...MANAGING CULTURAL INTEGRATION IN CROSS-BORDER MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS Daniel R. Denison, Bryan Adkins and Ashley M. Guidroz ABSTRACT Cross-border M&A has become one of the leading approaches for firms to gain access to global markets. Yet there has been little progress in the research literature exploring the role that culture may play in the success of these ventures. Poor culture-fit has often been cited as one reason why M&A has not produced the outcomes organizations hoped for (Cartwright & Schoenberg, 2006). Cross-border M&A has the added challenges of having to deal with both national and organizational culture differences. In this chapter we review the literature on cultural integration in cross-border M&A and provide a framework designed to help manage the integration process throughout the M&A lifecycle. This framework presents culture assessment and integration as a crucial component to reducing poor culture-fit as a barrier to M&A success. Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have become a central part of most corporate growth strategies, and an increasing portion of that M&A activity now spans national borders. Indeed, beyond a certain scale, one might say that all M&A is now cross-border M&A. For example, even a merger Advances in Global Leadership, Volume 6, 95–115 Copyright r 2011 by Emerald Group Publishing Limited All rights of reproduction in any form reserved ISSN: 1535-1203/doi:10.1108/S1535-1203(2011)0000006008 95 96 DANIEL R. DENISON ET AL. between two large...
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...MANAGING CULTURAL INTEGRATION IN CROSS-BORDER MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS Daniel R. Denison, Bryan Adkins and Ashley M. Guidroz ABSTRACT Cross-border M&A has become one of the leading approaches for firms to gain access to global markets. Yet there has been little progress in the research literature exploring the role that culture may play in the success of these ventures. Poor culture-fit has often been cited as one reason why M&A has not produced the outcomes organizations hoped for (Cartwright & Schoenberg, 2006). Cross-border M&A has the added challenges of having to deal with both national and organizational culture differences. In this chapter we review the literature on cultural integration in cross-border M&A and provide a framework designed to help manage the integration process throughout the M&A lifecycle. This framework presents culture assessment and integration as a crucial component to reducing poor culture-fit as a barrier to M&A success. Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have become a central part of most corporate growth strategies, and an increasing portion of that M&A activity now spans national borders. Indeed, beyond a certain scale, one might say that all M&A is now cross-border M&A. For example, even a merger Advances in Global Leadership, Volume 6, 95–115 Copyright r 2011 by Emerald Group Publishing Limited All rights of reproduction in any form reserved ISSN: 1535-1203/doi:10.1108/S1535-1203(2011)0000006008 95 96 DANIEL R. DENISON ET AL. between...
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...Case Study LVMH: Managing A Multi-brand Conglomerate Team 5: Ilario Fulvio Giannetti Chen Peng Priyesh Salunke Harjeev Sabherwal Inna Zinina What does globalization mean to the luxury industry? Opportunities • Market expansion • Low-cost raw materials, equipment and labor available in the local market • To achieve economies of scale and scope • Increased margins due to pricing policy • New consumer groups available in the local market • Extension of the definition of luxury • To adapt local and new trends for the local market • To source talent globally • Transfer of skills and strengths Threats • Counterfeiting • “Grey” market • Vulnerable to PEST-EL Factors • Successive decrease in brand value • Increased competition • Creation of new competition by sharing know how Conclusion Although there are significant number of threats to the luxury industry, globalization is unavoidable for continuous growth. Assessment of LVMH’s diversification LVMH diversification 25% 8% 5% 4% 18% 60% 35% 38% 18% -2% Sales Operating profit Wines&Spirits Perfumes&Cosmetics Selective Retailing Fashion&Leather Goods Watches&Jewelry Assessment of LVMH’s diversification Strengths • Share operational resources and competencies' across brands and divisions • Maintaining exclusivity by multiple brands under one division • Strong Balance Sheets help to absorb losses from unprofitable divisions and maintain position • Selective retailing complements other brands...
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...‘M&As: why don’t people ever learn from the mistakes of others? by William Richards Introduction Over the years, mergers and acquisitions research has identified the importance of leadership and workplace learning as critical determinants of M&A activities and outcomes. However, surprisingly little systematic attention has been paid to conceptualising or studying the impact and effect of either leadership styles or learning on the success of M&As – either in the academic or in the practitioner literature (Cartwright and Cooper, 2001) Although scholars and practitioners recognise that acquisitions frequently fail to live up to their potential (Larsson and Finkelstein, 1999), the impact of leadership on the outcomes of the acquisition process and the learning that takes place, has not been well developed or even widely recognised. A review of scholarly and practitioner focused writing on M&As suggest that while much has been written on the actual M&A process, others have only occasionally noted the critical importance of leadership and learning in the success or failure of M&As. Even in those cases where the leadership impact has been acknowledged, past work on M&As has neither examined nor proposed any details concerning what constitutes what learning that actually takes place during M&A or how it makes a difference. A review of academic and practitioner literature on M&A reveals that discussion of the primary determinants of M&A process and outcomes rarely ever...
