA NETWORK PROJECT

This document is a follow up to the proposal made in March of this year in document CSNOOl (attached here for reference). It will detail more accurately the program It also reports on

of work and a proposed new timetable.

certain aspects of the study that have been made so far and draws attention to some problem areas which require attention.

John Sexton

-2-

Joint Program of Work On a following page the steps in the program are shown in a PERT-like diagram. Each box represents one of the tasks

to be performed and the sequence of arrows is to be understood as meaning that items to the right can only follow the completion of those items to the left, which are chained by arrows. Items

which are not defined as in order would be dealt with in parallel so far as man-power permits. Each box is numbered and comments It was

and notes are listed below according to these numbers.

not possible to draw this as a conventional PERT diagram since the time scales for several of the items depend on decisions made as to their content. However, for each item an indication

of the range of times is given below where possible. Items 1, 2 and 3 These can overlap to a considerable extent and they have already been discussed and studied to a great extent. Another

section of this report lists some alternative choices and
~

details their advantages and disadvantages.

IIASA will lead

this work, but all centres have the right to participate in the final choice, which needs to be made in the very near future (not more than one month) since hardware orders have to be made. Item 4 This includes the lease of modems and lines and the acquisition of necessary computer-modem interfaces. centre would purchase its own equipment. Each

It may be possible

Purchase / Construction of Hard~rare.

4.

1.
Dc-Pine implementati of outward
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PROGRAM OF HORK FOR CONSTRUCTTON OF IIASA NE'I'\'lORK

SHOWING SEQUENCING OF

STAGES.

-4-

to request some hardware support from SZTAKI or Technische Hochschule in order to construct special purpose hardware of limited scope. As an example the HDLC line protocol requires

the insertion of a zero after every sequence of five ones and its removal on reception. It may be possible to design and

build a few copies of such a device for the four or five centres, using the Burroughs I.C. required for this item. Item 5 It was felt that software could be reduced by using a common systems programming language. It would then be possible One or two months will be

to share the work and distribute produced modules to all centres. However, this presupposes common interfaces and the Candidates

availability of a compiler for the chosen language. are: PLll, C(the UNIX language).

Certain basic operating

system functions are required:

multiprogramming, inter-

process communication, priority scheduling system especially for interrupt handling. This choice can take from zero to

one month depending on what is available and what choice is made. Item 6 Where necessary the operating system would have to be implemented. At IIASA we would be able (and are obliged) to Compilers for the chosen language would have There is a cross-compiler for PLll that runs

run under UNIX. to be obtained.

on CDC 6000 series machines available from CERN or Budapest. Range of time required from zero to three months depending on decisions made at 5.

-5-

Items 7 and 8 Once the line protocol has been selected it is possible to decide the basic manner of implementation in terms of the operating system primitives and the interface to higher levels of software. By separating this definition from the rest of

the implementation of the line protocol, it is then possible to start paraliel implementation of packet control software and test programs before the line protocol is ready. IIASA

is prepared to lead the work on item 7 but will welcome the participation of all centres. Item 8 of course will have to be completed by at least two connected stations before final tests can be made, and it is possible that there may need to be differences between host and node implementations. Each of items 7 and 8 can be

expected to require about one month for their completion. Item 9 Testing can be done partially with oneself without going through a modem, especially if mUltiprogramming is allowed.

Operator's Terminal

--------~.

~

~

A p Parallel/serial interface Process B

process

However, this cannot test the timing constraints properly. A next step could be to use local or remote loop-back (i.e. hardware echo) with modems.

-6-

Local Loop-Back

Process A Serial interface Process B
Modem

_+

Remote Loop-Back

Process A
~

Process B

-

Local Modem

Remote Modem

These tests would have to be done from each end and finally testing of the complete system using both computers would have to be done in cooperation. of the network is established. In this way one link

Testing and debugging would

overlap the implementation to some extent and it is sufficient to allow half a month for item 9. Item 12 This can be started at the outset and IIASA would lead this work. Item 13 Can follow as soon as the language and operating system questions have been settled. It separates the form of the Requires up to one month.

interface from the remainder of the implementation much as in item 7 and for the same reason. In practice how far this is

necessary depends on how far item 14 has progressed at that time.

-7-

Item 10 It would be necessary to implement the software for at least one node and one host. require about one month each. Item 11 Represents the culmination of a large part of the effort and extensive testing including basic exploitation would take place at that stage. one month to this. So it is reasonable to allocate at least In practice item 16 could be started as Items 13 and 10 will probably

soon as a reasonable degree of confidence as to the basic soundness of the rest of the system had been achieved. Tests can be made by a host addressing packets to itself or to internal node services such as DUMP, ECHO, etc. Host to Host via one or more nodes would be tried. Item 14 It is proposed to develop common Gateway principles where possible since our Network will probably involve quite a few, especially at first. This requires some cooperation Some Later

but could form a principal research area for one centre.

sort of Host-Host protocol will certainly be needed but it is felt that present techniques are unsatisfactory and a fresh look should be taken at the whole question of higher level protocols. This is a large and continuing research area in A two month study

which IFIP Working Group 6.2 is involved.

should allow us to define a protocol for use on the IIASA net.

-8-

Item 15 These implementations can take upward of two months. Gateways would be primarily the responsibility of individual centres. Where possible they can be avoided by including

desired processors directly in the network, but in such cases it is necessary to implement network software directly on such machines. This is recommended where possible and

particularly for the Technische Hochschule Cyber. Item 16 Testing and debugging should not be a lengthy procedure but Gateways are likely to take the most time. Say one

month for Host-Host and two for Gateway software.

Timing of the Project It is clear that the biggest hold-up is likely to be the time spent on selecting and implementing compilers and operating systems. The time to implement in particular can

be at most one month if it is decided to avoid any delay to item 10. However, taking into account IIASA manpower item 12

cannot start immediately and it is possible to allow two months for operating system implementation at the first site (probably Budapest) and longer elsewhere. This should dictate the level

of effort and the degree of sophistication required. The one remaining bottleneck could be the time to obtain necessary hardware and this could delay the initial testing and debugging of the line protocols.

-9-

It is clear that with the levels of effort available, the Gateway and Host-Host work will not be held up by the rest of the project and in fact can proceed at a more leisurely pace than suggested earlier. A provisional timetable is attached which has been devised after taking into account the sequence described above, the probable manpower available and other factors such as delays due to holiday periods particularly in December. will be seen that the pace is a more leisurely one, but the most important part of the work will still be completed within one year. The work has been divided between the centres on the It

basis of information provided by them to date, but suggestions for changes are welcome. It
~ill

be seen that the bulk of This is because these

the work falls on IIASA and Budapest.

are the only two centres that are able to go ahead immediately with manpower and computer time. It would help considerably

if other centres could take on some of the load especially from October on.

,

PROVISImTAL
DIVTSTO~~

TIME'T'ABLE AND

OF' r,.,YORT( FOR

COl,C'·t.

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MARCH

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