...Classnote Prof. Gordon Bodnar Techniques for Managing Exchange Rate Exposure A firm's economic exposure to the exchange rate is the impact on net cash flow effects of a change in the exchange rate. It consists of the combination of transaction exposure and operating exposure. Having determined whether the firm should hedge its exposure, this note will discuss the various things that a firm can do to reduce its economic exposure. Our discussion will consider two different approaches to handling these exposures: real operating hedges and financial hedges. Transaction Exposure Financial Techniques of Managing Transaction Exposure Transaction exposure hedging should have been discussed in some detail in the previous international finance course; however, we will briefly go over the standard financial methods available for hedging this exposure. The main distinction between transaction exposure and operating exposure is the ease with which one can identify the size of a transaction exposure. This, combined with the fact that it has a well-defined time interval associated with it makes it extremely suitable for hedging with financial instruments. Among the more standard methods for hedging transaction exposure are: i) Forward Contracts - When a firm has an agreement to pay (receive) a fixed amount of foreign currency at some date in the future, in most currencies it can obtain a contract today that specifies a price at which it can buy (sell) the foreign currency at the specified date...
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...South-Eastern Europe Journal of Economics 2 (2006) 129-146 EXCHANGE RATE RISK MEASUREMENT AND MANAGEMENT: ISSUES AND APPROACHES FOR FIRMS MICHAEL G. PAPAIOANNOU, Ph.D. International Monetary Fund Abstract Measuring and managing exchange rate risk exposure is important for reducing a firm’s vulnerabilities from major exchange rate movements, which could adversely affect profit margins and the value of assets. This paper reviews the traditional types of exchange rate risk faced by firms, namely transaction, translation and economic risks, presents the VaR approach as the currently predominant method of measuring a firm’s exchange rate risk exposure, and examines the main advantages and disadvantages of various exchange rate risk management strategies, including tactical vs. strategical and passive vs. active hedging. In addition, it outlines a set of widely-accepted best practices in managing currency risk and presents some of the main hedging instruments in the OTC and exchange-traded markets. The paper also provides some data on the use of financial derivatives instruments, and hedging practices by US firms. JEL Classification: F31, G13, G15, G32, M21 Keywords: Financial Risk, Financial Management, Foreign Exchange Hedging, Corporate Hedging Practices Corresponding address: 700 19th Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20431 e-mail: mpapaioannou@imf.org This paper draws heavily on various presentations on risk management while the author was the Director of Foreign Exchange...
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...ESSENTIALS of Financial Risk Management Karen A. Horcher John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ESSENTIALS of Financial Risk Management Essentials Series The Essentials Series was created for busy business advisory and corporate professionals. The books in this series were designed so that these busy professionals can quickly acquire knowledge and skills in core business areas. Each book provides need-to-have fundamentals for those professionals who must: Get up to speed quickly, because they have been promoted to a new position or have broadened their responsibility scope • • Manage a new functional area • Brush up on new developments in their area of responsibility • Add more value to their company or clients Other books in this series include: Essentials of Accounts Payable, Mary S. Schaeffer Essentials of Balanced Scorecard, Mohan Nair Essentials of Capacity Management, Reginald Tomas Yu-Lee Essentials of Capital Budgeting, James Sagner Essentials of Cash Flow, H. A. Schaeffer, Jr. Essentials of Corporate Performance Measurement, George T. Friedlob, Lydia L. F. Schleifer, and Franklin J. Plewa, Jr. Essentials of Cost Management, Joe and Catherine Stenzel Essentials of Credit, Collections, and Accounts Receivable, Mary S. Schaeffer Essentials of CRM: A Guide to Customer Relationship Management, Bryan Bergeron Essentials of Financial Analysis, George T. Friedlob and Lydia L. F. Schleifer Essentials of Financial Risk Management, Karen A. Horcher ...