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...Managing Change BUSM 1208 Overview The SingTel Group (SingTel), the incumbent former monopoly, is Asia’s leading communications group, providing a diverse range of communication services and solutions including fixed, mobile, data, internet, info-communications technology, satellite and pay TV. With 130 years of operating experience, SingTel has played an integral part in the development as a major communications hub in the region (SingTel 2011). It has operations and investments in more than 20 countries and territories globally, primary in communications companies beyond Singapore’s border. Exhibit 1 shows SingTel’s investments in various regions. Today, SingTel is listed on the Singapore Exchange, and also the Australian Stock Exchange with the acquisition of Optus in 2001 (Sainsbury 2005). Being the largest company listed on the Singapore Exchange, SingTel had a market capitalization of S$50 billion, and had a turnover of S$16.87 million and net profit after tax of S$3.91 million for the year ended March 2010 (Singapore Telecommunications Limited 2010) as shown in Exhibit 2. Despite enduring a global financial crisis, SingTel is still ranked the top mobile service provider and national telephone provider in its home base, with a market share of 44% and 86% respectively (SingTel 2010). History of Singapore’s Telecommunications Industry SingTel’s heritage could be traced back to 1879, when Singapore became one of the first cities in the East to have telephone service (SingTel...
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...Anatomy of a merger: behavior of organizational factors and processes throughout the pre- duringpost-stages (part 1) Steven H. Appelbaum Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Joy Gandell Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Harry Yortis Hydro-Quebec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Shay Proper Montreal Stock Exchange, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Francois Jobin Kruger, Inc., Trois-Rivie Âres, Quebec, Canada Keywords Mergers and acquisitions, Organizational behaviour, Process efficiency, Managers Introduction Since the late 1980s, the total number of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) has far surpassed the number that occurred throughout the 1960s. Whereas the M&As throughout the 1960s were mainly due to unions between conglomerates, the 1980s and 1990s has witnessed an increase in M&As between firms of different sizes and different industry types (Tetenbaum, 1999). The trend to engage in this type of vertical integration or diversification does not seem to show signs of diminishing in the near future. Yet, at best, the firm that initiates the merger usually only achieves normal economic profits while the value created rests almost solely with the firm that was approached (Barney, 1997). The primary purpose of merging and acquiring new firms is usually to improve overall performance (Lubatkin, 1983) by achieving synergy, or the more commonly described as the ``2 + 2 = 5'' effect (Cartwright and Cooper, 1993a; Hovers, 1971) between two business units that will increase...
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...The Role of the Project Manager The Project Manager is responsible for carrying out the more detailed day-to-day management of project activities. These responsibilities include: * acting as the single point of contact during project delivery; * managing Delivery Stage activities of the project in accordance with the NPMS. This includes: * providing support to the Project Leader during the development of all Identification Stage deliverables; * preparing the Project Management Plan; * initiating the request for a PRAC meeting and providing the related documents as per the National Project Management System Real Property Procedure on Project Reviews; * organizing the project using planning and analytical tools for work breakdown, responsibility assignments, and schedule preparation; * estimating the benefits and costs for project options; * assessing risk and planning for risk mitigation; * planning to phase the project where necessary or appropriate; * entering project costs and maintaining accurate forecasts in the current PWGSC corporate business management systems (i.e. SIGMA, etc.); * monitoring the project progress to ensure conformance to the Project Management Plan and updating the Plan as necessary; * monthly reporting of progress to internal management (Project Leader, Team and to Treasury Board (TB) if required); and providing input to briefing notes, TB submissions and other documentation as required...
