Free Essay

Manmade Hazards

In:

Submitted By AssemKabi
Words 1614
Pages 7
Lecture 8
Theme: Technogenic hazards.
Outline:
1 Technogenic emergencies and accidents
2 Transport accidents
3 Accidents on chemically hazardous objects (HHO)
4 Accidents at radiation hazardous objects (RHO)
5 Accidents on fire, explosion hazardous objects (FEHO)
6 Accidents on hydro-technical construction (HTC)
7 Electric shock

TECHNOGENIC EMERGENCIES AND ACCIDENTS
Technogenic (Anthropogenic) tmergensies - the situation in a certain area, established as a result of the accident, a major accident (crash) that resulted in the loss of life, damage to human health or the environment, considerable material losses and disruption of human living conditions.
Anthropogenic catastrophe - an event with tragic consequences, a major accident with human death.

Classification of accidents by severity and scale:
Accident - minor accident with minor damage.
Accident to the great detriment called - major accidents.
Catastrophe - a large-scale accident that led to numerous casualties, significant property damage and other severe consequences.

Accidents include the damages of:
- Machines
- Equipment
- Vehicles
- Power systems, buildings.
They may be accompanied by explosions, fires, release of chemical, radioactive substances, without considerable material damage and serious human casualties (explosions can be caused by improper use of household and gas stoves or gas cylinders).
In most cases, these accidents are evoked by violation of the production technology, a large depreciation of equipment, failure to comply with security measures, irresponsibility, drunkenness, negligence of the workers.

TYPES OF ACCIDENTS:
Transport accidents (catastrophes)
2 Fires, explosions
3 Accidents with release of hazardous chemical substances (HOV)
4 Accidents with release of radioactive substances
5 Accidents with release of biologically hazardous substances (CWA)
6 The sudden collapse of buildings, structures
7 Accidents in electric power systems
8 Accidents in communal life support systems
9 Accidents at wastewater treatment plants
10 Hydrodynamic accident

TRANSPORT ACCIDENTS
May be on: Freight train;
Passenger trains and subway trains
River and sea passenger ships;
Aerospace;
Roads (major car accident)
Bridges, crossings and tunnels;
Main pipelines.

ACCIDENT ON CHEMICALLY HAZARDOUS OBJECTS (HHO)
Take place:
During the production, processing or storage (disposal) of hazardous chemicals (HCh); In the transport sector;
Formation and distribution of HCh in the chemical reactions, which began as a result of the accident
Accident with chemical munitions (veapons)
Loss of HCh sources.
Chemically dangerous object (ChDO) - an object on which an accident can happen defeated people, farm animals and plants, or contamination of the environment by hazardous chemicals in concentrations or amounts that exceed the natural level of their content in nature.
By the scale of the consequences, the ChDO are divided into:
1) workplace - will affect one single workshop;
2) local - affected production site or sanitary protection zone;
3) general - the consequences go beyond the sanitary protection zone, with emergencies.
Generally, when the process equipment failures liquid toxic substances are released into the atmosphere in the form of gas, vapor or mist. Cloud can be spread over the long distances

By the degree of danger, accidents on CDO can be divided into:
1) Workplace - no accident of chemicals with little or leakage of toxic substances
2) Object - accidents involving toxic substances on less radius sanitary protection zone;
3) Local - with the destruction of a warehouse accident chemicals spread the affected areas to residential areas ;
4 ) Regional - accident with a significant release of chemicals and poisonous cloud spread deep into residential areas, and threatens the livelihoods of people in the region. There is an emergency on the scale of the region.
5) Global – full destroying of all HCh containers at large ChHO, threatens the livelihoods of people in some regions and countries, mobilization of the structures of Emergency Agency of MIA of RK
.

In a market economy, where there is a desire to reduce the cost of funding of various preventive measures on the Hoo (usually expensive), accidents can lead to great loss of life.

RADIOACTIVE FACILITIES (RAF)
RF - an enterprise in which accidents can occur when the release of radioactive products and ionizing radiation beyond the limits stipulated in the project (the border zones of the existing equipment.

7 CLASSES OF ACCIDENTS
7 Class - global: the destruction of the core, a significant release of radioactive substances (RS) threat to the population more than the first of the country.
6 Class - the destruction of the core, the release of RS; evacuation of the population in an area of 25 km.
5 Class - with the risk of an accident for the environment: RS ejection, is necessary to protect the population.
4 Class - an accident within the AS, violation of the active core, exposure of personnel, causing acute radiation disease.
3 Class - serious accident: equipment failure, accompanied by high levels of radiation; exposure of personnel.
2 Class - an incident of moderate severity: equipment failure, endangering death to personnel.
1 Class - faults in the system, do not create a threat.