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...V, no. 2, 2008, pp. 81-91 FOREIGN EXCHANGE RISK MANAGEMENT PRACTICES - A STUDY IN INDIAN SCENARIO Sathya Swaroop Debasish Department of Business Management Fakir Mohan University Vyasa Vihar, Balasore - 756019 Orissa, INDIA ABSTRACT Indian economy in the post-liberalisation era has witnessed increasing awareness of the need for introduction of various risk management products to enable hedging against market risk in a cost effective way. This industry-wide, cross-sectional study concentrates on recent foreign exchange risk management practices and derivatives product usage by large non-banking Indian-based firms. The study is exploratory in nature and aims at an understanding the risk appetite and FERM (Foreign Exchange Risk Management) practices of Indian corporate enterprises. This study focusses on the activity of end-users of financial derivatives and is confined to 501 non-banking corporate enterprises. A combination of simple random and judgement sampling was used for selecting the corporate enterprises and the major statistical tools used were Correlation and Factor analysis. The study finds wide usage of derivative products for risk management and the prime reason of hedging is reduction in volatility of cash flows. VAR (Value-at-Risk) technique was found to be the preferred method of risk evaluation by maximum number of Indian corporate. Further, in terms of the external techniques for risk hedging, the preference is mostly in favour of forward...
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...2 Foreign Currency Exposure of a Commercial Bank 3 1.1.3 Effect of derivatives on foreign exchange exposure 5 1.1.4 Commercial Banks in Kenya 6 1.2 Research Problem 7 1.3 Objectives of the Study 8 1.4 Value of the Study 9 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 10 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Theoretical review 10 2.3 Foreign Exchange Risk Management 13 2.6 Empirical Review 18 2.6 Summary of Literature review 19 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 20 3.1 Introduction 20 3.2 Research Design 20 3.3 Study Population 20 3.4 Data Collection Procedures 20 3.5 Data Analysis and Presentation 20 REFERENCES 22 APPENDICES 26 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CBK – Central Bank of Kenya ERV - Exchange rate volatility FOREX – Foreign Exchange FX – Foreign Exchange IFE – International Fisher Effect IFX - Income from foreign currencies as a percentage of total income IRP – Interest Rate Parity MST – Market Segmentation Theory NA - Net Assets NFXNA - Net Foreign Currency Exposure Relative to Net Assets NFX - Net Foreign Currency Exposure NSE – Nairobi Securities Exchange OS - Ownership Status or Nature of Ownership PPP – Purchasing Power Parity CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The traditional role for commercial banks has been perceived to be the reduction of transactions costs and the provision of information. However, given the technological, information, and financial innovations...
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...Chapter One Introduction 1.1 INTRODUCTION Foreign exchange refers to the financial transaction where currency value of one country is traded into another country’s currency. The whole process gets done by a network of various financial institutions like banks, investors and governments. The exchange rate varies according to the value of each country’s currency which is based on the health of that particular country’s economy. Any individual or company engaged in overseas business should be aware of the risks of currency fluctuations. Customers without commercial contracts expressed in domestic currency (or fixed by an agreed rate of exchange) are fully exposed to what is known as an exchange risk. Exchange risk may arise because of exchange rate movements in the period from the original commercial contract, to the time of settlement of the domestic equivalent of the foreign currency amount. Foreign exchange risk management is designed to preserve the value of currency inflows, investments and loans, while enabling international businesses to compete abroad. Although it is impossible to eliminate all risks, negative exchange outcomes can be anticipated and managed effectively by individuals and corporate entities. Businesses do so by becoming familiar with the typical foreign exchange risks, demanding hard currency, diversifying properly and employing hedging strategies. No countries of the world can produce all their necessary commodities and services. So it has to buy the commodities...
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...Finance & Global Capital Markets Exposure Management Himanshu Bhutani A014| Dawood Bukhari A015 Shibani Gujrati A025| Siddhant Anthony Johannes A033 Nishtha Sardana A054| Prateek Walia A063 1 INDEX 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..3 2. Operational Exposure………………………………………………………………………..9 3. Transaction and Translation Exposure…………………………………………….……..11 4. Other Strategies used by Companies to Hedge Exposure……………………...………19 5. Case Studies: Hedging Strategy used by Companies………………………….………..20 2 INTRODUCTION Foreign exchange exposure represents a material risk for multinational corporations which are unrelated to business operations. One needs to identify each foreign exchange exposure, the risk it represents and methods and costs available to limit such exposure. The value of a firm’s assets, liabilities and operating income changes continuously due to change in factors such as exchange rates, interest rates, inflation etc. In other words, a firm is “exposed” to uncertain changes in a number of variables in its environment. Exposure may therefore be defined as a measure of sensitivity of the value of a financial item to changes in the macro economic variables mentioned above. Risk refers to the variability of the value of the item. FOREIGN EXCHANGE EXPOSURE Foreign Exchange Exposure occurs because of unanticipated change in the exchange rate. For example the difference in the spot rate & one month forward rate is 0.30 rupee per USD and...