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...General Example for Case Analysis General Environment Summary Industry: The general environment is unfavorable to the plastics industry. Although Fraser River Plastics has 40% of the market in western Canada, two direct competitors has 30% of the market and the company’s sales are sluggish due to smaller local plastic manufacturing plants with smaller overhead. Also, other acquisitions like Beaver were in trouble due to a saturated and extremely competitive market for extruded pipe. Firm Position: The general environment is unfavorable to FRP because of the crosscurrents of opinion that were developing regarding the company’s future. Porter’s 5 Forces Model Bargaining Power of Suppliers Industry: The bargaining power of suppliers is moderate for FRP given that the Canadian resin prices are becoming more competitive with U.S. and other international prices which exceed world prices by 10%. The bargaining power of suppliers is low because the plastics industry’s profits are driven by the economy, crude oil supplies, and costs. Firm Position: The bargaining power of the firm is low because the plastics industry’s profits are driven by the economy, crude oil supplies, and costs. Bargaining Power of Customers Industry: Bargaining Power of Customers is high due to the amount of competitors in the plastic industry. With over 1,400 firms in Canada, customers are able to bargain for the better deal. Firm Position: Early on the company’s bargaining...
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...Anatomy of a merger: behavior of organizational factors and processes throughout the pre- duringpost-stages (part 1) Steven H. Appelbaum Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Joy Gandell Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Harry Yortis Hydro-Quebec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Shay Proper Montreal Stock Exchange, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Francois Jobin Kruger, Inc., Trois-Rivie Âres, Quebec, Canada Keywords Mergers and acquisitions, Organizational behaviour, Process efficiency, Managers Introduction Since the late 1980s, the total number of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) has far surpassed the number that occurred throughout the 1960s. Whereas the M&As throughout the 1960s were mainly due to unions between conglomerates, the 1980s and 1990s has witnessed an increase in M&As between firms of different sizes and different industry types (Tetenbaum, 1999). The trend to engage in this type of vertical integration or diversification does not seem to show signs of diminishing in the near future. Yet, at best, the firm that initiates the merger usually only achieves normal economic profits while the value created rests almost solely with the firm that was approached (Barney, 1997). The primary purpose of merging and acquiring new firms is usually to improve overall performance (Lubatkin, 1983) by achieving synergy, or the more commonly described as the ``2 + 2 = 5'' effect (Cartwright and Cooper, 1993a; Hovers, 1971) between two business units that will increase...
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...They survived the Prohibition through approval to produce alcohol for medicinal purposes. BFC continued to survive even through the period of World War II through provision of alcohol for wartime supplies; rubber and gunpowder production. Throughout the years BFC made several acquisitions which proved to be profitable; Early Times, Jack Daniels and Southern Comfort to name a few. Through successful marketing relationships and investing in international alcohol distributing companies, the timely acquisitions, and BFC’s innovative efforts - developing a new whiskey in 1988 - as well as their ability to diversify via purchasing well-known global luxury consumer durables BFC has continued to prosper. From 1998 - 2002 BFC’s stockholders’ equity and company assets had continuously increased with a relatively small increase to the companies operating income in contrast to their significant gains in gross profits. By 1965 the company entered the wine business. A few of their marketing and distribution arrangements led to eventual ownership of several international vineyards, hence the creation of the Wine Division (WD). The wine division like its parent-company thrived and did well, particularly through their acquisitions. By mid-year 2001 a new venture was created to house a portfolio of small, upscale brand wines. This separate division became known as BFC’s Wine Estates (WE). This division has not immediately realized the profits sought and the managing director is currently considering...
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...Case Study: Merck Acquisition of Medco Professor Daniel Weiss FI561 January 23, 2011 DeVry University Case Study: Merck Acquisition of Medco Abstract The purpose of this case study is to determine whether it would be beneficial to merge Merck Corporation with Medco Containment Services Incorporated. The merger and acquisition between the world’s largest drug manufacturer and the largest prescription benefits management company (PBM) and marketer of mail order medicines in the United States would result in a successful campaign to take over the drug industry if handled appropriately. As Chairman and CEO of Merck Corporation, I have to consider all sides of the arguments, financially, marketing and cultural wise and come to a conclusion as to whether this merger would be a good idea for the company. Like any other investment and merger, there are risks, and I have to decide what would be best in the interest of this company. The details as to whether the decision to acquire or not acquire Medco will be described in this paper. Along with data that helps make that final decision. There are a few things one must take into account before making a decision. You have to look at the long term run, whether or not the merger and acquisition will be successful. You also have to take synergy into account; it is the most important reason why there are a lot of mergers and acquisitions. Synergy would be when two companies join forces to create additional value and cut costs...