Radiation accidents are divided into: 1) workplace - without releasing of radioactive products or ionizing radiation beyond the prescribed boundaries of equipment, process systems and buildings); 2) local - with the release of radioactive products within the sanitary protection zone; 3) general - with the release of radioactive products abroad sanitary protection zone in an amount resulting in radioactive contamination of the neighborhood and the possible exposure of the population living on it above the established norms, while there is an emergency. When such an accident on ROO immediately alerted the population of nearby areas and local structure of Emergency Agency of MIA RK.

Primary effects of radiation accidents are radiation exposure and radioactive contamination. In addition, the accident could start and be accompanied by explosions and fires.

FIRE AND EXPLOSIVE HAZARDOUS OBJECTS (FEHO)
FEHO – the enterprises at which explosive materials, or materials, under certain conditions, acquire the ability to fire or explosion, are produced, stored, transported.
FEHO sites:
In buildings, communications and industrial process equipment. objects;
On the production, processing and storage of flammable, combustible and explosive;
Transport;
In mines and underground mines, subways
In buildings and constructions of residential complex
On the main pipelines.

By explosive, explosion and fire hazard all FEHO are divided into five categories: A, B, C, D, E. Especially dangerous objects in categories A, B, C.
Category A - oil refineries, chemical plants, pipelines for transportation of oil, gas and other flammable and explosive products (ammonia, oxygen, etc.).
Category B - workshops preparation and transportation of coal dust, wood flour, powdered sugar mill.
Category C - sawmilling, woodworking, carpentry, model production.
Category D - steel plants, thermal enclosure, etc.
Category E - metalworking industries, machine tool shop, etc.

Occurrence of fires depends on the degree of fire resistance of buildings and constructions, which is divided into five major groups (1-5). The highest degree of fire resistance is the first group of buildings.
Fires in large industrial enterprises are divided into: 1) Single - fires in the building or constructure; 2) Mass –all separate fires, covering more than 25% of the buildings.

Accident at FEHO associated with the strong explosions and fires, can cause serious social and economic consequences. They are caused by explosions tanks and piping with flammable and explosive liquids and gases, short-circuit wiring, explosion and ignition of certain substances and materials. The most dangerous fires in public buildings, as the interior walls and ceiling panels are lined with panels of combustible material. Frequent fires from ignition of combustible materials in transit (this is often due to worn out tanks and equipment on them). During the fire with explosions and without rail transport are broken wires, because of what paralyzed all movement.

HYDRO-TECHNICAL CONSTRUCTIONS (HTC)
HTC are classified:
1) by the location:
a) land or terrestrial (pond, river, lake),
b) underground (pipelines, tunnels);
2) by the nature and purpose of use:
a) water energy,
b) water supply,
c) melioration
d) drainage
e) water transport,
e) decorative;
g) timber rafting;
h) sports,
i) fisheries;
3) by their functions:
a) plumbing constructions, creating pressure or water level difference before and behind HTC - dams, dikes, and
b) water-conducting structures (culverts) serving to transfer water to the required set points - canals, tunnels, chutes, pipes, sluices, aqueducts, spillways;
c) regulatory HTC, designed to improve the flow of watercourses and protection channels and riverbanks - shields, dams, groins, shore;
d) spillway HTC employees to skip the excess water from reservoirs, canals and forebay.

A special group of isolated special HTC:
1) to use water power - the power plant building, the forebay,
2) for water transport - shipping locks, brevnospuski
3) Reclamation - transmission and distribution channels, gateways, controllers,
4) fisheries - fish ladder, fishing ponds.

In HTC over time the probability of failure of a construction and flooding the neighborhood, ie possible emergencies are gtown.
HTC is also possible breakthrough in long torrential rains on the filling of reservoirs above the critical level with breakthrough dams (shafts). This raises the disaster associated with the threat of flooding of nearby settlements and breach of safety.

HYDRODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF ACCIDENTS ARE:
- Damage and destruction of waterworks and short-term or long-term cessation of their functions; - The defeat of the people and the destruction of buildings breaking wave generated by the destruction of a hydraulic structure having a height of from 2 to 12 m and the velocity of from 3 to 25 km / h (in the mountainous areas - up to 100 km / h); - Catastrophic flooding vast territories of the water layer from 0.5 to 10 m and more.

ELECTRIC SHOCK Types of electric current action.
Thermal action burns individual body sites overagro blood vessels, nerves and internal organs in the path of the current.
Electrolytic action: the decomposition of interstitial fluid with significant violations of their physical and chemical composition.
Mechanical effect: the gap separation, and other damage to different body tissues as a result of the electrodynamic effect.
Biological effects: irritation and excitement of living tissues of the body, the violation of internal bioenergetic processes.

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