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...Study the Role of Hedging to Reduce Exchange Risks on Investments in Global Stock Market Executive Summary In this global business environment, organizations are engaged to perform business activities across the countries. In order to execute international activities, they are tended to receive and make payment in different currencies. Currency value of country tends to change due to several economic aspects such as government decisions, stability, GDP and BOP rate etc. Changes in such factors are tended to increase vulnerability of currency value that is responsible for creating exchange risk. Exchange of currencies among the business organizations and corresponding changes in their values creates variation in their positions of cash flow, balance sheet and future profitability. An adverse effect of firm’s profitability leads significant decrement in the value and performance of respective stock. Due to this, exchange risk is needed to be addressed with use of risk management strategy. The research is designed to Study the role of hedging to reduce exchange risks on investments in global stock market. Research objective will contribute to determine hedging strategy role in reducing exchange risk from stock market investment. By using inductive approach, interpretive philosophy, mixed design and non-probability sampling method, objectives of this research will be achieved by the researcher. Both primary and secondary data sources will be used to obtain information. An...
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...(a) Introduction Financial derivatives are a financial instrument that value is depend upon or derived from price of underlying items such as commodity, indicator or index. Financial derivatives enable participants involved to trade specific financial risks for example, interest rate risk, foreign exchange risk, equity and commodity price risk and credit risk to other entities who are more willing or better suited to take or manage these risks (International Monetary Fund, n.d.). Even though there are some speculators are aim to earn profit by using the financial derivatives. The main categories of derivatives are forward and futures contracts, options and swaps. They are financial instruments that are mainly used to protect against and manage...
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...Structural Risk Management (Asset/Liability Management) (ALM) Section Topic Page 7000 Executive Summary…………………………………………… 7-2 7100 Legislative Summary………………………………………….. 7-3 7200 Policy……………………………………………………………. 7-5 7201 Asset/Liability Management Philosophy…………………….. 7-6 7202 Balance Sheet Mix…………………………………………….. 7-7 7203 Managing Liabilities…………………………………………… 7-9 7204 Managing Assets………………………………………………. 7-13 7205 Pricing…………………………………………………………… 7-14 7206 Terms……………………………………………………………. 7-15 7207 Interest Rate Risk……………………………………………… 7-16 7208 Matching Maturities……………………………………………. 7-17 7209 Foreign Currency Risk………………………………………… 7-18 7210 Financial Derivatives…………………………………………... 7-19 7300 Planning………………………………………………………… 7-21 7400 Risk Measurement and Board Reporting…………………… 7-22 7401 Mix and Yields…………………………………………………. 7-25 7402 Growth………………………………………………………….. 7-26 7403 Financial Margin……………………………………………….. 7-27 7404 Interest Rate Risk Measurement…………………………….. 7-28 7405 Monitoring Derivatives………………………………………… 7-35 7500 Risk Management……………………………………………… 7-36 7501 Reliance on Qualified and Competent Staff and Volunteers 7-37 7502 Managing Interest Rate Risk… ……………………………… 7-38 Executive Summary The goal of asset/liability management (ALM) is to properly manage the risk related to changes in interest rates, the mix of balance sheet assets and liabilities, the holding of foreign currencies, and the use of derivatives. These risks should be managed...
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...finishing plants, mainly located in an industrial town in the English Midlands. Its main markets are UK, western Europe, north America, the middle East and Australia GHC also owns 100% of the Real Furniture Company (RFC). RFC imports a range of hardwood and cane furniture, which is manufactured in overseas locations. The hardwood for RFC is imported from South America and Asia and is imported to other countries in finished form. Both ghc and rfc are handled separately. From the above introduction its quiet clear that ghc and rfc are two separate companies and I am going to now look into the financial practices and some other pros and cons of both companies. Further moving on to the discussions of GHC with the overseas Government, understanding the benefit expected by the overseas government from GHC and the benefits GHC request from the government, then looking into the risks associated with the investments made in the different countries of the world and at last moving on to the responsibilities that are assigned to the group treasurer and the...