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...Case: Monmouth Inc. Ching Guo, Ryan Doyle, Todd Pinter What We Would Have Done Differently The analysis of the current situation that Monmouth Inc. is in was very well analyzed financially and subjectively. We agreed with most of the assumptions made as well as the analysis of their situation and final decision. They analyzed the value of the acquisition of Robertson Tool Company in multiple ways to get a complete understanding of the situation. The fits thing they brought forth was their problem statement and assumptions. We disagreed with their problem statement in the manner that it did not present an actual problem, but rather a goal for Monmouth Inc. To go along with their problem statement to develop the solution, they presented many assumptions that had strong support such as a Beta of 1.0, the forecast horizon and the future cash flows calculated by the CEO of Monmouth. However, many of their assumptions were very optimistic and included a solution to the problem. Assuming that equity is all that is available and will be used for a company to make an acquisition eliminates many financing options as well as states that they are going to acquire Robertson Tool Company. The second assumption they made without any support is the cost to acquire Robertson. The price of $50 dollars per stock from Simmons is acceptable, as it is stated in the case; however, they show no support for $57 per share for Robertson Tool Company shares. They follow their assumptions...
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...TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 MERGERS & ACQUISITIONS 4 DISTINCTION BETWEEN MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS 5 TYPES OF MERGERS AND ACQUISITONS 7 Horizontal Merger 7 Vertical Merger 7 Co-Generic Merger 7 Conglomerate Merger 7 RECENT EXAMPLES 8 REASONS FOR MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS 10 Growth of the company 10 Synergy 10 Diversification and expansion 11 Elimination of competition 11 × REASONS WHY MERGERS AND ACQUISITONS CAN FAIL 12 No common vision 12 Weak leadership and poor governance 12 Poor strategic fit 12 Cultural and Social Differences 13 Incomplete and Inadequate Due Diligence 13 Poorly Managed Integration 13 Overpaying the target company 13 Changing market condition 13 ARTICLE STATING REALITIES OF M&A for HR 14 SUCCESS MANTRA for M & As 15 Cultural integration 15 Change Management 16 Management resources 16 Role of HR in M&A’s 18 Three Stage Model of Mergers and Acquisitions 21 Stage 1-Pre-Combination (HR Issues): 21 Stage 2-Combination and Integration (HR Issues): 22 Stage 3: Solidification and Assessment (HR Issues): 22 Role of the HR Department in M&A Activity 23 INDUSTRY EXAMPLE – Schnieder 26 Challenges due to acquisitions 26 Industry Example – MTS 29 Conclusions 30 At the Company Level 30 At the HR Level 31 REFERENCES 33 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Mergers and acquisitions, as a means of rejuvenating and restoring business, have become increasingly popular...
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...MBA Class of 2013 Concentration in Finance and Financial Institutions Corporate Development: Managing Acquisitions and Partnerships (A Management Perspective) Professor: Maurizio Zollo E-mail: maurizio.zollo@unibocconi.it Office: Via Roentgen, 1 - 4-A1-09 Phone: 02 5836 2525 Teaching assistant Emanuele Bettinazzi emanuele bettinazzi@phd.unibocconi.it Learning Objectives: Acquisitions and partnerships have become fundamental tools to manage corporate growth. No company today can afford to rely exclusively on organic development processes to fill its strategic gaps. However, realizing the expected value through external growth has proved to be far from obvious: value is being destroyed just as frequently (and copiously) as it is being created. In this course, we will discuss the factors leading to success and failure in corporate development processes, focusing on four different but interdependent set of questions: • When should acquisitions be preferred to partnerships (or vice versa) in the implementation of a given strategy? • How should the value potential and the risks connected to a given development opportunity be assessed? • How can the potential be translated into actual value creation through appropriate design and execution choices in the post-transaction phase? • What are the barriers to learning how to manage corporate development processes and how to remove them to ensure a rapid development of the required capabilities? The course is designed to cater...
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...Rationale/Motivation Over the past two decades, cross-border or international mergers and acquisitions (IM&As) have become the favored method of foreign direct investment (FDI). The form shows that IM&As go both ways: toward developing countries and from them, reshaping the world’s economic boundaries. Trends notwithstanding, researchers suggest that, overall, the expected financial benefits of M&As are often not recognized. The highest rate of failures has been linked mainly to the fact that “M&As are still designed with business organization and financial fit as primary conditions, leaving psychological and cultural issues as secondary concerns”. While as new countries start out into the free-market economic system, paying attention to cultural factors in IM&As is becoming essential. The wider cultural gap and the current trend of IM&Asbetween developed and developing countries increases the urgency of understanding the effects of civilization on the dynamics of IM&As and on issues such as corporate organization and local adaptation strategy. The present research is designed in response to this shortcoming. It examines the effects of culture on the outcome of IM&As and the variability of these effects during the different phases of an IM&A. The research focuses on the international aspect of cultural conflicts—the differentiating factor between domestic mergers and acquisitions (M&As) and IM&As. It measures success from an organization’s internal perspective, comparing...
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