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...1.0 Introduction Airlines industry faces substantial strategic, financial, operational and hazard risks due to the nature of the operating environment. Financial risks create uncertainties about future cash flows due to changes in economic conditions as well as changes in revenues, operating expenditure and financing costs. Firms are urged to minimise these risks to have higher predictability on future cash flows in order to meet various obligations, for instance shareholders’ required rate of return and debt repayment. This report looks into Air New Zealand in particular to study two of the risks that are significant for an airline company, namely foreign currency risk and fuel price risk. Section 2 of this report gives an overview of the relationships between the operation of Air New Zealand with both the risks. Besides, discussions and suggestions on Air New Zealand risk management approaches are presented in Section 3. Finally, a brief summary and conclusion is included in the last section. 2.0 Risks Description 2.1 Fuel Price Risk The Nature of Fuel Price Risk Fuel price risk is the risk of fluctuations in fuel prices which could adversely affect the financial performance of Air New Zealand as jet fuel is a critical input factor for airlines. Fuel prices are affected by the supply and demand, oil price futures and the downside or upside movement in the US dollar against NZ dollar. In particular, the increase in jet fuel prices adds a significant amount to Air...
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...Question 1 1. Evolution of RMB against USD, EUR and JPY. Figure 1 Figure 1 represents movement between the nominal and real exchange rates of Chinese renminbi (RMB) against US dollar (USD) between from January 2005 to December 2013. It shows that the nominal exchange rate of RMB/USD is higher than the real exchange rate throughout the period of observation indicating that the RMB is undervalued. This clarifies that the USD is buying more RMB in nominal terms than it should be in real terms. The increase in nominal exchange rate of RMB/USD is termed as a nominal depreciation of the currency after de-pegging whereas the real exchange rate of RMB/USD continues depreciating in the years of observation as shown in Appendix 2. It also shows that the RMB was depreciating against USD in every quarter after de-pegging. Table 1 compiles the average quarterly percentage of over-or-undervaluation of the RMB against USD, euro (EUR) and the Japanese yen (JPY) from January 2005 till December 2013. Before the de-pegging, the RMB was found to be overvalued by of 1.19% against the USD in January 2005 then it was discovered to be undervalued since March 2005 by 0.58%. The RMB continues being undervalued against the USD and reached its highest percentage at 28.49% in March 2013. By December 2013, the RMB was still undervalued by 28.35% against USD. Overall, the RMB was overvalued against the USD by 16.94% in the period of observation. Figure 2 Figure 2 demonstrates movement of the nominal...
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...ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN–13: 978-0-7506-8650-1 For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications visit our website at http://books.elsevier.com Printed and bound in Great Britain 07 08 09 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 For Loredana and Alexis for their encouragement, support and advice in our family’s own risk management. Introduction At the time of writing, at least three major global risks can be identified which...
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...Risk is an inevitable component of intermediation and trading activity. Given the fundamental trade-off between risks and returns, the objective of regulators is to determine when risk exposures either become excessive relative to the financial institution’s capital position and financial condition or have not been identified to the extent that the situation represents an unsafe and unsound banking practice. Determination of whether the institution’s risk-management system can measure and control its risks is of particular importance. The primary components of a sound risk-management process are a comprehensive risk-measurement approach; a detailed structure of limits, guidelines, and other parameters used to govern risk taking; and a strong management information system for monitoring and reporting risks. These components are fundamental to both trading and nontrading activities. Moreover, the underlying risks associated with these activities, such as market, credit, liquidity, operations, and legal risks, are not new to banking, although their measurement can be more complex for trading activities than for lending activities. Accordingly, the process of risk management for capitalmarkets and trading activities should be integrated into the institution’s overall riskmanagement system to the fullest extent possible using a conceptual framework common to the financial institution’s other business activities. Such a common framework enables the institution ...
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